民事再审申请复查程序研究
摘要
在司法实践中,由于立法上的笼统和模糊,导致在民事再审申请复查程序这一重要环节中,缺乏明确规范的程序性规定,难以契合于现代诉讼理念和价值目标的要求,实际操作起来捉襟见肘,司法公正没有保障,严重侵害了有关当事人的合法民事权益,损害了法院的权威,已日益成为制约法律规定的民事再审救济机制正常发挥作用的瓶颈,故有尽快修改、完善之必要。本文试图结合司法实践,吸收现代司法理念,对法院裁判的既判力与民事再审制度的关系进行科学界定,挖掘民事再审程序的价值。在此基础上,针对当前民事再审申请复查程序中存在的弊端进行剖析,提出切实可行的完善和改造构想,使之成为制度化统一遵循的规范。笔者认为这些观点是从实践中经检验得出的并且加以了一定的理论改造,与当代中国国情相适应,与成熟的法学理论研究成果也可相互认证。如能通过民事诉讼立法加以确认和规范而在实践中得以运用,是可以有效解决法院民事审判实践中关于再审制度领域长期存在的诸多问题的。
The rechecking procedure of application for civil retrial, which is one of the important parts of carrying out the procedure of civil retrial, refers to the procedure to determine whether the conditions for retrial can be met and the retrial can be made when the agent concerned, who refuses to accept the effective civil judgment and presents the legal reasons, applies to the court of jurisdiction for retrial of the original case. It is one of the essential requisites for determining whether to retry the original effective judgment to recheck whether the application for retrial is well-established, which belongs to the important aspects of the civil retrial system of the people’s court with the retrial of the case. After the rechecking procedure of the agent’s application for retrial is made, two results will occur. One is that the enforcement of the original effective judgment is terminated and the case enters the retrial procedure. The other is that the application for retrial is rejected and the original effective judgment still has the legal effect, that is to say, the process of putting on record and rechecking the application for retrial directly determines the fate of the agent’s application for retrial; therefore, the rechecking procedure plays a vital role in the operation of the judicial relief mechanism.
In this paper, based on the research and discussion on the relations between the power of effective judgment of the court and the civil retrial procedure, the malpractice in the process of rechecking the application for civil retrial at present is inspected. Combined with the modern judicial ideas and successful experiences in the practice of judgment, the rational assumptions of perfecting the rechecking procedure of application for civil retrial are presented in order to pursue the effective approaches to resolve various problems affecting the normal performance of the civil retrial procedure.
The paper is divided into three parts:
In Part 1, the theoretic ground for perfecting the checking procedure of application for civil retrial is dealt with. The study on the reform and perfection of the checking procedure of application for civil retrial necessarily involves the power of the effective civil judgment. The relation between them is dialectical, but not the simply contradictory and opposed. The author first studies the power of effective judgment of the court and deals with the maintenance and adjustment of the power of effective judgment. The power of effective judgment is the inherent requirement and basic element of the authority and stability of the law and the proceeding. If the judgment has no power of effectiveness or the power of effectiveness is weak, it will be necessarily brought about that the determined judgment are continuously cancelled and changed, the disputes have not been resolved for a long time and the civil rights and benefits can be protected in time. the authority and stability of the law and the proceeding, of course, should not absolutely eliminate the justness of an individual case. The power of effective judgment can be eliminated when the strict legal elements are met, for example, the judged item can be retried in the strict retrial procedure. Therefore, it is unavoidable to sacrifice the power of effective judgment, to some extent, in order to realize the judicial justness. In the meantime, as the final special relief procedure of the civil judgment, the civil retrial procedure is established to not only maintain the power of correct effective judgment of the court and assure the judicial authority but also fully safeguard the in-time and effective legal relief for the legitimate rights and benefits of the agent by the retrial correcting the false judgments, thus realizing the legal justice and assuring the judicial justness. The rechecking procedure of application for retrial is the starting one of the civil retrial procedure. Started from the rechecking and putting on record of the agent’s application for retrial, the judicial justness requires that not only the principle of equality and justness should be followed in the process of judgment of the court but also the spirit of equality and justness should be represented in the result of judgment of the court. We should not fail to correct the faults for assuring the power of effective judgment and also not to randomly sacrifice the power of effective judgment for correcting the faults. The maintenance of the power of effective judgment and the correction of the false judgment by the retrial procedure will be finally integrated to the rail of the judicial justness. In the operation of the civil retrial procedure, the balance should be kept between meeting the need of correcting the false judgment and maintaining the power of effective judgment to meet the need of the proceeding benefits and the rational solutions should be found as well in both their limits, with the substantive justness and the procedural justness persisted. The perfection of the rechecking procedure is the core part of the retrial system. The principles of perfecting the rechecking procedure of application for retrial should be concluded in order to direct its reconstruction.
In Part 2, the existing rechecking procedure of application for retrial of China is analyzed. The current rechecking process of application for civil retrial is extremely not standard, which brings about many problems in the judicial practice. The unclear proceeding right causes that it is difficult to realize the rechecking function. The insufficient transparency of the rechecking process brings about the decline of the right of public trust. And some problems such as irregularities of the practical operation of the system of hearing of witness of rechecking in the practice of judgment are put forward. A lot of problems bring about many negative results, prevent the judicial justness from being realized and affect the judicial authority, and at the same time cause the serious social problems and destroy the social harmony and stability.
In Part 3, some assumptions on how to perfect the rechecking procedure of application for civil retrial are presented. It is thought that the realization of the judicial justness should be regarded as the criterion for the value options. Started from the targets of rationally maintaining the power of effective judgment and improving the quality and level of the rechecking procedure of application for retrial, some actions and measures applicable to the modern judicial ideas and the characteristics of the civil retrial system are discussed to perfect the rechecking procedure of application for civil retrial. The legal rechecking procedure of application for civil retrial should be determined and the relevant procedural strategies should be adopted to make such a rechecking procedure systemized and standardized. Because the justness should be represented where it can be seen, attention should be paid to strengthen the openness and transparency of the rechecking in order to decrease the randomness and assure the quality of rechecking the case, which is the effective approach to resolve various defects existing in the current rechecking procedure of application for civil retrial. The preposition of the secondary judgment, the concrete reasons for the legal retrial, the one-off relief principle and the limitation of the retrial class are determined to perfect the supporting conditions of the rechecking procedure of application for civil retrial, and then the system of informing the rights should be established to assure that the agent’s proceeding rights are carried out. In order to realize the justness of the procedure, the proceeding right should be used to restrict the judicial right, thus assuring the target of realizing the judicial justness. After the court of jurisdiction and putting on record receives the petition for retrial, the court should recheck whether the petition for retrial is legitimate and the items for retrial are carried out according to the stipulated procedure and requirements. Some items such as the content, method and time limit of putting on record and rechecking should be clearly stipulated. For the universally-used system of hearing of witness of rechecking in the process, perfection should be made in the aspects of the responsibility of the governmental department of hearing of witness, the rights and obligations of the agent hearing witness, the process of hearing of witness and the results of treatment for hearing of witness, etc. And especially the questions about the evidence and presentations of the reasons for application for retrial, the legal facts of the case and the applicable laws involved, made by both the applicant and the one receiving the application, should be fully assured in order to assure the positive effects of the hearing of witness as a rechecking mode.
It is of great importance for the reform of the civil retrial procedure of our country to perfect the rechecking procedure of application for civil retrial. In this process are faced many contradictions and unity of value targets. Not only the advanced foreign theories and successful experiences should be used for reference but also the concrete national situation of our country should be taken into account. Practice is the only criterion for checking the truth. Any rational thought and realistic measure provided should be combined with the concrete content existing in the modern judicial ideas and practice in order to integrate with the practice and effectively resolve the problems in the current laws.
The rechecking procedure of application for civil retrial, which is one of the important parts of carrying out the procedure of civil retrial, refers to the procedure to determine whether the conditions for retrial can be met and the retrial can be made when the agent concerned, who refuses to accept the effective civil judgment and presents the legal reasons, applies to the court of jurisdiction for retrial of the original case. It is one of the essential requisites for determining whether to retry the original effective judgment to recheck whether the application for retrial is well-established, which belongs to the important aspects of the civil retrial system of the people’s court with the retrial of the case. After the rechecking procedure of the agent’s application for retrial is made, two results will occur. One is that the enforcement of the original effective judgment is terminated and the case enters the retrial procedure. The other is that the application for retrial is rejected and the original effective judgment still has the legal effect, that is to say, the process of putting on record and rechecking the application for retrial directly determines the fate of the agent’s application for retrial; therefore, the rechecking procedure plays a vital role in the operation of the judicial relief mechanism.
In this paper, based on the research and discussion on the relations between the power of effective judgment of the court and the civil retrial procedure, the malpractice in the process of rechecking the application for civil retrial at present is inspected. Combined with the modern judicial ideas and successful experiences in the practice of judgment, the rational assumptions of perfecting the rechecking procedure of application for civil retrial are presented in order to pursue the effective approaches to resolve various problems affecting the normal performance of the civil retrial procedure.
The paper is divided into three parts:
In Part 1, the theoretic ground for perfecting the checking procedure of application for civil retrial is dealt with. The study on the reform and perfection of the checking procedure of application for civil retrial necessarily involves the power of the effective civil judgment. The relation between them is dialectical, but not the simply contradictory and opposed. The author first studies the power of effective judgment of the court and deals with the maintenance and adjustment of the power of effective judgment. The power of effective judgment is the inherent requirement and basic element of the authority and stability of the law and the proceeding. If the judgment has no power of effectiveness or the power of effectiveness is weak, it will be necessarily brought about that the determined judgment are continuously cancelled and changed, the disputes have not been resolved for a long time and the civil rights and benefits can be protected in time. the authority and stability of the law and the proceeding, of course, should not absolutely eliminate the justness of an individual case. The power of effective judgment can be eliminated when the strict legal elements are met, for example, the judged item can be retried in the strict retrial procedure. Therefore, it is unavoidable to sacrifice the power of effective judgment, to some extent, in order to realize the judicial justness. In the meantime, as the final special relief procedure of the civil judgment, the civil retrial procedure is established to not only maintain the power of correct effective judgment of the court and assure the judicial authority but also fully safeguard the in-time and effective legal relief for the legitimate rights and benefits of the agent by the retrial correcting the false judgments, thus realizing the legal justice and assuring the judicial justness. The rechecking procedure of application for retrial is the starting one of the civil retrial procedure. Started from the rechecking and putting on record of the agent’s application for retrial, the judicial justness requires that not only the principle of equality and justness should be followed in the process of judgment of the court but also the spirit of equality and justness should be represented in the result of judgment of the court. We should not fail to correct the faults for assuring the power of effective judgment and also not to randomly sacrifice the power of effective judgment for correcting the faults. The maintenance of the power of effective judgment and the correction of the false judgment by the retrial procedure will be finally integrated to the rail of the judicial justness. In the operation of the civil retrial procedure, the balance should be kept between meeting the need of correcting the false judgment and maintaining the power of effective judgment to meet the need of the proceeding benefits and the rational solutions should be found as well in both their limits, with the substantive justness and the procedural justness persisted. The perfection of the rechecking procedure is the core part of the retrial system. The principles of perfecting the rechecking procedure of application for retrial should be concluded in order to direct its reconstruction.
In Part 2, the existing rechecking procedure of application for retrial of China is analyzed. The current rechecking process of application for civil retrial is extremely not standard, which brings about many problems in the judicial practice. The unclear proceeding right causes that it is difficult to realize the rechecking function. The insufficient transparency of the rechecking process brings about the decline of the right of public trust. And some problems such as irregularities of the practical operation of the system of hearing of witness of rechecking in the practice of judgment are put forward. A lot of problems bring about many negative results, prevent the judicial justness from being realized and affect the judicial authority, and at the same time cause the serious social problems and destroy the social harmony and stability.
In Part 3, some assumptions on how to perfect the rechecking procedure of application for civil retrial are presented. It is thought that the realization of the judicial justness should be regarded as the criterion for the value options. Started from the targets of rationally maintaining the power of effective judgment and improving the quality and level of the rechecking procedure of application for retrial, some actions and measures applicable to the modern judicial ideas and the characteristics of the civil retrial system are discussed to perfect the rechecking procedure of application for civil retrial. The legal rechecking procedure of application for civil retrial should be determined and the relevant procedural strategies should be adopted to make such a rechecking procedure systemized and standardized. Because the justness should be represented where it can be seen, attention should be paid to strengthen the openness and transparency of the rechecking in order to decrease the randomness and assure the quality of rechecking the case, which is the effective approach to resolve various defects existing in the current rechecking procedure of application for civil retrial. The preposition of the secondary judgment, the concrete reasons for the legal retrial, the one-off relief principle and the limitation of the retrial class are determined to perfect the supporting conditions of the rechecking procedure of application for civil retrial, and then the system of informing the rights should be established to assure that the agent’s proceeding rights are carried out. In order to realize the justness of the procedure, the proceeding right should be used to restrict the judicial right, thus assuring the target of realizing the judicial justness. After the court of jurisdiction and putting on record receives the petition for retrial, the court should recheck whether the petition for retrial is legitimate and the items for retrial are carried out according to the stipulated procedure and requirements. Some items such as the content, method and time limit of putting on record and rechecking should be clearly stipulated. For the universally-used system of hearing of witness of rechecking in the process, perfection should be made in the aspects of the responsibility of the governmental department of hearing of witness, the rights and obligations of the agent hearing witness, the process of hearing of witness and the results of treatment for hearing of witness, etc. And especially the questions about the evidence and presentations of the reasons for application for retrial, the legal facts of the case and the applicable laws involved, made by both the applicant and the one receiving the application, should be fully assured in order to assure the positive effects of the hearing of witness as a rechecking mode.
It is of great importance for the reform of the civil retrial procedure of our country to perfect the rechecking procedure of application for civil retrial. In this process are faced many contradictions and unity of value targets. Not only the advanced foreign theories and successful experiences should be used for reference but also the concrete national situation of our country should be taken into account. Practice is the only criterion for checking the truth. Any rational thought and realistic measure provided should be combined with the concrete content existing in the modern judicial ideas and practice in order to integrate with the practice and effectively resolve the problems in the current laws.
引文
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9.张卫平:《再审事由复查程序的法定化》,载《法学》2000 年第 5 期。
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17.肖建国:《民事诉讼程序价值论》,中国人民大学出版社 2000 年版。
18.顾培东:《社会冲突与诉讼机制》,四川人民出版社 1991 年版。
19.沈宗灵:《现代西方法理学》,北京大学出版社 1992 年版。
20.江伟:《民事诉讼法》,中国人民大学出版社 2000 年版。
21.江伟:《中国民事诉讼法专论》,中国政法大学出版社 1998 年版。
22.江伟、邵明、陈刚:《民事诉权研究》,法律出版社 2002 年版。
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