论我国民事再审制度之重构
摘要
司法是社会正义的最后一道屏障,再审制度是最后屏障的最后一道闸口。我国民事再审制度作为一种监督性和救济性的案件审理制度,对于修正审判错误,保护当事人合法权益,保障司法公正,发挥了积极作用,是我国民事诉讼中的一项重要制度。随着我国司法改革的深入发展,无论从法学理论的角度还是从司法实践的角度看,现行的再审制度都存在不少缺陷。由于民事诉讼法对有关民事再审程序的规定过于原则和粗糙,欠缺合理性和操作性,特别是不加限制的反复再审使法院两审终审制度名存实亡,法院判决的终局性和权威性无法保障,有时也极易导致权力滥用。理论界和实务界对民事再审制度争议颇多,司法实践中民事再审程序的纠错功能也未能得到充分地发挥,立法设置民事再审制度的预期目的也很难达到。在人民法院改革向纵深推进,人们的法制意识不断增强的今天,重构我国民事再审制度的具体规则,完善民事再审制度,已是理论界和实务界的共同呼声,同时也是立法部门的当务之急。本文试图探讨我国民事再审制度的弊端、成因及相应的完善措施,意图对我国民事再审制度的改革提供参考。
Justice is the highest goal in a fair judicial process. But in fact it Participation and control by the people with emotional and thinking and a variety of social roles and interests. So to some extent within the scope of errors is allowed. But the problem is the errors in what extent should be correct. And the reasons are if exceed certain limits the parties have the right and opportunity to express against. Relief set all sorts of legal procedures to minimize and correct this bias and errors. One of the most important is that the appeal procedures retrial procedures. Retrial procedure to correct the wrong decision, the parties to protect the legitimate rights and interests and safeguard the dignity of the law and the authority of the Court of important procedures, it is not only to determine the ruling re-trial matters to the special system, including retrial of proceedings and the trial proceedings to retry the case in two stages, have their own targets and the trial of a different procedure functions. Many countries and regions chapter of the Code of Civil Procedure are to be provided, such as Germany, Japan and other countries. China's Civil Procedural Law retrial procedure will be known as the "trial supervision procedures," also made special provisions. Chapter 16 of the Code of Civil Procedure "trial supervision procedures," and that, in accordance with provisions of the Trial Court against the right to supervise the retrial, the parties apply for retrial, and the procuratorates launched appeals to retry the case and the retrial, such as the content. Since then rough it is not appropriate to the legislative fine guiding ideology, the main launching retrial of the case it is not clear, fuzzy different limits the right of the main, causing understanding and implementation of the errors, difficult to protect the interests of the parties procedures. At the same time long-term plans because of the former Soviet Union Civil Procedure Law system and the impact of China's retrial procedures theoretical research is very weak, or even errors, many major theoretical issues that need clarification retrial system defects more urgently needed improving. Theory sector, the judiciary and all other domestic and foreign public opinion, the retrial procedures of China made a number of criticisms of China's hope that the retrial procedures can be amended as soon as possible and improve. Undermine the authority of the judiciary, and caused the unreasonable use of judicial resources and reduce the efficiency and effectiveness of the proceedings, therefore, should increase the intensity of the theoretical study of retrial, the retrial procedures for China's sound system to provide theoretical support.
The ongoing judicial reform as a huge project, and inseparable from all aspects of trial work, with the constant deepening of reform, reform of the relatively backward retrial gradually exposed the deficiencies, the impact of the project process. Therefore, China's retrial procedures should be in the correct theory and philosophy under the guidance of a comprehensive amendment to re-build. This paper from China's civil retrial system starting with the historical development of China's existing civil retrial system, and through foreign civil retrial system comparison and reference of China's civil retrial system abuses and to the cause, finally put forward a new civil retrial system concept. This paper is divided into four parts:
Part One: The legal system of civil Retrial Analysis. In order to fully understand China's civil retrial system first article of China's civil retrial system development and the establishment of a brief review. Secondly system of the civil retrial of the three functions, as a civil trial retrial system-level structure of the very major relief system error-correcting features, functions and supervision of relief and support functions. The final analysis the civil retrial system based on the concept and reality, as a civil retrial based on the concept of the system is primarily reflected the value of procedures for the selection. As a civil retrial based on the reality of the system, mainly reflected To meet the needs of judicial practice.
Part two: The comparison and reference of foreign civil retrial system. As our country's main law by the following civil law, civil law countries of the Code of Civil Procedure require that a retrial system, this paper focuses on France, Germany, Japan, the retrial system. French civil retrial achieved in a very appeal of the German civil retrial through the elimination of the appeal and reinstated the lawsuit against the two ways to achieve the request Followed by the three countries of the civil retrial system, found some common ground worthy of our concern and to learn from. That is will be provided for a retrial v. norms; provide a clear and specific subject of the retrial; civil retrial system the parties have instituted strict limits retrial.
Part three: The abuses and causes China's civil retrial system. China's civil retrial system in the real main course of the operation demonstrated the following drawbacks: the way in the retrial launch, state intervention color footprint, confusing the limits of public and private law, ignored the right of appeal, the parties dispose of principles and the principle of commencement retrial on the grounds, the more general subject of retrial, too retrial conditions, the lack of serviceable in the retrial of the case before the procedure, itself flawed. This was followed by China's civil retrial system problems, the cause of that mainly attributable to our history and tradition, Origin system and the "right wrongs by" guiding ideology.
Part four: The reconstruction of China's civil retrial system. First launched in the retrial of the focus is on the way to the abolition of the court's decision to retry general civil matters, as well as procuratorates the right to lodge an appeal with the retrial, the parties filed at the same time improve the retrial of rights, establish a truly retrial of the appeal. Second, in remodeling the reasons for the retrial, mainly in the foreign-related provisions on the basis of reasonable, in view of procedures and the original verdict on the wrong entity, re-constructed from a set of rational reasons for the retrial, and the final number should retrial to the jurisdiction of retrial reasonable, in our country to strive to establish a scientific and rational system of civil retrial.
Justice is the highest goal in a fair judicial process. But in fact it Participation and control by the people with emotional and thinking and a variety of social roles and interests. So to some extent within the scope of errors is allowed. But the problem is the errors in what extent should be correct. And the reasons are if exceed certain limits the parties have the right and opportunity to express against. Relief set all sorts of legal procedures to minimize and correct this bias and errors. One of the most important is that the appeal procedures retrial procedures. Retrial procedure to correct the wrong decision, the parties to protect the legitimate rights and interests and safeguard the dignity of the law and the authority of the Court of important procedures, it is not only to determine the ruling re-trial matters to the special system, including retrial of proceedings and the trial proceedings to retry the case in two stages, have their own targets and the trial of a different procedure functions. Many countries and regions chapter of the Code of Civil Procedure are to be provided, such as Germany, Japan and other countries. China's Civil Procedural Law retrial procedure will be known as the "trial supervision procedures," also made special provisions. Chapter 16 of the Code of Civil Procedure "trial supervision procedures," and that, in accordance with provisions of the Trial Court against the right to supervise the retrial, the parties apply for retrial, and the procuratorates launched appeals to retry the case and the retrial, such as the content. Since then rough it is not appropriate to the legislative fine guiding ideology, the main launching retrial of the case it is not clear, fuzzy different limits the right of the main, causing understanding and implementation of the errors, difficult to protect the interests of the parties procedures. At the same time long-term plans because of the former Soviet Union Civil Procedure Law system and the impact of China's retrial procedures theoretical research is very weak, or even errors, many major theoretical issues that need clarification retrial system defects more urgently needed improving. Theory sector, the judiciary and all other domestic and foreign public opinion, the retrial procedures of China made a number of criticisms of China's hope that the retrial procedures can be amended as soon as possible and improve. Undermine the authority of the judiciary, and caused the unreasonable use of judicial resources and reduce the efficiency and effectiveness of the proceedings, therefore, should increase the intensity of the theoretical study of retrial, the retrial procedures for China's sound system to provide theoretical support.
The ongoing judicial reform as a huge project, and inseparable from all aspects of trial work, with the constant deepening of reform, reform of the relatively backward retrial gradually exposed the deficiencies, the impact of the project process. Therefore, China's retrial procedures should be in the correct theory and philosophy under the guidance of a comprehensive amendment to re-build. This paper from China's civil retrial system starting with the historical development of China's existing civil retrial system, and through foreign civil retrial system comparison and reference of China's civil retrial system abuses and to the cause, finally put forward a new civil retrial system concept. This paper is divided into four parts:
Part One: The legal system of civil Retrial Analysis. In order to fully understand China's civil retrial system first article of China's civil retrial system development and the establishment of a brief review. Secondly system of the civil retrial of the three functions, as a civil trial retrial system-level structure of the very major relief system error-correcting features, functions and supervision of relief and support functions. The final analysis the civil retrial system based on the concept and reality, as a civil retrial based on the concept of the system is primarily reflected the value of procedures for the selection. As a civil retrial based on the reality of the system, mainly reflected To meet the needs of judicial practice.
Part two: The comparison and reference of foreign civil retrial system. As our country's main law by the following civil law, civil law countries of the Code of Civil Procedure require that a retrial system, this paper focuses on France, Germany, Japan, the retrial system. French civil retrial achieved in a very appeal of the German civil retrial through the elimination of the appeal and reinstated the lawsuit against the two ways to achieve the request Followed by the three countries of the civil retrial system, found some common ground worthy of our concern and to learn from. That is will be provided for a retrial v. norms; provide a clear and specific subject of the retrial; civil retrial system the parties have instituted strict limits retrial.
Part three: The abuses and causes China's civil retrial system. China's civil retrial system in the real main course of the operation demonstrated the following drawbacks: the way in the retrial launch, state intervention color footprint, confusing the limits of public and private law, ignored the right of appeal, the parties dispose of principles and the principle of commencement retrial on the grounds, the more general subject of retrial, too retrial conditions, the lack of serviceable in the retrial of the case before the procedure, itself flawed. This was followed by China's civil retrial system problems, the cause of that mainly attributable to our history and tradition, Origin system and the "right wrongs by" guiding ideology.
Part four: The reconstruction of China's civil retrial system. First launched in the retrial of the focus is on the way to the abolition of the court's decision to retry general civil matters, as well as procuratorates the right to lodge an appeal with the retrial, the parties filed at the same time improve the retrial of rights, establish a truly retrial of the appeal. Second, in remodeling the reasons for the retrial, mainly in the foreign-related provisions on the basis of reasonable, in view of procedures and the original verdict on the wrong entity, re-constructed from a set of rational reasons for the retrial, and the final number should retrial to the jurisdiction of retrial reasonable, in our country to strive to establish a scientific and rational system of civil retrial.
引文
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1.张卫平著:《民事再审事由研究》,载《法学研究》2000 年第 5 期。
2.杨秀清著:《民事再审制度的理论阐释》,载《司法制度》2004 年第12 期。
3.江伟、徐继军著:《论我国民事审判监督程序的改革》,载《现代法学》2004 年第 4 期。
[2] 虞政平:《我国再审制度的渊源、弊端及完善建议》,载《诉讼法学、司法制度》2003 年第 9 期。
[3] 何文燕:《民事诉讼法学》,湖南大学出版社 2001 年版,第 297 页。
[4] 参见《马克思恩格斯全集》,第 20 卷,第 95 页。
[5] [美]E·博登海默,邓正来译:《法理学:法律哲学与法律方法》,中国政法大学出版社 1999 年版,第 253 页。
[6] 李祖军:《论民事再审程序》,载《现代法学》2002 年第 2 期。
[7] 张卫平:《民事再审制度研究》,1999 年全国诉讼法学年会论文。
[8] 罗结珍译:《法国新民事诉讼法典》,中国法制出版社 2001 年版,第120 页。
[9] 谢怀拭译:《德意志联邦共和国民事诉诉法》,中国法制出版社 2001年版,第 137-138 页。
[10] 谢怀拭译:《德意志联邦共和国民事诉诉法》,中国法制出版社 2001年版,第 139 页。
[11] 白绿铉: 《日本新民事诉讼法》,中国法制出版社 2000 年版,第113 页。
[12] 白绿铉: 《日本新民事诉讼法》,中国法制出版社 2000 年版,第114 页。
[13] 白绿铉: 《日本新民事诉讼法》,中国法制出版社 2000 年版,第115 页。
[14] 谢怀拭译:《德意志联邦共和国民事诉讼法》,中国法制出版社 2001年版,第 139 页。
[15] 罗结珍译:《法国新民事诉讼法典》,中国法律出版社 1999 年版,第 107 页。
[16] 谢怀拭译:《德意志联邦共和国民事诉讼法》,中国法制出版社 2001年版,第 138 页。
[17] 谢怀拭译:《德意志联邦共和国民事诉讼法》,中国法制出版社 2001年版,第 138-139 页。
[18] 罗结珍译:《法国新民事诉讼法典》,中国法律出版社 1999 年版,第 121 页。
[19] 罗结珍译:《法国新民事诉讼法典》,中国法律出版社 1999 年版,第 120 页。
[20] 罗结珍译:《法国新民事诉讼法典》,中国法律出版社 1999 年版,第 120 页。
[21] 谢怀拭译:《德意志联邦共和国民事诉讼法》,中国法制出版社 2001年版,第 139 页。
[22] 白绿铉: 《日本新民事诉讼法》,中国法制出版社 2000 年版,第115 页。
[23] 章武生:《论民事再审程序的改革》,载《法律科学》2002 年第 1期。
[24] 赵钢:《正确处理民事经济审判工作中的十大关系》,载《法学研究》1999 年第 1 期。
[25] 杨荣馨:《民事诉讼原理》,法律出版社 2003 年版,第 483-484 页。
[26] 章武生、孙永军:《再审程序之重构》,载《依法治国司法公正》,上海社科院出版社 2000 年版,第 520 页。
[27] 季卫东《程序比较论》,载《比较法研究》1993 年第 1 期。
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