求职面试问题及其应对策略：案例分析
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摘要
本研究采语篇分析方法，通过案例分析从语言学角度研究求职面试中如何解读招聘者所提问题以及研究不同应聘者采用的应对策略。本文以言语行为理论、民族志传播学(又称交际文化学，交流民族志学)以及语类结构潜势为理论框架，通过分析语篇各语类结构成分中的不同类型问题的分布情况以及求职面试的语境，研究招聘者所提问题的言语行为以及应聘者对不同类型问题所采用的应对策略。
研究发现，在求职面试语篇中，不同类型的问题不均匀地分布在各语类结构成分中，实现不同的言语行为。应聘者对问题的言语行为的解读不同，导致其采取不同的应对策略。根据对所收集案例的分析，本文总结了应聘者在求职面试中对不同类型问题所采取的应对策略，并发现：应聘者充分了解求职面试的语境及语类结构，是正确解读招聘者所提问题的言语行为的前提，也是在面试中选择正确应对策略的关键。
The present study is an attempt to tackle the linguistic aspect of job interviews and adopts, essentially speaking, a qualitative approach of discourse analysis in a case study investigating the interpretation of speech acts of questions asked by the interviewer and the response strategies accordingly employed by interviewees applying for the same job. Within the theoretical framework which draws on insights of the Speech Act Theory, the Ethnography of Communication and the approach of Generic Structure Potential with modification the author investigates into related aspects concerning the distribution of different types of questions across generic structure components of the discourse and the context of job interviews to account for the interpretation of speech acts of the questions and the response strategies employed by the interviewees to different types of questions.
The present paper reveals that there are asymmetric distributions of different types of questions across generic structure components of the discourse and that different types of questions in different generic structure components enact different speech acts. The interpretation of the speech acts of these questions entails different response strategies. It also summarizes certain patterns of response strategies for the interviewees' reference. It concludes that the employment of appropriate strategies results from an awareness of the context and the generic structure of job interview which is a prerequisite for a correct interpretation of the speech acts of the questions.
Since the present study is a case study which examines only one type of job interviews, the conclusions of it only represents the feature of job interviews of the same or similar type. Further improvement and supplementation are needed for the apparent fact that there are numerous types of job interviews which, in a sense, can not be exhausted.
研究发现，在求职面试语篇中，不同类型的问题不均匀地分布在各语类结构成分中，实现不同的言语行为。应聘者对问题的言语行为的解读不同，导致其采取不同的应对策略。根据对所收集案例的分析，本文总结了应聘者在求职面试中对不同类型问题所采取的应对策略，并发现：应聘者充分了解求职面试的语境及语类结构，是正确解读招聘者所提问题的言语行为的前提，也是在面试中选择正确应对策略的关键。
The present study is an attempt to tackle the linguistic aspect of job interviews and adopts, essentially speaking, a qualitative approach of discourse analysis in a case study investigating the interpretation of speech acts of questions asked by the interviewer and the response strategies accordingly employed by interviewees applying for the same job. Within the theoretical framework which draws on insights of the Speech Act Theory, the Ethnography of Communication and the approach of Generic Structure Potential with modification the author investigates into related aspects concerning the distribution of different types of questions across generic structure components of the discourse and the context of job interviews to account for the interpretation of speech acts of the questions and the response strategies employed by the interviewees to different types of questions.
The present paper reveals that there are asymmetric distributions of different types of questions across generic structure components of the discourse and that different types of questions in different generic structure components enact different speech acts. The interpretation of the speech acts of these questions entails different response strategies. It also summarizes certain patterns of response strategies for the interviewees' reference. It concludes that the employment of appropriate strategies results from an awareness of the context and the generic structure of job interview which is a prerequisite for a correct interpretation of the speech acts of the questions.
Since the present study is a case study which examines only one type of job interviews, the conclusions of it only represents the feature of job interviews of the same or similar type. Further improvement and supplementation are needed for the apparent fact that there are numerous types of job interviews which, in a sense, can not be exhausted.
引文
Austin, J. L. 2002. How to Do Things with Words. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Bell, A. & Garret, P. (ed.) 1998. Approaches to Media Discourse. Oxford: Blaekwell Publishers
Brown, G. & Yule, G. 2000. Discourse Analysis. Beijing: Foreign Language Education and Research Press
Brown, G. 1996. Speakers, listeners and Communication: Explorations in Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Brown, G., Malmkjaer, K., Pollitt, A and Williams, J.(ed.) 1994. Language and Understanding. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
Chen Hong. 2002. Context and Features of Style and Interpersonal Function in Oral Communication. in Journal of Tianjin Foreign Language Institute. 2002 (4)
Coulthard, M. & Montgomery, M (ed.). 1982. Studies in Discourse Analysis. London: Toutledge &Kegan Paul
Drew, P. & Heritage, J. 1993. Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Edmondson, W. 1981. Spoken Discourse: A Model for Analysis. London: Longman
Edmondson, W. 1981. Spoken Discourse: A Model for Analysis. London and New York: Longman
Fasold, R. 2000. The Sociolinguistics of Language. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Fasold, R. 2000. The Sociolinguistics of Language. Beijing: Foreign Language
Teaching and Research Press
Gee, J. P. 2000./in Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method. Beijing: Foreign Language Education and Research Press
Gumperz, J. J. & Hymes, D. (ed.). 1986. Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication. Oxford: Basil Blackwe|l
Have. P. T. 1999. Doing Conversation Analysis: A Practical Uuide. London: SAGE Publications
Kasher, A.(ed.) 1998. Pragmatics: Critical Concepts. London: Routledge
Langford, D. 1994. Analysing Talk: Investigating Verbal Interaction in English. London: The MacMillan Press Ltd
Li Jie. 2001. Context and Conversational Implicature. in Foreign Language Education. Volume 22, 2001 (5)
Littlefair, A. 1991. Rethinking Reading: Reading all Types of Writing. Milton Keynes: Open University Press
Liu Jingxia. 2003. Context and Skills in Language Communication. in Journal of China Three Gorges University (Humanities and Social Science). Volume 25, 2003(5)
McCarthy, M. 1991. Discourse Analysis for Language Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Paltridge, B. 2000. Making Sense of Discourse Analysis. Queensland: Gerd Stabler
Schifrin, D. 1994. Approaches to Discourse. Oxford: BLACKWELL
Searle, J. R. 1996. Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching & Research Press
Searle, J. R. 2000. Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts. Beijing: Foreign Language Education and Research Press
Searle, J.R. & Vanderveken D. 1985. Foundations of Illocutionary Logic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Stewart, C. J. & Cash, W. B, Jr. 1997. Interviewing: Principles and Practices. Madison: Brown & Benchmark Publishers
Stubbs, M. 1983. Discourse Analysis: The Sociolinguistic Analysis of Natural Language. Oxford: Basil Blackwell
Titscher, S., Meyer, M., Wodak, R & Vetter E. 2000. Methods of Text and Discourse Analysis. London: SAGE
Tsohatzidis, S.L. (ed.) 1994. Foundations of Speech Act Theory. London: Routledge
Vanderveken, D & Kubo, S. 2001. Essays in Speech Act Theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Veruki, P. 2002. The 250 Job Interview Questions.(黄敏娟，谭国平Trans.)．北京：经济日报出版社
Yule, G. 2000. Pragmatics. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
曹春春，宋玮，杨彬。2003。《语篇分析》．山东大学出版社
何自然．1997．《语用学与英语学习》．上海外语教育出版社
黄国文．1987．《语篇分析》．湖南教育出版社
李悦娥．范宏雅．2002．《话语分析》．上海外语教育出版社
Bell, A. & Garret, P. (ed.) 1998. Approaches to Media Discourse. Oxford: Blaekwell Publishers
Brown, G. & Yule, G. 2000. Discourse Analysis. Beijing: Foreign Language Education and Research Press
Brown, G. 1996. Speakers, listeners and Communication: Explorations in Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Brown, G., Malmkjaer, K., Pollitt, A and Williams, J.(ed.) 1994. Language and Understanding. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
Chen Hong. 2002. Context and Features of Style and Interpersonal Function in Oral Communication. in Journal of Tianjin Foreign Language Institute. 2002 (4)
Coulthard, M. & Montgomery, M (ed.). 1982. Studies in Discourse Analysis. London: Toutledge &Kegan Paul
Drew, P. & Heritage, J. 1993. Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Edmondson, W. 1981. Spoken Discourse: A Model for Analysis. London: Longman
Edmondson, W. 1981. Spoken Discourse: A Model for Analysis. London and New York: Longman
Fasold, R. 2000. The Sociolinguistics of Language. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Fasold, R. 2000. The Sociolinguistics of Language. Beijing: Foreign Language
Teaching and Research Press
Gee, J. P. 2000./in Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method. Beijing: Foreign Language Education and Research Press
Gumperz, J. J. & Hymes, D. (ed.). 1986. Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication. Oxford: Basil Blackwe|l
Have. P. T. 1999. Doing Conversation Analysis: A Practical Uuide. London: SAGE Publications
Kasher, A.(ed.) 1998. Pragmatics: Critical Concepts. London: Routledge
Langford, D. 1994. Analysing Talk: Investigating Verbal Interaction in English. London: The MacMillan Press Ltd
Li Jie. 2001. Context and Conversational Implicature. in Foreign Language Education. Volume 22, 2001 (5)
Littlefair, A. 1991. Rethinking Reading: Reading all Types of Writing. Milton Keynes: Open University Press
Liu Jingxia. 2003. Context and Skills in Language Communication. in Journal of China Three Gorges University (Humanities and Social Science). Volume 25, 2003(5)
McCarthy, M. 1991. Discourse Analysis for Language Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Paltridge, B. 2000. Making Sense of Discourse Analysis. Queensland: Gerd Stabler
Schifrin, D. 1994. Approaches to Discourse. Oxford: BLACKWELL
Searle, J. R. 1996. Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching & Research Press
Searle, J. R. 2000. Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts. Beijing: Foreign Language Education and Research Press
Searle, J.R. & Vanderveken D. 1985. Foundations of Illocutionary Logic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Stewart, C. J. & Cash, W. B, Jr. 1997. Interviewing: Principles and Practices. Madison: Brown & Benchmark Publishers
Stubbs, M. 1983. Discourse Analysis: The Sociolinguistic Analysis of Natural Language. Oxford: Basil Blackwell
Titscher, S., Meyer, M., Wodak, R & Vetter E. 2000. Methods of Text and Discourse Analysis. London: SAGE
Tsohatzidis, S.L. (ed.) 1994. Foundations of Speech Act Theory. London: Routledge
Vanderveken, D & Kubo, S. 2001. Essays in Speech Act Theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Veruki, P. 2002. The 250 Job Interview Questions.(黄敏娟，谭国平Trans.)．北京：经济日报出版社
Yule, G. 2000. Pragmatics. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
曹春春，宋玮，杨彬。2003。《语篇分析》．山东大学出版社
何自然．1997．《语用学与英语学习》．上海外语教育出版社
黄国文．1987．《语篇分析》．湖南教育出版社
李悦娥．范宏雅．2002．《话语分析》．上海外语教育出版社