朱自清散文新论
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摘要
在中国现代文学史上，朱自清是一位十分引人注目的作家。而这种关注一方面来自于作者艺术上刻苦扎实的努力和作品漂亮缜密的艺术特质，另一方面也来自于他追求人格完善和纯洁精神的迷茫与困惑及其悖论，代表了从“五四”到四十年代知识分子所走过的一段心路历程。
在新文学运动垦拓期，朱自清带着诗歌走上了文坛，却在散文领域取得了非凡的成绩。透过他人格的高大“背影”，我们可以看到一个背负传统重荷的作家，紧跟时代步伐的艰难悲剧的一生；翻阅他的散文作品，我们可以感受到个体在个性、家庭、职业、时代面前的迷茫困惑。无论是现实还是文本中，朱自清都是悖论地生存着。朱自清的道路，朱自清作品中的眼光绝不是“圣人”式的。
本文拟从以下几个方面来论述：
第一章 人格与写作 概括朱自清人格的文化根基、时代因素和作品中的人格显现。着重于描述人格根基中的“杂色”构成，为他今后的发展提供了多重可能性；描述时代风云变化如何使他由追求个性解放自由最终却走向了群体，并获得了人格上的巨大成功；而作品中的人格却呈示出传统与现代，个性与群体挤压下的悖论。
第二章 散文特质 从古典风韵、现代意识、文言语境缺失和现代汉语写作、以及意象营造和心理表现等方面，论述出朱自清用文学实绩完成了时代赋予的使命。他的创作实绩，既包含了现代意识对传统文化的启蒙价值，也有传统文化的心理深层机制对现代文明的反作用。
第三章 “背影” 现象 从中学语文教育的解读、“背影”崇拜和反“背影”崇拜、悬置“背影”等几个方面去厘清产生“背影”现象的文学性因素和非文学性因素，寻找衡定“背影”历史地位的可能性。
In the history of Chinese modem literature, Zhu Ziqing is an attractive writer. On one hand, this attraction is because of both the writer's hard -working and basic effort and the beautiful and thoughtful art character, on the other hand is because of his confusion, embarrassment and conflict while he pursues his perfect personality and pure spirit, which stands for a piece of mind trail of those intellectuals from May Four to 1940s.
In the pioneering period of New Literature Movement, Zhu Ziqing walks into the literary world with his poem, but he makes a great achievement in the prose field. Through the high 'a Figure Viewed From Behind' of his personality, we can see a writer who burdens the heavy tradition and his hard and tragic life following the times closely. While reading his prose works, we can feel an individual's confusion and embarrassment in front of the personality, family, occupation and the times. Both in the reality and his books, Zhu Ziqing lives a conflict life. Zhu Ziqing 's trail and the view in his works are never the same as the Saint's.
The essay wants to explain it from the folio whig factors:
Chapter One the Personality and Writing.
This part wants to outline the cultural foundation, the time factors and the character exposure of Zhu Ziqing's personality in his books. It mainly describes that the colorful composition of his personality foundation provide many possibilities in his following development, and it describes how the times' changes make him convert from pursuing individual liberty firstly to walking for community on the end, then he makes a great success in personality. But the personality hi his works shows the conflict under the pressing of tradition and modern, individual and communing.
Chapter Two the Prose Character
From the angles of classical style, modern consciousness, shortage of classical Chinese language background and modern Chinese writing, image build and psychological performance, this part describes how Zhu Ziqing finishes the task:
given by the times by his literature achievement. His writing achievement includes both the value that the modern consciousness can enlighten the modern culture and the reaction that the deep psychological system of traditional culture does against the modern civilization.
Chapter Three the Phenomenon 'a Figure Viewed From Behind' From the angles of the explanatory reading of Middle school Chinese education, the worship of the 'a Figure Viewed From Behind', anti - 'a Figure Viewed From Behind' worship and the suspending of 'a Figure Viewed From Behind', this part wants to disclose the cultural factor and non- cultural factor which cause the 'a Figure Viewed From Behind' phenomenon, and wants to find the possibility to judge the historical position of Back Shape.
在新文学运动垦拓期，朱自清带着诗歌走上了文坛，却在散文领域取得了非凡的成绩。透过他人格的高大“背影”，我们可以看到一个背负传统重荷的作家，紧跟时代步伐的艰难悲剧的一生；翻阅他的散文作品，我们可以感受到个体在个性、家庭、职业、时代面前的迷茫困惑。无论是现实还是文本中，朱自清都是悖论地生存着。朱自清的道路，朱自清作品中的眼光绝不是“圣人”式的。
本文拟从以下几个方面来论述：
第一章 人格与写作 概括朱自清人格的文化根基、时代因素和作品中的人格显现。着重于描述人格根基中的“杂色”构成，为他今后的发展提供了多重可能性；描述时代风云变化如何使他由追求个性解放自由最终却走向了群体，并获得了人格上的巨大成功；而作品中的人格却呈示出传统与现代，个性与群体挤压下的悖论。
第二章 散文特质 从古典风韵、现代意识、文言语境缺失和现代汉语写作、以及意象营造和心理表现等方面，论述出朱自清用文学实绩完成了时代赋予的使命。他的创作实绩，既包含了现代意识对传统文化的启蒙价值，也有传统文化的心理深层机制对现代文明的反作用。
第三章 “背影” 现象 从中学语文教育的解读、“背影”崇拜和反“背影”崇拜、悬置“背影”等几个方面去厘清产生“背影”现象的文学性因素和非文学性因素，寻找衡定“背影”历史地位的可能性。
In the history of Chinese modem literature, Zhu Ziqing is an attractive writer. On one hand, this attraction is because of both the writer's hard -working and basic effort and the beautiful and thoughtful art character, on the other hand is because of his confusion, embarrassment and conflict while he pursues his perfect personality and pure spirit, which stands for a piece of mind trail of those intellectuals from May Four to 1940s.
In the pioneering period of New Literature Movement, Zhu Ziqing walks into the literary world with his poem, but he makes a great achievement in the prose field. Through the high 'a Figure Viewed From Behind' of his personality, we can see a writer who burdens the heavy tradition and his hard and tragic life following the times closely. While reading his prose works, we can feel an individual's confusion and embarrassment in front of the personality, family, occupation and the times. Both in the reality and his books, Zhu Ziqing lives a conflict life. Zhu Ziqing 's trail and the view in his works are never the same as the Saint's.
The essay wants to explain it from the folio whig factors:
Chapter One the Personality and Writing.
This part wants to outline the cultural foundation, the time factors and the character exposure of Zhu Ziqing's personality in his books. It mainly describes that the colorful composition of his personality foundation provide many possibilities in his following development, and it describes how the times' changes make him convert from pursuing individual liberty firstly to walking for community on the end, then he makes a great success in personality. But the personality hi his works shows the conflict under the pressing of tradition and modern, individual and communing.
Chapter Two the Prose Character
From the angles of classical style, modern consciousness, shortage of classical Chinese language background and modern Chinese writing, image build and psychological performance, this part describes how Zhu Ziqing finishes the task:
given by the times by his literature achievement. His writing achievement includes both the value that the modern consciousness can enlighten the modern culture and the reaction that the deep psychological system of traditional culture does against the modern civilization.
Chapter Three the Phenomenon 'a Figure Viewed From Behind' From the angles of the explanatory reading of Middle school Chinese education, the worship of the 'a Figure Viewed From Behind', anti - 'a Figure Viewed From Behind' worship and the suspending of 'a Figure Viewed From Behind', this part wants to disclose the cultural factor and non- cultural factor which cause the 'a Figure Viewed From Behind' phenomenon, and wants to find the possibility to judge the historical position of Back Shape.
引文
1．俞元桂主编《中国现代散文理论》广西人民出版社 1984年5月版
2．蔡清富 《现代文学纵横谈》 北京师大出版社 1992年8月版
3．时萌《闻一多、朱自清论》 北京师大出版社 1982年6月版
4．陈孝全，刘泰隆 《朱自清作品欣赏》广西人民出版社 1981年第一版
5．杨昌江 《朱自清的散文艺术》 北京出版社 1982年
6．吴周文、张王飞、林道立《朱自清散文艺术论》江苏教育出版社1994．7
7．姜建 《朱自清年谱》 安徽教育出版社 1996年
8．林非 《林非论散文》 江西高校出版社 2000年8月
9．袁勇麟 《当代汉语散文流变论》 上海三联书店 2002年6月
10．陆耀东等主编《闻一多国际学术研讨会论文选》武汉大学出版社2002．1
11．喻大翔 《用生命拥抱文化》 人民文学出版社2003年8月
12．王尧、林建法 《李欧梵、季进对话录》 苏州大学出版社2003．8
13．陈平原主编 《现代中国》第一辑 湖北教育出版社2001．10
14．[美]杰罗姆B．格里德尔著 《知识分子与现代中国》南开大学出版社2002．3
15．王瑶 《中国现代文学史论集》 北京大学出版社1998．1
16．祝德纯 《散文创作与鉴赏》 中国社会科学出版社2002．12
17．吕若涵 《“论语派”论》 上海三联书店 2002．6
18．李欧梵 《现代性的追求》 生活·读书·新知三联书店2000．12
19．张新颖 《20世纪上半期中国文学的现代意识》 生活三联书店2001．12
20．朱德熙 《于平淡中见神奇》 新闻业务 1961．7
21．尚喜平 《如何看待朱自清前后期散文的优缺点》《海南师范学报 1994．2
22．吴周文 《论朱自清的散文艺术》 《文学评论》 1980．1
22．吴周文 《论朱自清的散文艺术》 《文学评论》1980．1
23．涂鸿 《率真的情谐和的美》 西南民族学院学报1999．3
24．古建超 《朱自清散文艺术中抒情的特色》 惠州大学学报 1997．2
25．冯玉强 《朱自清〈背影〉审判因素解读》贵州教育学院学报1999．2
26．宋阜森，刘平 《浅析朱自清散文的意境创造》泰安师专学报2002．1
27．钱理群 《朱自清为什么不“平静”》
28．李林荣 《1990年代的中国散文与中国文化》开放时代2001．11
29．余光中 《论朱自清的散文》 名作欣赏 1992
30．郁松华 《朱自清作品研究述评》 学林纵横 2000．4
31．吴周文、王菊廷《新时期以来中国现代散文研究概括》杨州大学学报2000．7
32．张剑 《朱自清散文研究述评》 哈尔滨学院学报 2000．7
33．徐葆耕 《圣者的忏悔》 清华大学学报(哲社版) 1991．1
34．刘冬 《朱自清先生与语文现代化》
35．夏敏 《此曲只应天上有》 宁波高等专科学校学报2000．3
36．吴晗 《他们走到了它的反面》 光明日报 1962．8．12
37．何以聪 《朱自清早期散文的艺术特色》 文汇报 1962．8．18
38．本文所选朱自清的文章均出自：延敬理、徐行选编《朱自清散文》中国广播电视出版社1994年8月版
2．蔡清富 《现代文学纵横谈》 北京师大出版社 1992年8月版
3．时萌《闻一多、朱自清论》 北京师大出版社 1982年6月版
4．陈孝全，刘泰隆 《朱自清作品欣赏》广西人民出版社 1981年第一版
5．杨昌江 《朱自清的散文艺术》 北京出版社 1982年
6．吴周文、张王飞、林道立《朱自清散文艺术论》江苏教育出版社1994．7
7．姜建 《朱自清年谱》 安徽教育出版社 1996年
8．林非 《林非论散文》 江西高校出版社 2000年8月
9．袁勇麟 《当代汉语散文流变论》 上海三联书店 2002年6月
10．陆耀东等主编《闻一多国际学术研讨会论文选》武汉大学出版社2002．1
11．喻大翔 《用生命拥抱文化》 人民文学出版社2003年8月
12．王尧、林建法 《李欧梵、季进对话录》 苏州大学出版社2003．8
13．陈平原主编 《现代中国》第一辑 湖北教育出版社2001．10
14．[美]杰罗姆B．格里德尔著 《知识分子与现代中国》南开大学出版社2002．3
15．王瑶 《中国现代文学史论集》 北京大学出版社1998．1
16．祝德纯 《散文创作与鉴赏》 中国社会科学出版社2002．12
17．吕若涵 《“论语派”论》 上海三联书店 2002．6
18．李欧梵 《现代性的追求》 生活·读书·新知三联书店2000．12
19．张新颖 《20世纪上半期中国文学的现代意识》 生活三联书店2001．12
20．朱德熙 《于平淡中见神奇》 新闻业务 1961．7
21．尚喜平 《如何看待朱自清前后期散文的优缺点》《海南师范学报 1994．2
22．吴周文 《论朱自清的散文艺术》 《文学评论》 1980．1
22．吴周文 《论朱自清的散文艺术》 《文学评论》1980．1
23．涂鸿 《率真的情谐和的美》 西南民族学院学报1999．3
24．古建超 《朱自清散文艺术中抒情的特色》 惠州大学学报 1997．2
25．冯玉强 《朱自清〈背影〉审判因素解读》贵州教育学院学报1999．2
26．宋阜森，刘平 《浅析朱自清散文的意境创造》泰安师专学报2002．1
27．钱理群 《朱自清为什么不“平静”》
28．李林荣 《1990年代的中国散文与中国文化》开放时代2001．11
29．余光中 《论朱自清的散文》 名作欣赏 1992
30．郁松华 《朱自清作品研究述评》 学林纵横 2000．4
31．吴周文、王菊廷《新时期以来中国现代散文研究概括》杨州大学学报2000．7
32．张剑 《朱自清散文研究述评》 哈尔滨学院学报 2000．7
33．徐葆耕 《圣者的忏悔》 清华大学学报(哲社版) 1991．1
34．刘冬 《朱自清先生与语文现代化》
35．夏敏 《此曲只应天上有》 宁波高等专科学校学报2000．3
36．吴晗 《他们走到了它的反面》 光明日报 1962．8．12
37．何以聪 《朱自清早期散文的艺术特色》 文汇报 1962．8．18
38．本文所选朱自清的文章均出自：延敬理、徐行选编《朱自清散文》中国广播电视出版社1994年8月版