低渗气藏水平井完井方式优化方法研究
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摘要
低渗透油气田在世界油气资源中占有极其重要的地位,低渗透油气田地质条件极其复杂、天然能量小、渗流阻力大、连通性差,地层稳定性差,开采难度很大,岩石的非均质、各向异性,储层底水或边水的影响,严重制约低渗透储层的开发。水平井则是实现低渗气藏经济、高效开发的重要技术手段。完井技术对充分发挥水平井在提高低渗气藏产能和采收率中的作用十分突出,不仅关系到后续生产作业能否顺利实施以及水平井的生产寿命,而且还直接影响着水平井的产能及低渗气藏的采收率及储量动用程度。从低渗气藏的储层地质特征出发,综合考虑气藏增产及开发方式,进行低渗气藏水平井完井优化研究,对低渗气藏提高单井产量、延长水平井寿命、提高经济效益有重要的意义。本文以岩石力学的基本理论、方法为基础,通过理论计算分析了地应力环境、增产措施及压力衰竭式开采对裸眼水平井临界井底流压及可采用完井方式的影响,进而综合储层地质、地质力学、工程需求等因素,利用模糊数学的相关理论开展完井方式优选方法研究及软件开发,并结合气藏资料进行了完井方法优选及相关工程应用,取得的主要成果及认识如下：
(1)地应力状态是影响水平井完井方式选择的重要因素之一。在地应力三个主应力数值大小保持不变的条件下,通过改变应力大小的组合关系构建不同的应力状态,相同地层,水平井眼轨迹不同时,水平井临界井底流压、井壁地层起裂压力均会发生改变。不同的井眼轨迹中有不同的井底流压,对井底流压低于地层压力方位的水平井可采用裸眼完井,反之,则选用支撑井壁的完井方式。不同的井眼轨迹中有不同的起裂压力,对水平井储层渗透性的改善有很大影响。井眼轨迹的变化可能使地层的完井方式变得十分复杂,因此,钻井完井是一项系统工程,优化完井应从最基础的优化井眼轨迹开始,否则一旦井眼形成后,在进行完井方式优选会有很大的局限性。在本文研究工区储层应力场数值不变的前提下,对地层通常存在的三种应力状态研究分析了两只特殊的水平井：
①岩石强度相同下,应力状态及井眼方位发生改变,临界井底流压与井周地层起裂压力都将发生变化。当水平井井底液柱压力低于临界井底流压时,井壁将会发生垮塌,且当水平井临界井底流压高于地层孔隙压力时,不能采用裸眼完井方式,水平井若想获得产能,必须支撑井壁。水平井井底液柱压力高于井周地层起裂压力时,井壁就会发生破裂。
②潜在正断型地应力状态下,沿最大水平主应力方向延伸的水平井与沿最小水平主应力方向延伸的水平井相比,最小水平主应力方向延伸的水平井井周地层稳定性较好,但地层起裂压力较高,易于压裂形成在垂向应力和水平向最大主应力平面内横切水平井延伸方向的裂缝面。最大水平向应力方向延伸的水平井自身稳定性相对较差,可形成的缝为在垂向应力和水平向最大主应力平面内沿着水平井延伸的裂缝面。
③潜在逆断型地应力状态下,沿最大水平向应力方向延伸的水平井可在较低井底流压下生产并保持稳定,但地层起裂压力高；沿最小水平向应力方向延伸的水平井自身稳定性相对较差,两种应力状态下形成的缝均主要分布在水平向最大主应力和水平向最小主应力平面内,不利于储层垂向渗透性的改善。
④潜在走滑型地应力状态下,沿水平最大主应力、水平最小主应力方位水平井的自身稳定性及压裂难易表现出与潜在逆断型应力状态下相似的特点。两支水平井压裂形成的裂缝都将主要分布在水平向最大主应力和垂向最小主应力控制的平面内。所不同的是前者裂缝面平行于水平井轴线,后者则垂直于水平井的井眼轴线。且综合考虑地应力对地层中天然裂缝的发育方向的控制作用,后者将更有利于增产。
(2)气藏的衰竭式开发方式和低渗气藏的酸化措施对低渗气藏水平井完井选择的影响不容忽视,酸化的主要目的是溶解近井地带储层矿物,解除储层损害,恢复和提高近井储层渗透率,不同类型酸液体系、酸作用时间和酸的作用量,对井壁岩石的影响程度不同,酸化改变了地层岩石结构,改善储层渗流能力,提高单井产能。然而,酸作用在提高渗流能力的同时,也会弱化地层岩石强度,导致井周岩石承载能力降低,进而影响到井壁的稳定性及能够采用的生产压差,这个过程可能会使完井方式发生改变。因此必须考虑酸化措施引起的岩石力学强度折减效应。酸化及孔隙压力衰竭综合作用时,会使基于原状地层条件建立起来的完井方式不能满足和保证气井的正常和长期安全生产。因此,低渗气藏完井不仅考虑是否需改造,还必须综合考虑改造对地层自身稳定性的影响。如在本文研究工区条件下,单独的酸化、地层流体压力降低和二者综合作用的结果都使水平裸眼井的临界生产压差大幅下降,在某些应力状态下,完井方式发生了从可以采用裸眼完井到必须进行井壁支撑完井的转变。
(3)形成了以储层物性、地质力学、增产措施以及开采方式为评价因素进行完井方式初步选择,进而综合产能、经济效益、采气时间等因素,利用模糊综合评价理论进行完井方式优选的低渗气藏水平井完井方式优选方法。
(4)基于形成的低渗气藏水平井完井方式优选方法,开发了低渗气藏水平井完井方法优选软件,并进行了现场完井优化应用。
Low permeability reservoir takes up large proportion in oil&gas reservoir of China and horizontal well is an important technique to develop it economically and efficiently. Completion not only influences the successful well operation and well life but also directly affects the production ratio of low permeability gas reservoir. Starting with the geological characters of low permeability gas reservoir and taking the specific requirements of drilling engineering and production engineering into account, this essay studied the completion optimization of low permeability gas reservoir, which has important significance in the improvement of production rate per well, lengthen of well life and the incensement of economic benefits. Based on the fundamental theories and methods of rock mechanics, the influence of in-situ stress environment, enhanced oil recovery operation, formation pressure failure and exploitation method to the critical bottom hole pressure and appropriate completion of open hole horizontal well is analyzed by theoretical calculation. Furthermore, by synthesizing various factors including reservoir geology, geo-mechanics and engineering requirements, completion optimization study and software development have been done using fuzzy mathematics theory. Combining on site gas reservoir data and completion optimizing method, the practical engineering application is also presented. Main results and achievements as follows:
(1) In-situ stress states is one of the most important factors influent the well completion. In the same formation, critical bottom hold pressure and initial pressure of horizontal wells with different trajectories change with stress states. The completion could be very complex and effect of stimulation technologies could be ineffective due to inappropriate well trajectory. Therefore, drilling and completion should consider integratively and the completion optimization should start from trajectory optimization. Under the three types of in-situ stress conditions used in this thesis:
①Under the same rock strength, stress state and the orientation of the borehole is changed, the critical bottom hole flowing pressure from the wells of the strata fracturing pressure will change. When the horizontal well in bottom of the well fluid column pressure below the critical bottom hole flowing pressure, the borehole wall will collapse,When the horizontal well critical bottom hole flowing pressure is higher than the formation pore pressure, not open hole completion of horizontal wells To get the capacity, we must support the sidewall.
②Under the potential normal-fault stress states, horizontal well paralleled with maximum horizontal stress has relatively weak stability but likely to form fracture plane along with horizontal well. Horizontal well paralleled with minimum horizontal stress has relatively strong stability but initial pressure is much higher and the fracture plane intersects with plane of vertical stress and maximum horizontal stress.
③Under the potential reverse-fault stress states, horizontal well paralleled with maximum horizontal stress can keep stable in lower bottom well pressure fracture pressure is relatively high. Horizontal well paralleled with minimum horizontal stress shows contrary features. Under the stress states, horizontal fractures are formed parallel with well trajectory.
④Under the potential strike slip stress states, horizontal well paralleled with maximum or minimum horizontal stress shows similar features in self-stability of formation around horizontal wellbore and difficulty hydro fracture with wells under reverse fault stress states. Vertical fractures paralleled with well trajectory and intersect with minimum horizontal stress is likely to formed in horizontal well paralleled with maximum or minimum horizontal stress and vertical fractures perpendicular to well trajectory is easily to formed in horizontal well paralleled with minimum horizontal stress.
(2) The impact of depletion and acidizing of low permeability gas reservoir on the completion optimization shouldn't be ignored. Different type of acidizing fluid system, acid functional time and effect degree have different effects on the completion. Acidizing and depletion can't guarantee the normal and long-term safety production of gas well. Therefore, the necessity of stimulation is not the only factor need to be considered in low permeability gas reservoir completion but also the impact of stimulation on formation self-stability should also be taken into account. As in this thesis research conditions, acidizing、depletion and the combined action reduce the critical drawdown pressure significantly in open hole horizontal well. In some cases, completion may change from unsupported to support way.
(3) Based on the comprehensive analysis of completion influence factors, considering the feature that completion optimization involves many uncertain factors including engineering、 geology、economic benefits and production ration, an completion optimization method based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation theory is established and a corresponding software is developed.A practical application is also presented in this thesis.
(1)地应力状态是影响水平井完井方式选择的重要因素之一。在地应力三个主应力数值大小保持不变的条件下,通过改变应力大小的组合关系构建不同的应力状态,相同地层,水平井眼轨迹不同时,水平井临界井底流压、井壁地层起裂压力均会发生改变。不同的井眼轨迹中有不同的井底流压,对井底流压低于地层压力方位的水平井可采用裸眼完井,反之,则选用支撑井壁的完井方式。不同的井眼轨迹中有不同的起裂压力,对水平井储层渗透性的改善有很大影响。井眼轨迹的变化可能使地层的完井方式变得十分复杂,因此,钻井完井是一项系统工程,优化完井应从最基础的优化井眼轨迹开始,否则一旦井眼形成后,在进行完井方式优选会有很大的局限性。在本文研究工区储层应力场数值不变的前提下,对地层通常存在的三种应力状态研究分析了两只特殊的水平井：
①岩石强度相同下,应力状态及井眼方位发生改变,临界井底流压与井周地层起裂压力都将发生变化。当水平井井底液柱压力低于临界井底流压时,井壁将会发生垮塌,且当水平井临界井底流压高于地层孔隙压力时,不能采用裸眼完井方式,水平井若想获得产能,必须支撑井壁。水平井井底液柱压力高于井周地层起裂压力时,井壁就会发生破裂。
②潜在正断型地应力状态下,沿最大水平主应力方向延伸的水平井与沿最小水平主应力方向延伸的水平井相比,最小水平主应力方向延伸的水平井井周地层稳定性较好,但地层起裂压力较高,易于压裂形成在垂向应力和水平向最大主应力平面内横切水平井延伸方向的裂缝面。最大水平向应力方向延伸的水平井自身稳定性相对较差,可形成的缝为在垂向应力和水平向最大主应力平面内沿着水平井延伸的裂缝面。
③潜在逆断型地应力状态下,沿最大水平向应力方向延伸的水平井可在较低井底流压下生产并保持稳定,但地层起裂压力高；沿最小水平向应力方向延伸的水平井自身稳定性相对较差,两种应力状态下形成的缝均主要分布在水平向最大主应力和水平向最小主应力平面内,不利于储层垂向渗透性的改善。
④潜在走滑型地应力状态下,沿水平最大主应力、水平最小主应力方位水平井的自身稳定性及压裂难易表现出与潜在逆断型应力状态下相似的特点。两支水平井压裂形成的裂缝都将主要分布在水平向最大主应力和垂向最小主应力控制的平面内。所不同的是前者裂缝面平行于水平井轴线,后者则垂直于水平井的井眼轴线。且综合考虑地应力对地层中天然裂缝的发育方向的控制作用,后者将更有利于增产。
(2)气藏的衰竭式开发方式和低渗气藏的酸化措施对低渗气藏水平井完井选择的影响不容忽视,酸化的主要目的是溶解近井地带储层矿物,解除储层损害,恢复和提高近井储层渗透率,不同类型酸液体系、酸作用时间和酸的作用量,对井壁岩石的影响程度不同,酸化改变了地层岩石结构,改善储层渗流能力,提高单井产能。然而,酸作用在提高渗流能力的同时,也会弱化地层岩石强度,导致井周岩石承载能力降低,进而影响到井壁的稳定性及能够采用的生产压差,这个过程可能会使完井方式发生改变。因此必须考虑酸化措施引起的岩石力学强度折减效应。酸化及孔隙压力衰竭综合作用时,会使基于原状地层条件建立起来的完井方式不能满足和保证气井的正常和长期安全生产。因此,低渗气藏完井不仅考虑是否需改造,还必须综合考虑改造对地层自身稳定性的影响。如在本文研究工区条件下,单独的酸化、地层流体压力降低和二者综合作用的结果都使水平裸眼井的临界生产压差大幅下降,在某些应力状态下,完井方式发生了从可以采用裸眼完井到必须进行井壁支撑完井的转变。
(3)形成了以储层物性、地质力学、增产措施以及开采方式为评价因素进行完井方式初步选择,进而综合产能、经济效益、采气时间等因素,利用模糊综合评价理论进行完井方式优选的低渗气藏水平井完井方式优选方法。
(4)基于形成的低渗气藏水平井完井方式优选方法,开发了低渗气藏水平井完井方法优选软件,并进行了现场完井优化应用。
Low permeability reservoir takes up large proportion in oil&gas reservoir of China and horizontal well is an important technique to develop it economically and efficiently. Completion not only influences the successful well operation and well life but also directly affects the production ratio of low permeability gas reservoir. Starting with the geological characters of low permeability gas reservoir and taking the specific requirements of drilling engineering and production engineering into account, this essay studied the completion optimization of low permeability gas reservoir, which has important significance in the improvement of production rate per well, lengthen of well life and the incensement of economic benefits. Based on the fundamental theories and methods of rock mechanics, the influence of in-situ stress environment, enhanced oil recovery operation, formation pressure failure and exploitation method to the critical bottom hole pressure and appropriate completion of open hole horizontal well is analyzed by theoretical calculation. Furthermore, by synthesizing various factors including reservoir geology, geo-mechanics and engineering requirements, completion optimization study and software development have been done using fuzzy mathematics theory. Combining on site gas reservoir data and completion optimizing method, the practical engineering application is also presented. Main results and achievements as follows:
(1) In-situ stress states is one of the most important factors influent the well completion. In the same formation, critical bottom hold pressure and initial pressure of horizontal wells with different trajectories change with stress states. The completion could be very complex and effect of stimulation technologies could be ineffective due to inappropriate well trajectory. Therefore, drilling and completion should consider integratively and the completion optimization should start from trajectory optimization. Under the three types of in-situ stress conditions used in this thesis:
①Under the same rock strength, stress state and the orientation of the borehole is changed, the critical bottom hole flowing pressure from the wells of the strata fracturing pressure will change. When the horizontal well in bottom of the well fluid column pressure below the critical bottom hole flowing pressure, the borehole wall will collapse,When the horizontal well critical bottom hole flowing pressure is higher than the formation pore pressure, not open hole completion of horizontal wells To get the capacity, we must support the sidewall.
②Under the potential normal-fault stress states, horizontal well paralleled with maximum horizontal stress has relatively weak stability but likely to form fracture plane along with horizontal well. Horizontal well paralleled with minimum horizontal stress has relatively strong stability but initial pressure is much higher and the fracture plane intersects with plane of vertical stress and maximum horizontal stress.
③Under the potential reverse-fault stress states, horizontal well paralleled with maximum horizontal stress can keep stable in lower bottom well pressure fracture pressure is relatively high. Horizontal well paralleled with minimum horizontal stress shows contrary features. Under the stress states, horizontal fractures are formed parallel with well trajectory.
④Under the potential strike slip stress states, horizontal well paralleled with maximum or minimum horizontal stress shows similar features in self-stability of formation around horizontal wellbore and difficulty hydro fracture with wells under reverse fault stress states. Vertical fractures paralleled with well trajectory and intersect with minimum horizontal stress is likely to formed in horizontal well paralleled with maximum or minimum horizontal stress and vertical fractures perpendicular to well trajectory is easily to formed in horizontal well paralleled with minimum horizontal stress.
(2) The impact of depletion and acidizing of low permeability gas reservoir on the completion optimization shouldn't be ignored. Different type of acidizing fluid system, acid functional time and effect degree have different effects on the completion. Acidizing and depletion can't guarantee the normal and long-term safety production of gas well. Therefore, the necessity of stimulation is not the only factor need to be considered in low permeability gas reservoir completion but also the impact of stimulation on formation self-stability should also be taken into account. As in this thesis research conditions, acidizing、depletion and the combined action reduce the critical drawdown pressure significantly in open hole horizontal well. In some cases, completion may change from unsupported to support way.
(3) Based on the comprehensive analysis of completion influence factors, considering the feature that completion optimization involves many uncertain factors including engineering、 geology、economic benefits and production ration, an completion optimization method based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation theory is established and a corresponding software is developed.A practical application is also presented in this thesis.
引文
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