西安地区硕士研究生应付方式、社会支持对其主观幸福感影响的研究
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摘要
当今社会，随着科学技术的飞速发展和物质生活水平的日益提高，人们越来越重视自己的精神生活，重视自己的生活质量，而这一现象对心理学研究者也提出了新的要求。20世纪60年代以来，随着积极心理学的兴起，研究者开始倾向于关注人们的积极心理状态，其研究也不再局限于焦虑、抑郁等消极心理状态，而是对主观幸福感等积极心理状态进行了大量的研究。所谓主观幸福感指的是评价者根据自定的标准对其生活质量的整体性评估，目前的研究已经涉及到人们对幸福的看法、人们对幸福的追求方式以及影响人们获得幸福感的因素等领域。
研究生教育是继本科教育之后的高层次教育，是高层次教育与科学研究相结合而形成的一种教育制度。它也是国家培养创新人才的重要组成部分，是打造国家创新体系，增强综合国力和国际竞争力的重点。近年来我国的研究生教育得到了长足的进步，在人数和质量上都有了很大的发展，“考研”已成为社会上的一个热点现象，研究生群体的现状、发展趋势、整体素质和心理健康水平也越来越受到社会的关注。
随着社会竞争的日益激烈，研究生在择业、婚姻、生活等方面所面临的竞争和冲击越来越大，使得他们产生困惑、迷茫以及不同程度的心理冲突，容易导致各种心理问题。然而相对于大学生和中、小学生的心理健康教育而言，目前关于研究生心理健康教育的部分还存在很大的不足，这必然会对研究生整体素质的提高造成一定的影响。
本研究选取研究生这一特殊群体，采用调查问卷法调查，选取西安地区四所大学的在读研究生共425人，其中男生208人，女生217人，问卷回收率达到了92％。目的在于探讨作为高层次知识分子的研究生，他们对自己的生活状况到底有着什么样的评估，进而了解他们的心理健康状况，以及围绕心理健康主题而展开对其主观幸福感、社会支持、应付方式，及这三者之间相互关系的研究，为研究生心理健康教育提供一定的理论依据。
本研究得出以下结论：
1．研究生在生活满意度上存在性别差异，且女性研究生高于男性研究生，但未发现他们在情感维度上存在显著差异；各个年级的研究生则在主观幸福感的三个维度上均表现出有显著差异，且一年级与三年级之间的差异更大一些；学科之
间的显著差异仅体现在积极情感上，但文科研究生在各个维度的得分上均有高于
理科和工科研究生的倾向;
2.应付方式和社会支持不仅分别对主观幸福感及其各个维度有影响，而且它
们之间也存在广泛的相关，共同作用于主观幸福感;并且应付方式中的求助因子
和社会支持中的对支持的利用度因子存在显著的性别差异，女生得分均高于男生，
这与其他研究结果相一致;
3.心理健康状况和主观幸福感水平之间存在显著的相关，而且不同心理健康
水平的个体主观幸福感水平也存在显著差异。通过回归分析发现，心理健康中的
抑郁因子对主观幸福感各个维度的变异均有一定的预测性，偏执、敌对等因子也
有消极作用;
4.研究生的心理健康状况不存在性别差异;在躯体化、抑郁、焦虑，、敌对、
恐怖等因子上存在显著的年级差异;在躯体化、焦虑、抑郁因子上存在显著的学
科差异。
根据研究结果，提出以下几条建议以供参考:
1.培养研究生积极向上的幸福观、价值观和专业认识;
2.建立有效的社会支持系统;
4.构筑积极的心理防御机制;
5.加强体育锻炼。
Nowadays, with the rapid progress in science and living standard, more and more attention is given to spiritual life and life quality as well, which raises a new requirement for psychological researchers. Beginning with the springing up of the positive psychology in the 1960s, researchers prefer to attach importance to the positive mental states, the study of which is not restricted to negative mental states such as depression and anxiety any more, but focuses on the large quantity of researches on positive mental states such as subjective well-being. Subjective well-being refers to people's evaluations of their life-evaluations that both affective and cognitive. As a matter of fact, the researches on it have involved the fields of our view of happiness, the way people pursuit happiness, and factors that exert influence on happiness acquisition etc.
Superior to the education of undergraduates, the education of postgraduates is a combination of education and scientific research at higher level. In recent years, great progress has been made in education of postgraduates, featuring by obvious advancement in both quality and quantity. To be postgraduates has become a hot spot, and more and more attention from society has been given to the current condition of postgraduates.
With intensifying social competition, pressure and impact mainly from career selection, marriage and life are ever greater to postgraduates, which results in their amazement, puzzlement as well as various mental conflicts, even leads to varieties of mental problems. The current mental health education of postgraduates still requires a great step to take compared with its education in undergraduates, high school students as well as primary school students, which will surely exert some effect on the improvement of postgraduates in quality.
This research adopts the method of investigation and questionnaires, selects 425 postgraduates of three grades in four universities of Xi'an with female 217, and male 208, and achieves a feedback of as much as 92%. The purpose is to investigate their evaluation of their own life state, furthermore to examine what their mental health
condition is. With mental health as the subject, this paper tries to deal with the research on subjective well-being, social support, coping style as well as the relation among them so as to provide theoretical evidence for the mental health education of postgraduates.
In what follows are the conclusions of this study:
1 .postgraduates differs in the factor of satisfaction by sex, with that of female is higher than that of male, but they are found no significant difference in the factor of affect; the significant differences are discovered in three factors of subjective well-being among students in various grades, especially between grade one and three; the significant difference among majors is expressed by positive affect, with the tendency of students of arts are higher than those of science in marks of each factor;
2.coping style and social support influence all factors of subjective well-being respectively, they also bear wide relation between themselves and work together on subjective well-being; there is obvious sexual difference between the appealing and t utility percentage, with the marks of female higher than that of male, which is in agreement with the results of other researches;
3. Significant relation exists in the condition of mental health and the degree of subjective well-being, people with different condition of mental health differ greatly in subjective well-being. Through regression analysis, it is found that depression has a predictive function to all factors of subject well-being, paranoid ideation and hostility have some negative function as well;
4.There is no gender difference in mental health; but there are significant differences in the factors of somatization, depression, anxiety, hostility and photic anxiety among grades; and obvious difference among majors in the factors of somatization, anxiety and depression.
According to the results of this stu
研究生教育是继本科教育之后的高层次教育，是高层次教育与科学研究相结合而形成的一种教育制度。它也是国家培养创新人才的重要组成部分，是打造国家创新体系，增强综合国力和国际竞争力的重点。近年来我国的研究生教育得到了长足的进步，在人数和质量上都有了很大的发展，“考研”已成为社会上的一个热点现象，研究生群体的现状、发展趋势、整体素质和心理健康水平也越来越受到社会的关注。
随着社会竞争的日益激烈，研究生在择业、婚姻、生活等方面所面临的竞争和冲击越来越大，使得他们产生困惑、迷茫以及不同程度的心理冲突，容易导致各种心理问题。然而相对于大学生和中、小学生的心理健康教育而言，目前关于研究生心理健康教育的部分还存在很大的不足，这必然会对研究生整体素质的提高造成一定的影响。
本研究选取研究生这一特殊群体，采用调查问卷法调查，选取西安地区四所大学的在读研究生共425人，其中男生208人，女生217人，问卷回收率达到了92％。目的在于探讨作为高层次知识分子的研究生，他们对自己的生活状况到底有着什么样的评估，进而了解他们的心理健康状况，以及围绕心理健康主题而展开对其主观幸福感、社会支持、应付方式，及这三者之间相互关系的研究，为研究生心理健康教育提供一定的理论依据。
本研究得出以下结论：
1．研究生在生活满意度上存在性别差异，且女性研究生高于男性研究生，但未发现他们在情感维度上存在显著差异；各个年级的研究生则在主观幸福感的三个维度上均表现出有显著差异，且一年级与三年级之间的差异更大一些；学科之
间的显著差异仅体现在积极情感上，但文科研究生在各个维度的得分上均有高于
理科和工科研究生的倾向;
2.应付方式和社会支持不仅分别对主观幸福感及其各个维度有影响，而且它
们之间也存在广泛的相关，共同作用于主观幸福感;并且应付方式中的求助因子
和社会支持中的对支持的利用度因子存在显著的性别差异，女生得分均高于男生，
这与其他研究结果相一致;
3.心理健康状况和主观幸福感水平之间存在显著的相关，而且不同心理健康
水平的个体主观幸福感水平也存在显著差异。通过回归分析发现，心理健康中的
抑郁因子对主观幸福感各个维度的变异均有一定的预测性，偏执、敌对等因子也
有消极作用;
4.研究生的心理健康状况不存在性别差异;在躯体化、抑郁、焦虑，、敌对、
恐怖等因子上存在显著的年级差异;在躯体化、焦虑、抑郁因子上存在显著的学
科差异。
根据研究结果，提出以下几条建议以供参考:
1.培养研究生积极向上的幸福观、价值观和专业认识;
2.建立有效的社会支持系统;
4.构筑积极的心理防御机制;
5.加强体育锻炼。
Nowadays, with the rapid progress in science and living standard, more and more attention is given to spiritual life and life quality as well, which raises a new requirement for psychological researchers. Beginning with the springing up of the positive psychology in the 1960s, researchers prefer to attach importance to the positive mental states, the study of which is not restricted to negative mental states such as depression and anxiety any more, but focuses on the large quantity of researches on positive mental states such as subjective well-being. Subjective well-being refers to people's evaluations of their life-evaluations that both affective and cognitive. As a matter of fact, the researches on it have involved the fields of our view of happiness, the way people pursuit happiness, and factors that exert influence on happiness acquisition etc.
Superior to the education of undergraduates, the education of postgraduates is a combination of education and scientific research at higher level. In recent years, great progress has been made in education of postgraduates, featuring by obvious advancement in both quality and quantity. To be postgraduates has become a hot spot, and more and more attention from society has been given to the current condition of postgraduates.
With intensifying social competition, pressure and impact mainly from career selection, marriage and life are ever greater to postgraduates, which results in their amazement, puzzlement as well as various mental conflicts, even leads to varieties of mental problems. The current mental health education of postgraduates still requires a great step to take compared with its education in undergraduates, high school students as well as primary school students, which will surely exert some effect on the improvement of postgraduates in quality.
This research adopts the method of investigation and questionnaires, selects 425 postgraduates of three grades in four universities of Xi'an with female 217, and male 208, and achieves a feedback of as much as 92%. The purpose is to investigate their evaluation of their own life state, furthermore to examine what their mental health
condition is. With mental health as the subject, this paper tries to deal with the research on subjective well-being, social support, coping style as well as the relation among them so as to provide theoretical evidence for the mental health education of postgraduates.
In what follows are the conclusions of this study:
1 .postgraduates differs in the factor of satisfaction by sex, with that of female is higher than that of male, but they are found no significant difference in the factor of affect; the significant differences are discovered in three factors of subjective well-being among students in various grades, especially between grade one and three; the significant difference among majors is expressed by positive affect, with the tendency of students of arts are higher than those of science in marks of each factor;
2.coping style and social support influence all factors of subjective well-being respectively, they also bear wide relation between themselves and work together on subjective well-being; there is obvious sexual difference between the appealing and t utility percentage, with the marks of female higher than that of male, which is in agreement with the results of other researches;
3. Significant relation exists in the condition of mental health and the degree of subjective well-being, people with different condition of mental health differ greatly in subjective well-being. Through regression analysis, it is found that depression has a predictive function to all factors of subject well-being, paranoid ideation and hostility have some negative function as well;
4.There is no gender difference in mental health; but there are significant differences in the factors of somatization, depression, anxiety, hostility and photic anxiety among grades; and obvious difference among majors in the factors of somatization, anxiety and depression.
According to the results of this stu
引文
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