气体钻井环空流场分析及岩屑对管柱的冲蚀特性研究
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摘要
由于能够缩短钻井周期、降低储层伤害、解决井漏问题等优势,气体钻井技术现已得到了迅速发展与应用,成为油气田高效开发的重要手段之一。但是,伴随气体钻井的一个难题是钻柱的失效问题非常严重,其直接影响钻井作业的正常进行并造成巨大的经济损失。引起这一问题的原因主要为钻柱的振动和高速岩屑对钻柱的冲蚀。事实上,在气体钻井过程中,由于气体的密度和粘滞阻力较小,钻柱的纵向振动非常剧烈,同时伴随着复杂的横向振动、扭转振动和涡动,使得钻杆承受复杂的动态应力。此外,钻柱在井眼中的复杂振动形式,造成钻柱在井眼中的形心位置随机变化,使钻柱环空成为一个随机变化的变截面空间,再加上钻柱周围环空气体流速较大,气体雷诺数已达湍流范畴,导致气体钻井时环空气体具有变空间复杂湍流性质,远较固定空间湍流问题复杂。正是这种复杂流态气体携带的岩屑对钻柱造成冲蚀,导致钻柱强度下降,从而加剧了钻柱的疲劳失效。针对这一问题,本文全面地研究了环空气体的流动特征和湍流特性,详细地分析了环空岩屑对钻杆和不同形状的排屑管线的冲蚀作用,深入地探讨了带有旋涡发生器的改进钻杆周围环空气体旋涡的形成及其随时间的演化过程,重点分析旋涡发生器对水平井段环空气体流动特征的影响规律。具体工作包括:
首先,基于计算流体动力学的控制方程,针对气体钻井中的特殊工况,简化得到了环空气体的运动方程;选取了适用于气体钻井时环空气体流动的湍流模型,并给出了相应的壁面函数;简要地阐述了求解一般气体流动的数值计算方法,给出了气体钻井时环空气体的数值模拟流程。
其次,在垂直井段和水平井段中,考虑钻杆居中、偏心不旋转和旋转的不同工况,研究分析了气体钻井时环空气体的流动规律,揭示了湍动能、壁面摩擦因子和壁面压力系数等环空气体流动所呈现的湍流特性。在此基础上,结合岩屑的运动方程和钻杆的冲蚀模型,仿真了环空岩屑的运动轨迹并计算了岩屑对钻杆的冲蚀速率,进而得到了岩屑对钻杆的冲蚀规律,分析了钻杆偏心距、机械钻速、岩屑粒度和形状对冲蚀速率峰值的影响规律,而且研究了90°弯角的排屑弯管、三通管中气体的流动规律和岩屑的运移轨迹以及岩屑对排屑管线的冲蚀作用。
最后,针对气体钻井时水平井段环空可能出现的岩屑床现象,本文提出了一种改进钻杆,即在常规钻杆表面的某个位置添加旋涡发生器,以期对钻杆周围的环空流场进行控制。在改进钻杆居中、偏心旋转的情况下,分析了旋涡发生器周围气体旋涡的形成、演化规律,以及其对环空气体流动特性的影响规律,并得到了一系列有意义的结论。结果表明,旋涡发生器不仅能够提高环空气体的切向速度,并且能够产生将滞留在井眼低边的岩屑带回到环空中心的旋涡结构,从而达到有利于清洗岩屑床的目的。
Gas drilling has been widely utilized and become one of the important means to explore the oil-gas field effectively in terms of its advantages on shortening the drilling period, lowering the damage to reservoir and solving the problem of lost circulation. However, a key issue in gas drilling is the extremely serious failure of drillstring that will directly affect the availability of the drilling operation, associated with the enormous economic losses. This problem is mainly caused by the vibration of drillstring and the erosion with high-speed cuttings. In fact, owing to the weak effects of the gas density and frictional resistance during gas drilling, the drillstring vibrates intensely at the longitude in the wellbore with the complex lateral vibration, the torsion vibration and the whirling, leading to the complicated dynamic stress on the drilling pipe. In addition, due to the comprehensive vibration forms, the location of centroid of drillstring in wellbore changes at random, which makes the annulus random changing space. Considering that the gas velocity becomes greater and the flow is very close to the turbulence, the gas possesses the complex turbulent quantities with changing space, which is more complex than the turbulent problem with fixed boundary. As a result of the erosion on drillstring with the cuttings carried by the high speed gas, the intensity of drillstring is reduced and the fatigue failure is intensified. In this thesis, the flow characteristics and the turbulent behaviors for the annular gas were studied, and the erosion of cuttings on the drilling pipe and the cuttings removal pipe with different shape were analyzed. Then the forming and evaluation of the vortex around the drilling pipe with the vortex generator were explored, and the investigation of its effect on the flow in horizontal hole section was taken.
Firstly, based on the control equations of the computational fluid dynamics, the simplified motion equations of the annular gas flow were derived for gas drilling. The turbulent model involved the wall functions was proposed which is suitable to the annular gas flow during gas drilling, and the numerical method was addressed to solve the flow equations, with introducing the procedure of the numerical simulation.
Secondly, the flow behaviors in the vertical and horizontal hole section, such as the variation of the gas velocity, were investigated through consideration of the drilling pipe in the center, with eccentric non-rotation or rotation, so as to explore the turbulent characteristics of annular gas, for example, the turbulent energy, wall friction factor and the wall pressure coefficient etc. Combined with the motion equations of the cuttings and the erosion model of the drilling pipe, the trajectory of the cutting and the erosion rate of the cutting to drilling pipe were both simulated, with the consequence of achieving its erosion laws. Meanwhile, the effects of the eccentricity, the penetration rate, the grain grade and the cuttings shapes on the erosion rate peak were discussed. Moreover, the flow behaviors, the cutting motion trajectory were analysed qualitatively, and the erosion in the cutting removal elbow with the bend of 90°and the tees were studied.
Finally, for the sake of the cuttings bed probably appeared in the lateral segments, we first proposed the modification of the drilling pipe with the vortex generator, to control the flow field around the drilling pipe. The numerical simulation was made to analyze the formation and evaluation of the vortex around the vortex generator for the improved drilling pipe with the central and the eccentric rotation case, and the effect of the vortex generators on the behaviors of the annular gas flow was studied. The numerical results show that the vortex generator can not only increase the tangential velocity of the annular gas but also move the cuttings ,accumulated at the low side of the well hole, into the vortex near the center of the annulus, then the cuttings bed could be cleaned effectively.
首先,基于计算流体动力学的控制方程,针对气体钻井中的特殊工况,简化得到了环空气体的运动方程;选取了适用于气体钻井时环空气体流动的湍流模型,并给出了相应的壁面函数;简要地阐述了求解一般气体流动的数值计算方法,给出了气体钻井时环空气体的数值模拟流程。
其次,在垂直井段和水平井段中,考虑钻杆居中、偏心不旋转和旋转的不同工况,研究分析了气体钻井时环空气体的流动规律,揭示了湍动能、壁面摩擦因子和壁面压力系数等环空气体流动所呈现的湍流特性。在此基础上,结合岩屑的运动方程和钻杆的冲蚀模型,仿真了环空岩屑的运动轨迹并计算了岩屑对钻杆的冲蚀速率,进而得到了岩屑对钻杆的冲蚀规律,分析了钻杆偏心距、机械钻速、岩屑粒度和形状对冲蚀速率峰值的影响规律,而且研究了90°弯角的排屑弯管、三通管中气体的流动规律和岩屑的运移轨迹以及岩屑对排屑管线的冲蚀作用。
最后,针对气体钻井时水平井段环空可能出现的岩屑床现象,本文提出了一种改进钻杆,即在常规钻杆表面的某个位置添加旋涡发生器,以期对钻杆周围的环空流场进行控制。在改进钻杆居中、偏心旋转的情况下,分析了旋涡发生器周围气体旋涡的形成、演化规律,以及其对环空气体流动特性的影响规律,并得到了一系列有意义的结论。结果表明,旋涡发生器不仅能够提高环空气体的切向速度,并且能够产生将滞留在井眼低边的岩屑带回到环空中心的旋涡结构,从而达到有利于清洗岩屑床的目的。
Gas drilling has been widely utilized and become one of the important means to explore the oil-gas field effectively in terms of its advantages on shortening the drilling period, lowering the damage to reservoir and solving the problem of lost circulation. However, a key issue in gas drilling is the extremely serious failure of drillstring that will directly affect the availability of the drilling operation, associated with the enormous economic losses. This problem is mainly caused by the vibration of drillstring and the erosion with high-speed cuttings. In fact, owing to the weak effects of the gas density and frictional resistance during gas drilling, the drillstring vibrates intensely at the longitude in the wellbore with the complex lateral vibration, the torsion vibration and the whirling, leading to the complicated dynamic stress on the drilling pipe. In addition, due to the comprehensive vibration forms, the location of centroid of drillstring in wellbore changes at random, which makes the annulus random changing space. Considering that the gas velocity becomes greater and the flow is very close to the turbulence, the gas possesses the complex turbulent quantities with changing space, which is more complex than the turbulent problem with fixed boundary. As a result of the erosion on drillstring with the cuttings carried by the high speed gas, the intensity of drillstring is reduced and the fatigue failure is intensified. In this thesis, the flow characteristics and the turbulent behaviors for the annular gas were studied, and the erosion of cuttings on the drilling pipe and the cuttings removal pipe with different shape were analyzed. Then the forming and evaluation of the vortex around the drilling pipe with the vortex generator were explored, and the investigation of its effect on the flow in horizontal hole section was taken.
Firstly, based on the control equations of the computational fluid dynamics, the simplified motion equations of the annular gas flow were derived for gas drilling. The turbulent model involved the wall functions was proposed which is suitable to the annular gas flow during gas drilling, and the numerical method was addressed to solve the flow equations, with introducing the procedure of the numerical simulation.
Secondly, the flow behaviors in the vertical and horizontal hole section, such as the variation of the gas velocity, were investigated through consideration of the drilling pipe in the center, with eccentric non-rotation or rotation, so as to explore the turbulent characteristics of annular gas, for example, the turbulent energy, wall friction factor and the wall pressure coefficient etc. Combined with the motion equations of the cuttings and the erosion model of the drilling pipe, the trajectory of the cutting and the erosion rate of the cutting to drilling pipe were both simulated, with the consequence of achieving its erosion laws. Meanwhile, the effects of the eccentricity, the penetration rate, the grain grade and the cuttings shapes on the erosion rate peak were discussed. Moreover, the flow behaviors, the cutting motion trajectory were analysed qualitatively, and the erosion in the cutting removal elbow with the bend of 90°and the tees were studied.
Finally, for the sake of the cuttings bed probably appeared in the lateral segments, we first proposed the modification of the drilling pipe with the vortex generator, to control the flow field around the drilling pipe. The numerical simulation was made to analyze the formation and evaluation of the vortex around the vortex generator for the improved drilling pipe with the central and the eccentric rotation case, and the effect of the vortex generators on the behaviors of the annular gas flow was studied. The numerical results show that the vortex generator can not only increase the tangential velocity of the annular gas but also move the cuttings ,accumulated at the low side of the well hole, into the vortex near the center of the annulus, then the cuttings bed could be cleaned effectively.
引文
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