海水淡化对海洋环境影响的研究
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摘要
海水淡化对海洋环境的影响研究是一个新兴课题，随着海水淡化产业的日益壮大，以及国家对新兴产业发展的绿色可持续要求，这一课题必将引起国家的重视，吸引更多人的目光。因此，研究海水淡化可能对海洋环境造成的危害，并提出切实有效的解决方案，对海水淡化产业的良性发展具有重要作用。本文围绕海水淡化对海洋环境的影响这一中心课题开展了多方面的研究工作。
首先，海水淡化浓盐水排放入海会引起海水盐度一定程度的升高，从而会影响海水水质以及海洋生物的生存。本文研究了在高盐度条件下四种海洋微藻（海洋原甲藻、塔玛亚历山大藻、中肋骨条藻、小球藻）的生长和繁殖能力的变化，以及塔玛亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻细胞形态的变化，以便于探讨高盐度海水对藻类生长和繁殖的影响机理。结果表明，盐度升高对四种海藻的生长和繁殖能力有不同影响。中肋骨条藻和小球藻对盐度升高有一定的忍耐能力，在较高盐度条件下仍具有一定的生长繁殖能力。海洋原甲藻和塔玛亚历山大藻是盐度敏感藻种，对盐度升高非常敏感。塔玛亚历山大藻细胞结构在盐度达到45.0时发生明显变化；中肋骨条藻在盐度达到53.6时，藻细胞结构受到破坏。这表明浓盐水排放会对海洋浮游植物的生长繁殖能力和细胞形态产生一定的影响。
其次，海水淡化厂浓排水中含有大量的铜离子，直接排放入海会对海洋环境产生不利影响。本文研究了Cu~(2+)的加入对塔玛亚历山大藻和海洋原甲藻的生长、繁殖、游动能力及细胞形态变化的影响。研究结果表明，Cu~(2+)浓度的升高会一定程度上限制塔玛亚历山大藻的生长和繁殖能力，而对细胞形态的变化影响较小，Cu~(2+)对塔玛亚历山大藻细胞的游动能力有短期的刺激作用和长期的抑制作用。Cu~(2+)的加入会在短期内对海洋原甲藻的细胞形态产生较大影响，但随着培养时间的延续， Cu~(2+)不会继续对其他健康细胞的形态造成破坏，还会对海藻的生长和繁殖起到促进作用。Cu~(2+)对塔玛亚历山大藻和海洋原甲藻的不同影响，应该是Cu~(2+)毒性作用和海洋微藻细胞自身适应机制相互作用的综合体现。可见，如果浓盐水不经处理直接排放入海，其中的重金属离子会对浮游藻类产生影响。
再次，本文通过分析San Pedro和Valdelentisco两个海水淡化厂排放口附近海域沉积物中CaCO~3和酸不可溶性硫化物（AIS）的含量分布，讨论浓盐水排放对海洋生态系统的影响。结果表明研究区域沉积物中CaCO~3和AIS含量分布最主要的影响因素应该是陆源输入和人为污染，但是海水淡化厂浓盐水排放会对部分区域产生比较显著地影响。此外，由于海水淡化厂在不同季节的浓盐水排放量不同，因而会影响CaCO~3和AIS含量的某些季节变化。浓盐水对CaCO~3和AIS含量影响机理有两个方面，第一，浓盐水特殊的化学性质会对海洋沉积物中CaCO~3和AIS含量产生影响；第二，浓盐水排放会影响周围水体中海洋生物的生长，从而间接影响CaCO~3和AIS的含量。
最后，本文通过检测采用不同取水系统的三个海水淡化厂的进水和浓盐水的水质，探讨取水方式对淡化厂进水水质和浓盐水水质的影响。研究结果表明，本文所讨论的三种取水方式：开放式深海取水，沙滩井取水和水平定向钻井取水都能够获得较高的水质，进水悬浮颗粒物含量都小于1mg/L。三种取水方式对进水的水质参数有较大影响，包括温度、pH、电导、DO和TOC等。海水淡化厂进水中的金属元素含量受取水方式的影响显著，包括两方面的原因。第一，沙滩井取水和水平定向钻井取水充分利用了海底沉积物和海床等的过滤作用，会降低大部分金属元素的含量。第二，取水系统的建设、运行和管道运输过程中又会无可避免的引入某些金属元素。淡化厂浓盐水的水质参数变化主要受海水淡化工艺流程的影响，浓盐水中某些重金属元素含量很高，如果直接排放入海，必须考虑其对海洋环境造成的影响。
Impact of seawater desalination on marine environment is a new andimportant topic. With exponentially growing of seawater desalination andthe nation’s requirement for sustainable development, impact of seawaterdesalination has attracted more interest in both water production andenvironment protection. This thesis explores several aspects of seawaterdesalination that have significant impacts on marine environment.
Firstly, once concentrated seawater from desalination is dischargedto the sea, it will cause salinity increase of surrounding seawater, andthen affect the survival of marine organisms. In this paper fourmicroalgae: Prorocentrum micans, Alexandrium tamarense, Skeletonemacostatum and Chlorella are chosen to study the changes of living andreproduction abilities under high salinity conditions. Meanwhile,changes in cell morphologies of Alexandrium tamarense and Skeletonemacostatum are studied in order to explore the mechanism of the salinityimpacts on the growth and reproduction of microalgae. It reveals thatSkeletonema costatum and Chlorella have certain tolerance to salinityincrease, which maintains considerable growth and reproductive abilitiesunder high salinity conditions. Prorocentrum micans and Alexandriumtamarense are salinity sensitive microalgae. Cell morphology ofAlexandrium tamarense has obvious changes when salinity reaches45.0,while cell structure of Skeletonema costatum is damaged in salinity of53.6. According to the results obtained from the study, brine dischargewith superhigh salinity will have negative effects on marinephotoplankton.
Secondly, brine from seawater desalination plants contains a largeamount of Cu~(2+). If it is discharged directly to the ocean, the marineenvironment will be greatly affected. Chapter3of this thesis explored the impacts of Cu~(2+)dosing on the growth, reproduction and moving abilities,as well as the changes of cell morphologies of Alexandrium tamarense andProrocentrum micans. The results reveal that the increase of Cu~(2+)concentration restricts the growth and reproduction ability, while it haslittle impact on the cell morphology of Alexandrium tamarense. Cu~(2+)hasstimulating effect on the moving ability of Alexandrium tamarense in shortperiod, but restricting effect in the long term. Addition of Cu~(2+)can damagethe cell morphology of Prorocentrum micans in a short time. However, astime goes on, Cu~(2+)will not do harm to the other healthy cells, but promotethe growth and reproduction of microalgae. Cu~(2+)has different effects onAlexandrium tamarense and Prorocentrum micans. This is a comprehensivereflection of Cu~(2+)toxicity and self-adaptive mechanisms of microalgae.If birne is discharged without post-treatment, heavy metals in the brinewill have certain influence on marine microalgae.
Thirdly, chapter4of this thesis analyzes the distribution of CaCO~3and acid-insoluble sulfides (AIS) in the ambient areas of outlet pointof San Pedro and Valdelentisco desalination plants, and discusses theimpacts of brine discharge on the marine ecosystem. It shows that the mostimportant influence factors are terrigenous input and man-made pollutions.The brine discharge from the desalination plants also has obvious effectson part of the study area. As the amount of brine discharge is varied indifferent seasons, it will cause seasonal variation of CaCO~3and AIScontents in the sediments. The brine affects the contents of CaCO~3andAIS in two ways. On the one hand, the special chemical characteristicsof brine can influence the formation of CaCO~3and AIS. On the other hand,brine discharge can do damage to marine organisms in the ambient seawater,and indirectly affect the contents of CaCO~3and AIS.
Finally, in chapter5, the quality of intake seawater and brinedischarge of three desalination plants with different intake systems is studied. The three intake systems discussed in this paper, deep-sea openintake, beach wells and horizontal directional drilling, all can obtaingood seawater quality with less than1mg/L suspended solids. However, thethree different intake systems also have great influence on the detailedintake seawater parameters, such as temperature, pH, conductivity,dissolved oxygen and total organic carbon. The contents of metal elementsare very different in intake seawater of three intake systems. There arebasically two reasons. Primarily, beach wells and horizontal directionaldrilling make full use of the filtration function of sediments and seabed,which will greatly reduce the contents of metal. On the other hand, theconstruction, operation and transport process through the pipe caninevitably introduce some metal elements to the intake seawater.Parameters of the brine are mainly affected by the desalination progress.The content of some mental elements are very high in the brine. If it isdischarged to the ocean directly, its impacts on the marine environmentmust be taken into consideration. These findings provide some usefulreferences for the researches of seawater desalination and environmentprotection.
首先，海水淡化浓盐水排放入海会引起海水盐度一定程度的升高，从而会影响海水水质以及海洋生物的生存。本文研究了在高盐度条件下四种海洋微藻（海洋原甲藻、塔玛亚历山大藻、中肋骨条藻、小球藻）的生长和繁殖能力的变化，以及塔玛亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻细胞形态的变化，以便于探讨高盐度海水对藻类生长和繁殖的影响机理。结果表明，盐度升高对四种海藻的生长和繁殖能力有不同影响。中肋骨条藻和小球藻对盐度升高有一定的忍耐能力，在较高盐度条件下仍具有一定的生长繁殖能力。海洋原甲藻和塔玛亚历山大藻是盐度敏感藻种，对盐度升高非常敏感。塔玛亚历山大藻细胞结构在盐度达到45.0时发生明显变化；中肋骨条藻在盐度达到53.6时，藻细胞结构受到破坏。这表明浓盐水排放会对海洋浮游植物的生长繁殖能力和细胞形态产生一定的影响。
其次，海水淡化厂浓排水中含有大量的铜离子，直接排放入海会对海洋环境产生不利影响。本文研究了Cu~(2+)的加入对塔玛亚历山大藻和海洋原甲藻的生长、繁殖、游动能力及细胞形态变化的影响。研究结果表明，Cu~(2+)浓度的升高会一定程度上限制塔玛亚历山大藻的生长和繁殖能力，而对细胞形态的变化影响较小，Cu~(2+)对塔玛亚历山大藻细胞的游动能力有短期的刺激作用和长期的抑制作用。Cu~(2+)的加入会在短期内对海洋原甲藻的细胞形态产生较大影响，但随着培养时间的延续， Cu~(2+)不会继续对其他健康细胞的形态造成破坏，还会对海藻的生长和繁殖起到促进作用。Cu~(2+)对塔玛亚历山大藻和海洋原甲藻的不同影响，应该是Cu~(2+)毒性作用和海洋微藻细胞自身适应机制相互作用的综合体现。可见，如果浓盐水不经处理直接排放入海，其中的重金属离子会对浮游藻类产生影响。
再次，本文通过分析San Pedro和Valdelentisco两个海水淡化厂排放口附近海域沉积物中CaCO~3和酸不可溶性硫化物（AIS）的含量分布，讨论浓盐水排放对海洋生态系统的影响。结果表明研究区域沉积物中CaCO~3和AIS含量分布最主要的影响因素应该是陆源输入和人为污染，但是海水淡化厂浓盐水排放会对部分区域产生比较显著地影响。此外，由于海水淡化厂在不同季节的浓盐水排放量不同，因而会影响CaCO~3和AIS含量的某些季节变化。浓盐水对CaCO~3和AIS含量影响机理有两个方面，第一，浓盐水特殊的化学性质会对海洋沉积物中CaCO~3和AIS含量产生影响；第二，浓盐水排放会影响周围水体中海洋生物的生长，从而间接影响CaCO~3和AIS的含量。
最后，本文通过检测采用不同取水系统的三个海水淡化厂的进水和浓盐水的水质，探讨取水方式对淡化厂进水水质和浓盐水水质的影响。研究结果表明，本文所讨论的三种取水方式：开放式深海取水，沙滩井取水和水平定向钻井取水都能够获得较高的水质，进水悬浮颗粒物含量都小于1mg/L。三种取水方式对进水的水质参数有较大影响，包括温度、pH、电导、DO和TOC等。海水淡化厂进水中的金属元素含量受取水方式的影响显著，包括两方面的原因。第一，沙滩井取水和水平定向钻井取水充分利用了海底沉积物和海床等的过滤作用，会降低大部分金属元素的含量。第二，取水系统的建设、运行和管道运输过程中又会无可避免的引入某些金属元素。淡化厂浓盐水的水质参数变化主要受海水淡化工艺流程的影响，浓盐水中某些重金属元素含量很高，如果直接排放入海，必须考虑其对海洋环境造成的影响。
Impact of seawater desalination on marine environment is a new andimportant topic. With exponentially growing of seawater desalination andthe nation’s requirement for sustainable development, impact of seawaterdesalination has attracted more interest in both water production andenvironment protection. This thesis explores several aspects of seawaterdesalination that have significant impacts on marine environment.
Firstly, once concentrated seawater from desalination is dischargedto the sea, it will cause salinity increase of surrounding seawater, andthen affect the survival of marine organisms. In this paper fourmicroalgae: Prorocentrum micans, Alexandrium tamarense, Skeletonemacostatum and Chlorella are chosen to study the changes of living andreproduction abilities under high salinity conditions. Meanwhile,changes in cell morphologies of Alexandrium tamarense and Skeletonemacostatum are studied in order to explore the mechanism of the salinityimpacts on the growth and reproduction of microalgae. It reveals thatSkeletonema costatum and Chlorella have certain tolerance to salinityincrease, which maintains considerable growth and reproductive abilitiesunder high salinity conditions. Prorocentrum micans and Alexandriumtamarense are salinity sensitive microalgae. Cell morphology ofAlexandrium tamarense has obvious changes when salinity reaches45.0,while cell structure of Skeletonema costatum is damaged in salinity of53.6. According to the results obtained from the study, brine dischargewith superhigh salinity will have negative effects on marinephotoplankton.
Secondly, brine from seawater desalination plants contains a largeamount of Cu~(2+). If it is discharged directly to the ocean, the marineenvironment will be greatly affected. Chapter3of this thesis explored the impacts of Cu~(2+)dosing on the growth, reproduction and moving abilities,as well as the changes of cell morphologies of Alexandrium tamarense andProrocentrum micans. The results reveal that the increase of Cu~(2+)concentration restricts the growth and reproduction ability, while it haslittle impact on the cell morphology of Alexandrium tamarense. Cu~(2+)hasstimulating effect on the moving ability of Alexandrium tamarense in shortperiod, but restricting effect in the long term. Addition of Cu~(2+)can damagethe cell morphology of Prorocentrum micans in a short time. However, astime goes on, Cu~(2+)will not do harm to the other healthy cells, but promotethe growth and reproduction of microalgae. Cu~(2+)has different effects onAlexandrium tamarense and Prorocentrum micans. This is a comprehensivereflection of Cu~(2+)toxicity and self-adaptive mechanisms of microalgae.If birne is discharged without post-treatment, heavy metals in the brinewill have certain influence on marine microalgae.
Thirdly, chapter4of this thesis analyzes the distribution of CaCO~3and acid-insoluble sulfides (AIS) in the ambient areas of outlet pointof San Pedro and Valdelentisco desalination plants, and discusses theimpacts of brine discharge on the marine ecosystem. It shows that the mostimportant influence factors are terrigenous input and man-made pollutions.The brine discharge from the desalination plants also has obvious effectson part of the study area. As the amount of brine discharge is varied indifferent seasons, it will cause seasonal variation of CaCO~3and AIScontents in the sediments. The brine affects the contents of CaCO~3andAIS in two ways. On the one hand, the special chemical characteristicsof brine can influence the formation of CaCO~3and AIS. On the other hand,brine discharge can do damage to marine organisms in the ambient seawater,and indirectly affect the contents of CaCO~3and AIS.
Finally, in chapter5, the quality of intake seawater and brinedischarge of three desalination plants with different intake systems is studied. The three intake systems discussed in this paper, deep-sea openintake, beach wells and horizontal directional drilling, all can obtaingood seawater quality with less than1mg/L suspended solids. However, thethree different intake systems also have great influence on the detailedintake seawater parameters, such as temperature, pH, conductivity,dissolved oxygen and total organic carbon. The contents of metal elementsare very different in intake seawater of three intake systems. There arebasically two reasons. Primarily, beach wells and horizontal directionaldrilling make full use of the filtration function of sediments and seabed,which will greatly reduce the contents of metal. On the other hand, theconstruction, operation and transport process through the pipe caninevitably introduce some metal elements to the intake seawater.Parameters of the brine are mainly affected by the desalination progress.The content of some mental elements are very high in the brine. If it isdischarged to the ocean directly, its impacts on the marine environmentmust be taken into consideration. These findings provide some usefulreferences for the researches of seawater desalination and environmentprotection.
引文
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