三毫米波箔条云RCS测量雷达信号处理机的研制
摘要
RCS测量对目标识别与分类、雷达对抗、飞行器隐身及雷达反隐身等具有重要意义。基于毫米波的RCS测量特性有着许多区别于厘米波段的特性，这些特性对RCS测量精度有着直接的影响。
本文介绍了一种三毫米波箔条云RCS测量雷达信号处理机的实现方案。本方案信号处理模块采用实时数据采集与离线信号处理相结合的方法，即对持续测量时间内的中频信号进行实时采集，然后由计算机对其进行离线处理，因此硬件部分主要完成数据的采集工作，而信号处理部分在计算机上完成。
RCS测量雷达工作的大致过程为，从目标散射回来的三毫米回波信号，经射频前端模拟下变频之后输出30MHz中频信号，这个信号实际因受测量物体多谱勒频率及接收机相位噪声等因素的影响，中频输出考虑在30MHz±0.3MHz波动的点频信号。而信号处理机的任务就是通过对中频单频正弦波输入信号进行处理，该正弦波的幅度反映了箔条云RCS的大小，信号处理机通过精确地估计该正弦波的幅度，实现对箔条云RCS的测量。
本文的工作主要分硬件设计、调试和外场实验等几个部分。硬件设计的内容主要包括AD中频信号采集、基于HSP50214B的数字下变频以及基于CY7C68013的USB2.0数据传输这几个部分。调试分FPGA配置HSP50214B，FPGA与CY7C68013的接口控制、CY7C68013固件程序调试和驱动程序调试等。外场实验主要有微波暗室实验和空旷场地实验两个部分。微波暗室实验完成对金属球定标体近距离的标定工作，而空旷场地实验则完成远距离的标定工作。实验结果显示在微波暗室中定标测量波动在0.5dB以下，而在外场中明显高于这个数值。主要原因是外场中情况复杂，测量结果受各种杂波影响较大，如大气衰减、云或雾、定标金属球的波动、地面杂波等，因此在实际测量中应考虑这些因素，并做出相应的修正处理。
RCS measuring is important to object recognition and classification, radarcountermeasure, aerocraft stealth and radar anti-stealth. The RCS measuring based onthe millimeter wave has some special traits compared with centimeter wave band,andthese traits have a direct influence to RCS measure precision.
This thesis introduces an implement scheme of 3mm chaff cloud RCS measuringradar signal processing machine.The signal processing module has an combination ofreal time data acquisition and offline signal processing.It means that a real timeacquisition to IF signal during persistent measuring and an offiine processing oncomputer. So the hardware part mainly do the work of data acquisition and the computerfinish the signal processing.
The 3mm echo signal from object scattering outputs 30MHz IF signal after analogdown conversion from RF front-end. The intermediate frequent is considered a singlefrequence signal during 30MHz minus plus 0.3MHz because of the influence ofDoppler frequence of measuring object and phase noise of receiver.The main task ofsignal processing machine process the single frequence sine wave of IF.The amplitudeof sine wave reflects the RCS value of chaff cloud and signal processing machinerealize the measure of chaff cloud RCS via accurately estimate the amplitude of sinewave.
The main work of this thesis consists of hardware design and debugging andoutfield experiment.Hardware design mainly include AD IF signal acquisition, thedigital down conversion based on HSP50214B and USB2.0 data transfers based onCY7C68013.Debugging parts are composed of HSP50214B configuration viaFPGA,the interface control between FPGA and CY7C68013 and CY7C68013firmware program debugging and driver program debugging.Outfield experimentsmainly have microwave darkroom experiment and open field experiment.Microwavedarkroom experiment finishes the work of near field scale of metal ball, and open fieldexperiment finishes the work of far field scale.Experiment result shows that scalemeasuring fluctuating below 0.5dB in microwave darkroom,however the fluctuating value is much higher in open field experiment.The main reason is that the condition ismore complicated in open field,and measuring result is much more easily influenced bysome kinds of clutters,like atmosphere attenuation,cloud or fog,the fluctuating of scaleobject and ground clutter and so on.So these factors should be taken into account inpractical measuring,and make some amending processing.
本文介绍了一种三毫米波箔条云RCS测量雷达信号处理机的实现方案。本方案信号处理模块采用实时数据采集与离线信号处理相结合的方法，即对持续测量时间内的中频信号进行实时采集，然后由计算机对其进行离线处理，因此硬件部分主要完成数据的采集工作，而信号处理部分在计算机上完成。
RCS测量雷达工作的大致过程为，从目标散射回来的三毫米回波信号，经射频前端模拟下变频之后输出30MHz中频信号，这个信号实际因受测量物体多谱勒频率及接收机相位噪声等因素的影响，中频输出考虑在30MHz±0.3MHz波动的点频信号。而信号处理机的任务就是通过对中频单频正弦波输入信号进行处理，该正弦波的幅度反映了箔条云RCS的大小，信号处理机通过精确地估计该正弦波的幅度，实现对箔条云RCS的测量。
本文的工作主要分硬件设计、调试和外场实验等几个部分。硬件设计的内容主要包括AD中频信号采集、基于HSP50214B的数字下变频以及基于CY7C68013的USB2.0数据传输这几个部分。调试分FPGA配置HSP50214B，FPGA与CY7C68013的接口控制、CY7C68013固件程序调试和驱动程序调试等。外场实验主要有微波暗室实验和空旷场地实验两个部分。微波暗室实验完成对金属球定标体近距离的标定工作，而空旷场地实验则完成远距离的标定工作。实验结果显示在微波暗室中定标测量波动在0.5dB以下，而在外场中明显高于这个数值。主要原因是外场中情况复杂，测量结果受各种杂波影响较大，如大气衰减、云或雾、定标金属球的波动、地面杂波等，因此在实际测量中应考虑这些因素，并做出相应的修正处理。
RCS measuring is important to object recognition and classification, radarcountermeasure, aerocraft stealth and radar anti-stealth. The RCS measuring based onthe millimeter wave has some special traits compared with centimeter wave band,andthese traits have a direct influence to RCS measure precision.
This thesis introduces an implement scheme of 3mm chaff cloud RCS measuringradar signal processing machine.The signal processing module has an combination ofreal time data acquisition and offline signal processing.It means that a real timeacquisition to IF signal during persistent measuring and an offiine processing oncomputer. So the hardware part mainly do the work of data acquisition and the computerfinish the signal processing.
The 3mm echo signal from object scattering outputs 30MHz IF signal after analogdown conversion from RF front-end. The intermediate frequent is considered a singlefrequence signal during 30MHz minus plus 0.3MHz because of the influence ofDoppler frequence of measuring object and phase noise of receiver.The main task ofsignal processing machine process the single frequence sine wave of IF.The amplitudeof sine wave reflects the RCS value of chaff cloud and signal processing machinerealize the measure of chaff cloud RCS via accurately estimate the amplitude of sinewave.
The main work of this thesis consists of hardware design and debugging andoutfield experiment.Hardware design mainly include AD IF signal acquisition, thedigital down conversion based on HSP50214B and USB2.0 data transfers based onCY7C68013.Debugging parts are composed of HSP50214B configuration viaFPGA,the interface control between FPGA and CY7C68013 and CY7C68013firmware program debugging and driver program debugging.Outfield experimentsmainly have microwave darkroom experiment and open field experiment.Microwavedarkroom experiment finishes the work of near field scale of metal ball, and open fieldexperiment finishes the work of far field scale.Experiment result shows that scalemeasuring fluctuating below 0.5dB in microwave darkroom,however the fluctuating value is much higher in open field experiment.The main reason is that the condition ismore complicated in open field,and measuring result is much more easily influenced bysome kinds of clutters,like atmosphere attenuation,cloud or fog,the fluctuating of scaleobject and ground clutter and so on.So these factors should be taken into account inpractical measuring,and make some amending processing.
引文
[1] 黄培康，殷红成，许小剑．雷达目标特性．北京：电子工业出版社，2005
[2] E．F．克拉克．雷达散射截面—预估、测量和减缩，阮颖静译．北京：电子工业出版社，1988
[3] 杨小牛，楼才义，徐建良等．软件无线电原理与应用．北京：电子工业出版社，2001，8-43
[4] 丁鹭飞．雷达原理．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，1984
[5] 张光义．空间探测相控阵雷达．北京：科学出版社，2001
[6] 宗孔德．多抽样率信号处理．北京：清华大学出版社，1996
[7] 张贤达．现代信号处理(第二版)．北京：清华大学，2002
[8] 张直中．雷达信号的选择与处理．北京：国防工业出版社，1979
[9] 王小谟，张光义．雷达与探测．北京：国防工业出版社，2000
[10] 姚兆宁．雷达RCS目标特性测量与分析．南京理工大学工程硕士学位论文，2003，28-32
[11] Richard G Lyons．数字信号处理，朱光明 等译．北京：机械工业出版社，2006
[12] 肖芳，周涛，杨劲飞．杂波对毫米波雷达RCS测量的影响．舰船电子对抗，2006，29(4)：1-3
[13] Button K J，Willtse J C．毫米波系统．方再根，刁育才译．北京：国防工业出版社，1989
[14] Robert B. Dybdal, Radar Cross Section Measurement, Proceedings of the IEEE,1987, 5: 498-519
[15] R. G. Kouyoumjlan, etc, Range Requirement in Radar Cross Section Measurement, Proceeding of the IEEE, 1965,53: 920-928
[16] P. Black Smith, etc, Introduction to Radar Cross Section Measurement, Proceeding of the IEEE, 1965, 53: 901-920
[17] C. G. Bachman,Some Recent Development in RCS Section Measurement Techniques, Proceedings of the IEEE 1965,53:962-972
[18] 孙造宇等．RCS测量雷达标定过程中的误差分析．现代雷达，2003，25(12)：2-4
[19] 李军．箔条云RCS特性测量方法及其测量精度分析．雷达与对抗，1999，28(4)：4-6
[20] Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, EZ-USB FX2 Cy7c68013 Technical Reference Manual 2-2,2004
[21] Universal Serial Bus Specification Revision 2.0,April 27,2000
[22] 武安河编著．Windows2000／XP WDM设备驱动程序开发(第二版)．北京：电子工业出版社，2005
[23] Dybdal R B. Radar cross section measurements. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1987,75:498-516
[24] 赵瑞杰，赖晓平．线性相位FIR滤波器约束Chebyshev设计的增广Remez算法．山东大学学报，2004，34(4)：2-3
[25] 姚澄．软件无线电中的关键接收技术研究．苏州大学硕士学位论文，2005
[26] 哀伟娜．软件无线电若干关键技术研究．西南交通大学硕士学位论文，2000
[27] 史彦斌．软件无线电技术基带信号处理的研究．西北工业大学硕士学位论文，2006
[28] 梁敏华．USB2.0接口技术在经纬仪中的应用研究．中国科学院研究生院硕士学位论文，2003，8-14
[29] Intersil Corporation. HSP50214B Data Sheet, 2000
[30] Cypress Semiconductor Corporation.EZ-USB FX2 Technical Reference Manual v2.1,2001
[31] 李志成．一种测量雷达截面积的方法．舰船电子对抗，2006，29(2)：1-2
[32] 张德保，宋广．外场毫米波RCS测量中的无源标校法．舰船电子对抗，2006，29(3)：1-3
[33] 方媛．平面近场RCS测量技术研究．西北工业大学硕士学位论文，2004
[34] 王成儒，李英伟．USB2.0原理与工程开发．北京：国防工业出版社，2004
[35] 程佩青．数字信号处理教程．北京：清华大学出版社，2001，368-380
[36] 许永和．EZ-USB FX系列单片机USB外围设备设计与应用．北京航空航天大学出版社，2002
[37] 王保义，时振栋．电磁场在目标识别中的应用．北京：电子工业出版社，1995
[2] E．F．克拉克．雷达散射截面—预估、测量和减缩，阮颖静译．北京：电子工业出版社，1988
[3] 杨小牛，楼才义，徐建良等．软件无线电原理与应用．北京：电子工业出版社，2001，8-43
[4] 丁鹭飞．雷达原理．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，1984
[5] 张光义．空间探测相控阵雷达．北京：科学出版社，2001
[6] 宗孔德．多抽样率信号处理．北京：清华大学出版社，1996
[7] 张贤达．现代信号处理(第二版)．北京：清华大学，2002
[8] 张直中．雷达信号的选择与处理．北京：国防工业出版社，1979
[9] 王小谟，张光义．雷达与探测．北京：国防工业出版社，2000
[10] 姚兆宁．雷达RCS目标特性测量与分析．南京理工大学工程硕士学位论文，2003，28-32
[11] Richard G Lyons．数字信号处理，朱光明 等译．北京：机械工业出版社，2006
[12] 肖芳，周涛，杨劲飞．杂波对毫米波雷达RCS测量的影响．舰船电子对抗，2006，29(4)：1-3
[13] Button K J，Willtse J C．毫米波系统．方再根，刁育才译．北京：国防工业出版社，1989
[14] Robert B. Dybdal, Radar Cross Section Measurement, Proceedings of the IEEE,1987, 5: 498-519
[15] R. G. Kouyoumjlan, etc, Range Requirement in Radar Cross Section Measurement, Proceeding of the IEEE, 1965,53: 920-928
[16] P. Black Smith, etc, Introduction to Radar Cross Section Measurement, Proceeding of the IEEE, 1965, 53: 901-920
[17] C. G. Bachman,Some Recent Development in RCS Section Measurement Techniques, Proceedings of the IEEE 1965,53:962-972
[18] 孙造宇等．RCS测量雷达标定过程中的误差分析．现代雷达，2003，25(12)：2-4
[19] 李军．箔条云RCS特性测量方法及其测量精度分析．雷达与对抗，1999，28(4)：4-6
[20] Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, EZ-USB FX2 Cy7c68013 Technical Reference Manual 2-2,2004
[21] Universal Serial Bus Specification Revision 2.0,April 27,2000
[22] 武安河编著．Windows2000／XP WDM设备驱动程序开发(第二版)．北京：电子工业出版社，2005
[23] Dybdal R B. Radar cross section measurements. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1987,75:498-516
[24] 赵瑞杰，赖晓平．线性相位FIR滤波器约束Chebyshev设计的增广Remez算法．山东大学学报，2004，34(4)：2-3
[25] 姚澄．软件无线电中的关键接收技术研究．苏州大学硕士学位论文，2005
[26] 哀伟娜．软件无线电若干关键技术研究．西南交通大学硕士学位论文，2000
[27] 史彦斌．软件无线电技术基带信号处理的研究．西北工业大学硕士学位论文，2006
[28] 梁敏华．USB2.0接口技术在经纬仪中的应用研究．中国科学院研究生院硕士学位论文，2003，8-14
[29] Intersil Corporation. HSP50214B Data Sheet, 2000
[30] Cypress Semiconductor Corporation.EZ-USB FX2 Technical Reference Manual v2.1,2001
[31] 李志成．一种测量雷达截面积的方法．舰船电子对抗，2006，29(2)：1-2
[32] 张德保，宋广．外场毫米波RCS测量中的无源标校法．舰船电子对抗，2006，29(3)：1-3
[33] 方媛．平面近场RCS测量技术研究．西北工业大学硕士学位论文，2004
[34] 王成儒，李英伟．USB2.0原理与工程开发．北京：国防工业出版社，2004
[35] 程佩青．数字信号处理教程．北京：清华大学出版社，2001，368-380
[36] 许永和．EZ-USB FX系列单片机USB外围设备设计与应用．北京航空航天大学出版社，2002
[37] 王保义，时振栋．电磁场在目标识别中的应用．北京：电子工业出版社，1995