颅脑功能无创非接触检测技术的研究
|
摘要
脑是自然界中最高级的结构,是智慧的发源地。脑科学研究有着非凡的意义,它处在科学领域的最前沿。脑科学研究需要检测技术的支持,脑科学是伴随着检测技术的发展而前进的。此次课题研究正是以开发颅脑功能检测新设备与新方法以及对传统颅脑功能检测技术进行补充和完善为目的,使检测过程更安全便捷,使检测设备更经济实用。
文章提出生物电气接口的概念,对当今常用的颅脑功能检测技术与检测设备做了全面的考察与学习,并进行比较,为课题的研究提供理论支持与向导,从而制定了以NIRS生理检测技术为基础的研究路线。文章全面介绍了NIRS技术的原理、发展以及在生理检测中的应用,并详细阐述和分析了将NIRS技术应用于颅脑功能检测的fNIRS技术,归纳总结了fNIRS检测的生理原理,分析当前fNIRS技术的发展状况和不足之处,并进一步提出了改进方案。
fNIRS是一项崭新的颅脑功能检测技术,发展时间短,技术尚不成熟,当前的应用状况与检测效果不如传统颅脑功能检测设备。但这一检测方式易于操作,无放射性及高场强影响,不易受到电磁干扰,其设备也相对经济、轻便,因此具有很大的发展潜力。作者对当前NIRS生理检测技术进行深入研究,分析了血流检测原理,并在此基础上加以创新,提出聚焦式NIRS生理检测方案,使检测分辨率得到提升。其中,聚焦式检测方案使用了聚焦成像的摄影原理,使设备受环境光线干扰大大减少,探头可以脱离体表,并且无需遮罩、无需严格暗室环境,提供了非接触式的检测方法,实现真正非接触检测,也为光源／探头的自由活动以及通道扫描式检测提供了可行性,这也为提升检测分辨率创造了有利条件,同时给医患以及检测过程带来方便。课题中使用了蒙特卡洛方法对方案进行了理论分析,同时通过实测对方案进一步加以检验。
课题进行了相关设备的实际加工制作,并针对血流检测和功能检测进行了动物实验和人体实验,对实验结果进行了分析论证,进行了相关安全评估。文中详细介绍了设备的组成、各部件的设计理念和加工过程,同时介绍了全部实验过程并对实验结果进行分析,证明了聚焦式NIRS生理检测的良好特性。
文章最后展望了fNIRS技术的前景,并预先设计了完备的通道扫描式fNIRS的结构,对未来的研究工作进行了部署。
The encephalon is the most advanced structure in the nature. It's the source of wisdom. Research of the encephalon science has extraordinary significance.It is the front edge of science.Such research needs the support of relative detection technology. The advancement of encephalon science follows development of detection technology. The goal of this research project is to develop new device and new method to encephalic function detection to supply traditional technology of encephalic function detection. Hence, detection will become safer and more convenient, and detection device will become more economical and more practical.
In the article, the author put forward the concept of "Biotic Electric Interface", reviewed and studied modern encephalic function detection technologies and devices comprehensively, and compared among them, it gave the theoretic support and guide, hence, the route based on NIRS physiologic detection technology was set down. The author expatiated the theory, the development and physiologic detection application of NIRS technology, expatiated and analyzed fNIRS technology which is the application of NIRS on the encephalic function detection, summarized physiological theory of fNIRS detection, analyzed development and shortcoming of modern fNIRS technology, and brought forward improving project.
fNIRS is a brand-new technology of encephalic function detection, its history is short, it is still immature, and its application status and detection result is not as good as traditional technologies of encephalic function detection. But fNIRS is easy to operate without radiation and without high-intensity electric or magnetic field. It is electromagnetic disturbance-proof. Its device is comparatively cheap and convenient. So, fNIRS has much potential to develop. The author researched current technology of NIRS physiologic detection carefully, analyzed the theory of blood detection, and put forward the method of focusing NIRS physiologic detection, such method improved detection resolution. The new method made use of photography theory, lessened the disturbance of environment light to the device greatly, hence, the detector can leave the surface of organism, and need no covering, need no strict darkroom environment, and it provided noncontact detection method, so it provided the feasibility of a detection mode with freely movable emitter/detector and channel-scanned style, hence, it provided advantage of resolution promotion, and it also provided convenience to patients, doctors and detection process.Monte Carlo method was used to analyze new design, and practical experiments were also used to check the design.
In the research, the real device was manufactured, and the experiment of blood current detection and function detection were done on the animal and the human body, experiment results were analyzed and proved, and safty evaluation was also done.In the article, the author introduced the structure of device, the theories and machining process of all device parts.The author also described all experiments and analyzed the experiment results, and nice feature of focusing NIRS was proved.
Finally, the author forecasted the prospection of fNIRS technology, designed integrated structure of channel-scanned fNIRS in advance, and planned the work of next stage.
文章提出生物电气接口的概念,对当今常用的颅脑功能检测技术与检测设备做了全面的考察与学习,并进行比较,为课题的研究提供理论支持与向导,从而制定了以NIRS生理检测技术为基础的研究路线。文章全面介绍了NIRS技术的原理、发展以及在生理检测中的应用,并详细阐述和分析了将NIRS技术应用于颅脑功能检测的fNIRS技术,归纳总结了fNIRS检测的生理原理,分析当前fNIRS技术的发展状况和不足之处,并进一步提出了改进方案。
fNIRS是一项崭新的颅脑功能检测技术,发展时间短,技术尚不成熟,当前的应用状况与检测效果不如传统颅脑功能检测设备。但这一检测方式易于操作,无放射性及高场强影响,不易受到电磁干扰,其设备也相对经济、轻便,因此具有很大的发展潜力。作者对当前NIRS生理检测技术进行深入研究,分析了血流检测原理,并在此基础上加以创新,提出聚焦式NIRS生理检测方案,使检测分辨率得到提升。其中,聚焦式检测方案使用了聚焦成像的摄影原理,使设备受环境光线干扰大大减少,探头可以脱离体表,并且无需遮罩、无需严格暗室环境,提供了非接触式的检测方法,实现真正非接触检测,也为光源／探头的自由活动以及通道扫描式检测提供了可行性,这也为提升检测分辨率创造了有利条件,同时给医患以及检测过程带来方便。课题中使用了蒙特卡洛方法对方案进行了理论分析,同时通过实测对方案进一步加以检验。
课题进行了相关设备的实际加工制作,并针对血流检测和功能检测进行了动物实验和人体实验,对实验结果进行了分析论证,进行了相关安全评估。文中详细介绍了设备的组成、各部件的设计理念和加工过程,同时介绍了全部实验过程并对实验结果进行分析,证明了聚焦式NIRS生理检测的良好特性。
文章最后展望了fNIRS技术的前景,并预先设计了完备的通道扫描式fNIRS的结构,对未来的研究工作进行了部署。
The encephalon is the most advanced structure in the nature. It's the source of wisdom. Research of the encephalon science has extraordinary significance.It is the front edge of science.Such research needs the support of relative detection technology. The advancement of encephalon science follows development of detection technology. The goal of this research project is to develop new device and new method to encephalic function detection to supply traditional technology of encephalic function detection. Hence, detection will become safer and more convenient, and detection device will become more economical and more practical.
In the article, the author put forward the concept of "Biotic Electric Interface", reviewed and studied modern encephalic function detection technologies and devices comprehensively, and compared among them, it gave the theoretic support and guide, hence, the route based on NIRS physiologic detection technology was set down. The author expatiated the theory, the development and physiologic detection application of NIRS technology, expatiated and analyzed fNIRS technology which is the application of NIRS on the encephalic function detection, summarized physiological theory of fNIRS detection, analyzed development and shortcoming of modern fNIRS technology, and brought forward improving project.
fNIRS is a brand-new technology of encephalic function detection, its history is short, it is still immature, and its application status and detection result is not as good as traditional technologies of encephalic function detection. But fNIRS is easy to operate without radiation and without high-intensity electric or magnetic field. It is electromagnetic disturbance-proof. Its device is comparatively cheap and convenient. So, fNIRS has much potential to develop. The author researched current technology of NIRS physiologic detection carefully, analyzed the theory of blood detection, and put forward the method of focusing NIRS physiologic detection, such method improved detection resolution. The new method made use of photography theory, lessened the disturbance of environment light to the device greatly, hence, the detector can leave the surface of organism, and need no covering, need no strict darkroom environment, and it provided noncontact detection method, so it provided the feasibility of a detection mode with freely movable emitter/detector and channel-scanned style, hence, it provided advantage of resolution promotion, and it also provided convenience to patients, doctors and detection process.Monte Carlo method was used to analyze new design, and practical experiments were also used to check the design.
In the research, the real device was manufactured, and the experiment of blood current detection and function detection were done on the animal and the human body, experiment results were analyzed and proved, and safty evaluation was also done.In the article, the author introduced the structure of device, the theories and machining process of all device parts.The author also described all experiments and analyzed the experiment results, and nice feature of focusing NIRS was proved.
Finally, the author forecasted the prospection of fNIRS technology, designed integrated structure of channel-scanned fNIRS in advance, and planned the work of next stage.
引文
[1]Wang Hai. Biotic electric interface:the artificial bridge connecting life and material world [C],IEEE/ICME international conference on complex medical engineering, IEEE, Beijing,2007,1664-1668
[2]Rubner J. Vom wissen und funlen [M],上海：百家出版社,2001,46-47
[3]陈宜张.脑的奥秘[M],北京：清华大学出版社,2002,彩页7
[4]Grinvald A, Lieke E, Frostig RD, Gilbert CD, Wiesel TN.Functional architecture of cortex revealed by optical imaging of intrinsic signals [J],Nature,1986,324:361-364
[5]Malonek D, Grinvald A. Interactions between electrical activity and cortical microcirculation revealed by imaging spectroscopy:implications for functional brain mapping [J],Science,1996,272:551-554
[6]Gabriele Gratton, Marsha Ruth Goodman-Wood, Monica Fabiani.Comparison of Neuronal and Hemodynamic Measures of the Brain Response to Visual Stimulation:An Optical Imaging Study [J],Human Brain Mapping,2001,13:13-25
[7]曹阳.脑电图干扰和噪声原因分析[J],中国医学装备,2007,4(5)：30-32
[8]Juhasz C,Chugani DC, Muzik O.Relationship between EEG and positron emission tomography abnormalities in clinical epilepsy[J],J Clin Neurophysiol,2000, 17(1):29-42
[9]李一明.比较发作间期PET、MRI和EEG对难治性癫痫的定位价值[J],第四军医大学学报,2006,27(2)：154
[10]Shouse MN, Farber PT, Staba RJ. Physiological basis:how NREM sleep components can promote and REM sleep components can suppress seizure discharge propagation [J], Clinical Neurophysiology,2000, 111(Suppl 2):9-18
[11]Kilkenny TM. Fundamentals of polysomnography and sleep disorders [M].New Hope: Intellisleep Technology and Consulting,2002,101-143
[12]胡若笑.动态脑电图在可疑癫痫者司法精神医学鉴定中的价值[J],上海精神医学,2007,19(1)：9
[13]Hillebrand A, Singh KD, Holliday IE. A new approach to neuroimaging with magnetoencephalography [J],Hum Brain Mapp,2005,25(2):199-211
[14]梁颖茵.脑磁图及其在神经科学领域中的临床应用[J],立体定向和功能性神经外科杂志,2007,20(1)：51-52
[15]Papanicolaou AC, Pataraia E, Billingsley-Marshall R. Toward the substitution of invasive electroencephalography in epilepsy surgery [J],J Clin Neurophysiol,2005,22(4): 231-237
[16]Fernandez A, Garcia-Segura JM, Ortiz T. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetoencephalographic estimation of delta dipole density:a combination of techniques that may contribute to the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease [J],Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord,2005,20(2-3):169-177
[17]Kobayashi K, Akiyama T, Nakahori T, Yoshinaga H, Gotman J. Systematic source estimation of spikes by a combination of independent component analysis and RAP-MUSIC I:Principles and simulation study [J],Clinical Neurophysiology,2002,113: 713-724
[18]Kobayashi K, Akiyama T, Nakahori T, Yoshinaga H, Gotman J. Systematic source estimation of spikes by a combination of independent component analysis and RAP-MUSIC II:Preliminary clinical application [J],Clinical Neurophysiology,2002, 113:725-734
[19]马洁铭.基于独立元分析的脑磁图源定位[J],生物物理学报,2006,22(5)：389-395
[20]Cherry S R, Phelps M E.Imaging brain function with positron emission tomography, San Diego:Academic Press,1996,191-222
[21]张长虹.SPECT原理、技术进展及市场现状(一)[J],常规医疗装备,2004,3(3)：34-37
[22]张长虹.SPECT原理、技术进展及市场现状(二)[J],常规医疗装备,2004,3(4)：18-22
[23]Perico CA, Skaf CR, Yamada A.Relationship between regional cerebral blood flow and separate symptom clusters of major depression:a single photon emission computed tomography study using statistical parametric mapping [J],Neurosci Lett,2005,384(3): 265-270
[24]于璟,唐一源.SPECT在抑郁症研究中的应用[J],国际放射医学核医学分册,2007,31(1)：13-16
[25]Staley JK, Sanacora G, Tamagnan G.Sex differences in diencephalons serotonin transporter availability in major depression [J],Biol Psychiatry,2006,59(1):40-47
[26]Kapucu LO, Serdaroglu A, Okuyez C.Brain single photon emission computed tomographic evaluation of patients with childhood absence epilepsy [J],J Child Neurol, 2003,18:542-548
[27]柳江燕.学龄期癫痫患儿SPECT局部脑血流显像和认知功能的关系[J],中华核医学杂志,2006,26(4)：211-213
[28]宋爱军.浅析PET的工作原理与系统构成[J],中国医学装备,2007,4(1)：44-45
[29]Frederic H, Fahey DSC.Position emission tomography instrumentation [J],Radiol Clin North Am,2001,39:919-929
[30]Mark F Bear, Barry W Connors, Michael A Paradise Neuroscience:exploring the brain, 2nd ed [M],北京：高等教育出版社,2004,165
[31]Halpern BS,Dahlbom M, Quon A.Impact of patient weight and emission scan duration on PET/CT image quality and lesion detectability [J],J Nucl Med,2004,45:797-801
[32]Everaert H, Vanhove C,Lahoutte T. Optimal dose of 18F-FDG required for whole-body PET using an LSO PET camera [J],Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging,2003,30:1615-1619
[33]Belliveau JW, Kennedy DN Jr, McKinstry RC, Buchbinder BR, Weisskoff RM, Cohen MS,Vevea JM, Brady TJ, Rosen BR. Functional mapping of the human visual cortex by magnetic resonance imaging [J],Science,1991,254:716-719
[34]Janszky H, Jokeit K, Kontopoulou M. Functional MRI predicts memory performance after right mesiotemporal epilepsy surgery [J],Epilesia,2005,46(2):244-250
[35]Binder R, Bellgowan PSF, Hammeke TA. Acomparion of two fMRI protocols for hippocampal activation [J],Epilepsia,2005,46(7):1061-1070
[36]汤国太,潘树茂.fMRI对颞叶癫痫记忆功能的评价[J],国际神经病学神经外科学杂志,2006,33(4)：374-378
[37]Perani D, Cappa SF, Tettamani M. A fMRI study in word retrieval in aphasia [J],Brain Lang,2003,85(3):357-368
[38]Hoenig K, Kuhl CK, Scheef L.Functional 3.0-T MR assessment of higher cognitive function:are there advantages over 1.5-T imaging? [J],Radiology,2005,234:860-868
[39]张龙江,祁吉.认知控制的功能磁共振成像研究[J],中华医学杂志,2007,87(2)：138-141
[40]闵顺耕,张录达,李军会,赵龙莲,严衍禄.现代近红外光谱分析的信息处理技术[J],光谱学与光谱分析,2000,20(6)：777-780
[41]Chance B,Luo Q M, Nioka S.Optical investigations of physiology:a study of intrinsic and extrinsic biomedical contrast [J],Phil Trans R Soc, London:B,1997,352:707-716
[42]Jobsis FF.Noninvasive infrared monitoring of cerebral and myocardial oxygen sufficiency and circulatory parameters [J],Science,1977,198:1264-1267
[43]Wyatt J S,Cope M, Delpy D T, Edwards A D, Wray S C.Reynolds E.O.R. Quantification of cerebral oxygenation and haemodynamics in sick new born infants by near-infrared spectrophotometry [J],Lancet,1986,2:1063-1066
[44]Elwell C E, Cope M, Edwards A D, Wyatt J S,Delpy D T, Reynolds E.O.R. Quantification of adult cerebral haemodynamics by near-infrared spectroscopy [J],J. appl. Physiol,1994,77:2753-2760
[45]Piantadosi C A, Hemstreet T M, Jobsis-Vandervliet F F.Near-infrared spectrophotometric monitoring of oxygen distribution to intact brain and skeletal muscle tissues[J],Crit. Care Med,1986,14(8):698-706
[46]Hampson N B,Piantadosi, C A. Near infrared monitoring of human skeletal muscle oxygenation during forearm ischaemia, J. appl.Physiol [J],1988,64:2449-2457
[47]De Blasi R A, Alviggi I, Cope M, Elwell C E, Ferrari M. Noninvasive measurement of forearm consumption during exercise by near infrared spectroscopy [J],Adv. Exp. Med. Biol,1994,345:685-692
[48]De Blasi R A, Ferrari M, Natali A, Conti G, Mega A, Gasparetto A. Noninvasive measurement of forearm blood flow and oxygen consumption by near infrared spectroscopy [J],J. appl. Physiol,1994,76(3):1388-1393
[49]Safonova LP, Michalos A, Wolf U, Wolf M, Hueber DM, Choi JH, Gupta R, Polzonetti C, Mantulin WW, Gratton E. Age-correlated changes in cerebral hemodynamics assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy [J],Arch Gerontol Geriatr,2004,39:207-225.
[50]Madsen P L, Seeher N H. Near-infrared oximetry of the brain [J],Prog Neurobiol,1999, 58(6):541-560
[51]李胜利,凌晨,徐敏.激光无创脑血氧传感系统研究[J],传感器技术,2005,24(9)：10-12
[52]Hoshi Y, Tamura M. Detection of dynamic changes in cerebral oxygenation coupled to neuronal function during mental work in man [J],Neurosci. Lett,1993,150:5-8
[53]Villringer A, Planck J, Stodiek S,Botzel K, Schleinkofer L, Dirnagl U.Noninvasive assessment of cerebral haemodynamics and tissue oxygenation during activation of brain cell function in human adults using NIRS [J],Neurosci.Lett,1993,154:1-2,101-104
[54]Fallgatter AJ, Strik WK. Frontal brain activation during the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test assessed with two-channel near-infrared spectroscopy [J],Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci,1998,248:245-249
[55]Schroeter ML, Zysset S,Kupka T, Kruggel F,Yves von Cramon DY. Near-infrared spectroscopy can detect brain activity during a color-word matching Stroop task in an event-related design [J],Hum Brain Mapp,2002,17:61-71
[56]Kennan RP, Horovitz SG, Maki A, Yamashita Y, Koizumi H, Gore JC.Simultaneous recording of event-related auditory oddball response using transcranial near infrared optical topography and surface EEG [J],Neuroimage,2002,16:587-592
[57]Kusaka T, Kawada K, Okubo K, Nagano K, Namba M, Okada H, Imai T, Isobe K, Itoh S. Noninvasive optical imaging in the visual cortex in young infants [J],Hum Brain Mapp, 2004,22:122-132
[58]Ehlis AC, Herrmann MJ, Wagener A, Fallgatter AJ. Multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy detects specific inferior-frontal activation during incongruent Stroop trials [J],Biol Psychol,2005,69:315-331
[59]Herrmann MJ, Plichta MM, Ehlis AC, Fallgatter AJ. Optical topography during a Go-NoGo task assessed with multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy [J],Behav Brain Res,2005,160:135-140
[60]Matsuo K, Onodera Y, Hamamoto T, Muraki K, Kato N, Kato T. Hypofrontality and microvascular dysregulation in remitted late-onset depression assessed by functional near-infrared spectroscopy [J],Neuroimage,2005,26:234-242
[61]Shimada S,Hiraki K, Oda I.The parietal role in the sense of self-ownership with temporal discrepancy between visual and proprioceptive feedbacks [J],Neuroimage, 2005,24:1225-1232
[62]Weber P, Lutschg J, Fahnenstich H. Cerebral hemodynamic changes in response to an executive function task in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder measured by near-infrared spectroscopy [J], J Dev Behav Pediatr,2005,26:105-111
[63]Hamaoka T, Albani C, Chance B and Iwane H.A new method for the evaluation of muscle aerobic capacity in relation to physical activity measured by near-infrared spectroscopy [J],Med. Sport. Sci.,1992,37:421-429
[64]Mancini DM, Bolinger L, Li H. Validation of near-infrared spectroscopy in humans [J],J. Appl.Physiol,1994,77(6):2740-2747
[65]林凌,谌雅琴,李刚,刘铭,王小林.近红外光谱肌肉组织血氧定量监测技术的研究——模型实验与蒙特卡罗仿真研究[J],中国生物医学工程学报,2003,23(5)：419
[66]Millkam GA.The oximeter,an instrument for measuring continuously the oxygen saturation of arterial blood in man [J],Rev of scientific instrument,1992,13:434-444
[67]D T Delpy, M Cope.Quantification in tissue near-infrared spectroscopy [J],Phil.Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B,1997,352:649-659
[68]Jobsis FF.Noninvasive infrared monitoring of cerebral and myocardial oxygen sufficiency and circulatory parameters [J],Science,1977,198:1264-1267
[69]Wood EH, Gerac JE.photoelectric determination of arterial oxygen Saturation in human [J],J Tab clin Med,1979,34:387-401
[70]J H Meek, C E Elwell, M J Khan, J Romaya, J S Wyatt, D T Delpy, S Zeki. Regional changes in cerebral haemodynamics as a result of a visual stimulus measured by near infrared spectroscopy [J], Proc. R. Soc.Lond. B,1995,261:351-356
[71]田丰华,丁海曙,王广志,蔡志刚,赵福运.利用近红外光谱监测皮肤血氧输运[J],光谱学与光谱分析,2002,22(2)：209-211
[72]Delpy D T, Cope M, Vander Zee P.Estimation of optical path-length thought tissue from direct time of flight measurement [J],Phys. Med. Biol,1988,33:1433-1442
[73]赵金城,徐圣普,边自朋,崔云丽,周炜.脑血氧检测装置的原理与设计,生物医学工程研究[J],2005,24(2)：73-76
[74]Eiji Okada.3-D spatial sensitivity profiles of head model in near-infrared spectroscopy [C], Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference of the ZEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society,1998,20(4):1868
[75]黄继红.近红外光谱仪在小儿心外科脑功能监测中的应用[J],上海第二医科大学学 报,2002,22(6)：568
[76]姚鹏,李胜利,张爱玉,刘煜,徐敏，金泰义.脑血氧饱和度的无创伤测量和脑思维功能的研究[J],生物医学工程学杂志,2001,18(2)：260-264
[77]孙佳石,佟文革,陈默然,肖志伟.脑血氧饱和度的近红外光谱测量技术及其在超重条件下的应用[J],航天医学与医学工程,2003,16(5)：371-373
[78]相韶霞,林凌,王艳秋,李刚.近红外光谱组织血氧检测结果的定量化方法[J],光学技术,2001,27(5)：451-454
[79]Giannini I, Ferrari M, Carpi A.Fasella P.Rat brain monitoring by near infrared spectroscopy:an assessment of possible clinical significance [J],Physiol Chem Phys, 1982,14,295-305
[80]Wickramsinghe Y A B D, Crowe J A, Rolfe P.Laser source and detector with signal processor for a near infrared medical application [M],London:IERE Press,1986, 209-215
[81]Cope M, Delpy D T. A system for long term measurement of cerebral blood and tissue oxygenation in newborn infants by near infrared transillumination [J],Med. Biol.Engng Comp,1988,26:289-294
[82]Cope M, Delpy D T, Wray S,Wyatt J S,Reynolds, E O R. A CCD spectrometer to quantitate the concentration of chromophores in living tissue utilising the absorption peak of water at 975 nm, Ad. Exp [J].Med. Biol,1989,248:33-40
[83]骆清铭.组织不同深度血氧状况的光学监测系统[J],中国医学物理学杂志,2005,22(6)：728
[84]Cope M, Delpy D T. System for long-term measurement of cerebral blood and tissue oxygenation on newborn infants by near infrared transillumination [J],Med Biol Eng Comput,1988,26:289-294
[85]郭海峰,杨康.近红外光谱血氧监测仪发展现状[J],沈阳工业学院学报,2002,21(4)：73-77
[86]Maki A, Yamashita Y, Ito Y, Watanabe E, Mayanagi Y, Koizumi H. Spatial and temporal analysis of human motor activity using non-invasive NIR topography [J],Med Phys, 1995,22:1997-2005
[87]Koizumi H, Yamashita Y, Maki A, Yamamoto T, Ito Y, Itagaki H, Kennan R. Higher order brain function analysis by transcranial dynamics near-infrared spectroscopy imaging [J],J Biomed Opt,1999,4:403-413
[88]Richard P Kennan, David Kim, Atsushi Maki, Hideaki Koizumi, Todd Constable1. Non-Invasive Assessment of Language Lateralization by Transcranial Near Infrared Optical Topography and Functional MRI [J],Human Brain Mapping,2002,16:183-189
[89]Hoshi Y, Oda I, Wada Y, Ito Y, Yamashita Y, Oda M, Ohta K, Yamada Y, Tamura M. Visuospatial imagery is a fruitful strategy for the digit span backward task:a study with near-infrared optical tomography [J],Cognitive Brain Research,2000,9(3):339-342
[90]Baddeley A. Physiology of executive functions [M].In D.T. Stuss & R. T. Knight (Eds.), Principles of Frontal Lobe Function, London:Oxford University Press,2002,96-108
[91]Kang AM, Constable RT, Gore JC, Avrutin S.An event-related fMRI study of implicit phrase-level syntactic and semantic processing [J],NeuroImage,1999,10:555-561
[92]Ni W, Constable RT, Mencl WE, Pugh KR, Fullbright RK, Shaywitz BA, Shaywitz SE, Gore JC, Shankweiler D.An event related neuroimaging study:distinguishing form and content in sentence processing [J],J Cogn Neurosci,2000,12:1-14
[93]Carpentier A, Pugh KR, Westervelt M, Studholme C, Skrinjar O, Thompson JL,Spencer DD, Constable RT. Functional MRI of language processing:dependence on input modality and temporal lobe epilepsy [J],Epilepsia,2001,42:1241-1254
[94]Harumi Kobayashi, Tetsuya Yasuda, Satoshi Suzuki.Brain activation during a manipulative task and Working Memory Hypothesis [C],2005 IEEE International Workshop on Robots and Human Interactive Communication,2005,611-616
[95]Yinlai Jiang, Shuoyu Wang. Speed dependency of cerebral blood volume changes during visual cognitive activation measured with NIRS,Proceedings of the 3rd International IEEE EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering [J],Kohala Coast, Hawaii, USA,2007, 306-309
[96]Silvina G Horovitz, John C Gore.Simultaneous Event-Related Potential and Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Studies of Semantic Processing [J],Human Brain Mapping, 2004,22:110-115
[97]M M Plichta, M J Herrmann, C G Baehne, A C Ehlis, M M Richter, P Pauli, A.J Fallgatter. Event-Related Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Based on Craniocerebral Correlations:Reproducibility of Activation? [J],Human Brain Mapping,2007,28: 733-741
[98]Logothetis N K, Wandell B A. Interpreting the BOLD signal [J],Annu Rev Physiol,2004, 66:735-769
[99]Gabriele Gratton,Marsha Ruth Goodman-Wood, and Monica Fabiani, Comparison of Neuronal and Hemodynamic Measures of the Brain Response to Visual Stimulation:An Optical Imaging Study [J],Human Brain Mapping,2001,13:13-25
[100]J H Meek, C E Elwell, M J Khan, J Romaya, J S Wyatt, D T Delpy, S Zeki. Regional changes in cerebral haemodynamics as a result of a visual stimulus measured by near infrared spectroscopy [J],Proc.R. Soc. Lond. B.,1995,261:351-356
[101]Gibson A P,Austin T, Everdell N, Schweiger M, Arridge S R, Meek J H, Wyatt J S, Delpy D T, Hebden J C.Three-dimensional whole-head optical tomography of passive motor evoked responses in the neonate [J],NeuroImage,2006,30:521-528
[102]Meek J H, Firbank M, Atkinson J, Braddick O, Wyatt J S.Regional hemodynamic responses to visual stimulation in awake infants [J],Pediatr. Res.,1998,43:840-843
[103]Zaramella P,Freato F, Amigoni A, Salvadori S,Marangoni P, Suppjei A, Schiavo B, Chiandetti L. Brain auditory activation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy NIRS in neonates[J],Pediatr. Res.,2001,49:213-219
[104]Buchheim K, Obrig H, Pannwitz W V, Muller A, Heekeren H, Villringer A, Meierkord H. Decrease in haemoglobin oxygenation during absence seizures in adult humans [J],Neurosci. Lett.,2004,354:119-122
[105]Haginoya K, Munakata M, Kato R, Yokoyama H, Ishizuka M, Iinuma K. Ictal cerebral haemodynamics of childhood epilepsy measured with near-infrared spectrophotometry [J],Brain,2002,125:1960-1971
[106]Watanabe E, Nagahori Y, Mayanagi Y. Focus diagnosis of epilepsy using near-infrared spectroscopy [J],Epilepsia,2002,43:50-55
[107]N Roche-Labarbe, F Wallois, E Ponchel, G Kongolo, R Grebe.Coupled oxygenation oscillation measured by NIRS and intermittent cerebral activation on EEG in premature infants [J],NeuroImage,2007,36:718-727
[108]M M Plichta, M J Herrmann, C G Baehne, A C Ehlis, M M Richter, P Pauli, A J Fallgatter. Event-Related Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Based on Craniocerebral Correlations:Reproducibility of Activation? [J],Human Brain Mapping, 2007,28:733-741
[109]Fox P T, Raichle M E.Focal physiological uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxydative metabolism during somatosensory stimulation in human subjects [J],Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S.A.,1986,83:1140-1144
[110]Obrig H, Hirth C, Junge-Hulsing J G, Doge C, Wolf T, Dirnagl U, Villringer A. Cerebral oxygenation changes in response to motor stimulation [J],J. Appl.Physiol,1996, 81:1174-1183
[111]Hamel E. Perivascular nerves and the regulation of cerebrovascular tone [J],J. Appl. Physiol,2006,100:1059-1064
[112]Devor A, Dunn A K, Andermann M L, Ulbert I, Boas D A, Dale A M. Coupling of total hemoglobin concentration, oxygenation, and neural activity in rat somatosensory cortex [J],Neuron,2003,39:353-359
[113]Jasdzewski G, Strangman G, Wagner J, Kwong K K, Poldrack RA, Boas D A. Differences in the hemodynamic response to event-related motor and visual paradigms as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy [J],NeuroImage,2003,20:479-488
[114]Obrig H, Wenzel R, Kohl M, Horst S,Wobst P, Steinbrink J, Thomas F, Villringer A. Near-infrared spectroscopy:does it function in functional activation studies of the adult brain? [J],Int. J. Psychophysiol,2000,35:125-142
[115]Aslin R N, Mehler J. Near-infrared spectroscopy for functional studies of brain activity in human infants:promise, prospects, and challenges [J],J. Biomed. Opt.,2005, 10(1):011009
[116]J H Meek, C E Elwell, M J Khan, J Romaya, J S Wyatt, D T Delpy, S Zeki. Regional changes in cerebral haemodynamics as a result of a visual stimulus measured by near infrared spectroscopy [J],Proc.R. Soc. Lond. B.,1995,261:351-356
[117]Villringer A, Planck J, Stodiek S,Botzel K, Schleinkofer L, Dirnagl U. Noninvasive assessment of cerebral haemodynamics and tissue oxygenation during activation of brain cell function in human adults using NIRS [J],Neurosci.Lett.,1993,154:1-2,101-104
[118]Dorn O. A transport-backtransport method for optical tomography [J],Inverse Problems,1998,14(5):1107-1130
[119]Wang L H, Jacques S L. Monte Carlo Modeling of Light Transport in Multi-Layered Tissues in Standard C.M. D.Anderson Cancer Center [J],University of Texas,1992, 7-10
[120]杨妹清.光CT的现状与未来[J],光机电信息,1998,15(7)：1-5
[121]李慧,田捷,王革.基于Monte Carlo在体生物光学成像的光子传输模型[J],软件学报,2004,15(11)：1709-1719
[122]Prahl SA. Light transport in tissue[J],Austin:University of Texas at Austin,1988,6-30
[123]W F Cheong, S A Prahl, and A J Welch. A Review of the Optical Properties of Biological Tissues, IEEE J. Quantum Electronics,1990,26:2166-2185
[124]Flock S T, Wilson B C, Patterson M S.Monte Carlo modeling of light propagation in highly scattering tissues-Ⅱ:comparison with measurements in phantoms [J],IEEE Trans Biomed Eng,1989,36(12):1169-1173
[125]Christian J M Moes, Martin J C van Gemert. Measurements and calculations the energy fluence rate in a scattering and absorbing phanotom at 633 nm[J],Appl Opt,1989, 28(19):2292-2296
[126]郝召锋,孙美秀,王新宇,许棠,李晓霞,田建国,张春平.会聚光在柱状模拟生物组织中的实验研究[J],光子学报,2007,36(7)：1302-1306
[127]苏万钧.块状生物组织体准直投射率的直接测量[J],光电子激光,2006，17(12)：1534-1537
[128]Li Hui, Lin Lei, Xie Shu-sen. Radiance distributions in biological tissue and the diffusion approximation, in biomedical photonics and optoelectronic imaging[C],SPIE, 2000,4224:160-164
[129]Wilson B C, Jacques S L. Optical reflectance and transmittance of tissue:principles and application[J],IEEE J of Quan Elec,1990,26(12):2186-2197
[130]W F. Cheong, S A Prahl, and A J Welch. A Review of the Optical Properties of Biological Tissues, IEEE J. Quantum Electronics,1990,26:2166-2185
[131]OPT101,monolithic photodiode and single-supply transimpedance amplifier. Burr-Brown Corporation. USA.1998
[132]Burr-Brown Corporation. INA114, Precision instrumentation amplifier, USA.1998
[133]Analog Devices, Inc.OP37, Low noise, precision, high speed operational amplifier, USA,2002
[134]Johnnie Molina, R. Mark Stitt. UAF42, Precision instrumentation amplifier, Burr-Brown Corporation, USA,1991
[135]Xu Wang, Hai Wang. The innovative research of integrating electromagnetic shield into three-dimensional circuit.2006 7th International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology [C],ICEPT'06, IEEE, Shanghai.2006,192-197
[136]Xu Wang, Hai Wang. The innovative research of integrating temperature-controlling microcirculation system into three-dimensional circuit.2006 7th International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology [C],ICEPT'06, IEEE, Shanghai.2006,804-808
[137]骆清铭.组织不同深度血氧状况的光学监测系统[J],中国医学物理学杂志,2005,22(6)：728
[1]Mark F Bear, Barry W Connors, Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience:exploring the brain, 2nd ed [M],北京：高等教育出版社,2004,28
[2]Bickler PE, Fahlman CS,Taylor DM. Oxygen sensitivity of NMDA receptors: relationship to NR2 subunit composition and hypoxia tolerance of neonatal neurons [J], Neuroscience,2003,118(1):25-35
[3]Sugahara K, Shimogori H, Okuda T. Cochlear administration of adenosine triphosphate facilitates recovery from acoustic trauma(temporary threshold shift) [J],ORL,2004,66: 80-84
[4]Gold PE. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory [J],Neurobiol Learn Mem,2003,80:194-210
[5]Nakagawa T,Yamashita M,Hisashi K. GABA-induced response in spiral ganglion cells acutely isolated from guinea pig cochlea [J],Neuro Res,2005,53:396-403
[6]张琰敏,马蓓,高文元.噪声性听损失与耳蜗内神经递质改变的研究进展[J],第二军医大学学报,2007,28(4)：430-433
[7]Doleviczenyi Z, Halmos G, Repassy G.Cochlear dopamine release is modulated by group Ⅱ metabotropic glutamate receptors via GABA ergic neurotransmission [J],Neurosci Lett,2005,385:93-98
[8]李瑞祥.简明人体解剖彩色图谱[M],人民卫生出版社,2001,156-159
[9]李瑞祥.简明人体解剖彩色图谱[M],人民卫生出版社,2001,147
[10]Mark F Bear, Barry W Connors, Michael A Paradiso. Neuroscience:exploring the brain, 2nd ed [M],北京：高等教育出版社,2004,194
[11]Mark F Bear, Barry W Connors, Michael A Paradiso. Neuroscience:exploring the brain, 2nd ed [M],北京：高等教育出版社,2004,155
[12]陈宜张.脑的奥秘[M],北京：清华大学出版社,2002,4
[13]李瑞祥.简明人体解剖彩色图谱[M],人民卫生出版社,2001,172
[2]Rubner J. Vom wissen und funlen [M],上海：百家出版社,2001,46-47
[3]陈宜张.脑的奥秘[M],北京：清华大学出版社,2002,彩页7
[4]Grinvald A, Lieke E, Frostig RD, Gilbert CD, Wiesel TN.Functional architecture of cortex revealed by optical imaging of intrinsic signals [J],Nature,1986,324:361-364
[5]Malonek D, Grinvald A. Interactions between electrical activity and cortical microcirculation revealed by imaging spectroscopy:implications for functional brain mapping [J],Science,1996,272:551-554
[6]Gabriele Gratton, Marsha Ruth Goodman-Wood, Monica Fabiani.Comparison of Neuronal and Hemodynamic Measures of the Brain Response to Visual Stimulation:An Optical Imaging Study [J],Human Brain Mapping,2001,13:13-25
[7]曹阳.脑电图干扰和噪声原因分析[J],中国医学装备,2007,4(5)：30-32
[8]Juhasz C,Chugani DC, Muzik O.Relationship between EEG and positron emission tomography abnormalities in clinical epilepsy[J],J Clin Neurophysiol,2000, 17(1):29-42
[9]李一明.比较发作间期PET、MRI和EEG对难治性癫痫的定位价值[J],第四军医大学学报,2006,27(2)：154
[10]Shouse MN, Farber PT, Staba RJ. Physiological basis:how NREM sleep components can promote and REM sleep components can suppress seizure discharge propagation [J], Clinical Neurophysiology,2000, 111(Suppl 2):9-18
[11]Kilkenny TM. Fundamentals of polysomnography and sleep disorders [M].New Hope: Intellisleep Technology and Consulting,2002,101-143
[12]胡若笑.动态脑电图在可疑癫痫者司法精神医学鉴定中的价值[J],上海精神医学,2007,19(1)：9
[13]Hillebrand A, Singh KD, Holliday IE. A new approach to neuroimaging with magnetoencephalography [J],Hum Brain Mapp,2005,25(2):199-211
[14]梁颖茵.脑磁图及其在神经科学领域中的临床应用[J],立体定向和功能性神经外科杂志,2007,20(1)：51-52
[15]Papanicolaou AC, Pataraia E, Billingsley-Marshall R. Toward the substitution of invasive electroencephalography in epilepsy surgery [J],J Clin Neurophysiol,2005,22(4): 231-237
[16]Fernandez A, Garcia-Segura JM, Ortiz T. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetoencephalographic estimation of delta dipole density:a combination of techniques that may contribute to the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease [J],Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord,2005,20(2-3):169-177
[17]Kobayashi K, Akiyama T, Nakahori T, Yoshinaga H, Gotman J. Systematic source estimation of spikes by a combination of independent component analysis and RAP-MUSIC I:Principles and simulation study [J],Clinical Neurophysiology,2002,113: 713-724
[18]Kobayashi K, Akiyama T, Nakahori T, Yoshinaga H, Gotman J. Systematic source estimation of spikes by a combination of independent component analysis and RAP-MUSIC II:Preliminary clinical application [J],Clinical Neurophysiology,2002, 113:725-734
[19]马洁铭.基于独立元分析的脑磁图源定位[J],生物物理学报,2006,22(5)：389-395
[20]Cherry S R, Phelps M E.Imaging brain function with positron emission tomography, San Diego:Academic Press,1996,191-222
[21]张长虹.SPECT原理、技术进展及市场现状(一)[J],常规医疗装备,2004,3(3)：34-37
[22]张长虹.SPECT原理、技术进展及市场现状(二)[J],常规医疗装备,2004,3(4)：18-22
[23]Perico CA, Skaf CR, Yamada A.Relationship between regional cerebral blood flow and separate symptom clusters of major depression:a single photon emission computed tomography study using statistical parametric mapping [J],Neurosci Lett,2005,384(3): 265-270
[24]于璟,唐一源.SPECT在抑郁症研究中的应用[J],国际放射医学核医学分册,2007,31(1)：13-16
[25]Staley JK, Sanacora G, Tamagnan G.Sex differences in diencephalons serotonin transporter availability in major depression [J],Biol Psychiatry,2006,59(1):40-47
[26]Kapucu LO, Serdaroglu A, Okuyez C.Brain single photon emission computed tomographic evaluation of patients with childhood absence epilepsy [J],J Child Neurol, 2003,18:542-548
[27]柳江燕.学龄期癫痫患儿SPECT局部脑血流显像和认知功能的关系[J],中华核医学杂志,2006,26(4)：211-213
[28]宋爱军.浅析PET的工作原理与系统构成[J],中国医学装备,2007,4(1)：44-45
[29]Frederic H, Fahey DSC.Position emission tomography instrumentation [J],Radiol Clin North Am,2001,39:919-929
[30]Mark F Bear, Barry W Connors, Michael A Paradise Neuroscience:exploring the brain, 2nd ed [M],北京：高等教育出版社,2004,165
[31]Halpern BS,Dahlbom M, Quon A.Impact of patient weight and emission scan duration on PET/CT image quality and lesion detectability [J],J Nucl Med,2004,45:797-801
[32]Everaert H, Vanhove C,Lahoutte T. Optimal dose of 18F-FDG required for whole-body PET using an LSO PET camera [J],Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging,2003,30:1615-1619
[33]Belliveau JW, Kennedy DN Jr, McKinstry RC, Buchbinder BR, Weisskoff RM, Cohen MS,Vevea JM, Brady TJ, Rosen BR. Functional mapping of the human visual cortex by magnetic resonance imaging [J],Science,1991,254:716-719
[34]Janszky H, Jokeit K, Kontopoulou M. Functional MRI predicts memory performance after right mesiotemporal epilepsy surgery [J],Epilesia,2005,46(2):244-250
[35]Binder R, Bellgowan PSF, Hammeke TA. Acomparion of two fMRI protocols for hippocampal activation [J],Epilepsia,2005,46(7):1061-1070
[36]汤国太,潘树茂.fMRI对颞叶癫痫记忆功能的评价[J],国际神经病学神经外科学杂志,2006,33(4)：374-378
[37]Perani D, Cappa SF, Tettamani M. A fMRI study in word retrieval in aphasia [J],Brain Lang,2003,85(3):357-368
[38]Hoenig K, Kuhl CK, Scheef L.Functional 3.0-T MR assessment of higher cognitive function:are there advantages over 1.5-T imaging? [J],Radiology,2005,234:860-868
[39]张龙江,祁吉.认知控制的功能磁共振成像研究[J],中华医学杂志,2007,87(2)：138-141
[40]闵顺耕,张录达,李军会,赵龙莲,严衍禄.现代近红外光谱分析的信息处理技术[J],光谱学与光谱分析,2000,20(6)：777-780
[41]Chance B,Luo Q M, Nioka S.Optical investigations of physiology:a study of intrinsic and extrinsic biomedical contrast [J],Phil Trans R Soc, London:B,1997,352:707-716
[42]Jobsis FF.Noninvasive infrared monitoring of cerebral and myocardial oxygen sufficiency and circulatory parameters [J],Science,1977,198:1264-1267
[43]Wyatt J S,Cope M, Delpy D T, Edwards A D, Wray S C.Reynolds E.O.R. Quantification of cerebral oxygenation and haemodynamics in sick new born infants by near-infrared spectrophotometry [J],Lancet,1986,2:1063-1066
[44]Elwell C E, Cope M, Edwards A D, Wyatt J S,Delpy D T, Reynolds E.O.R. Quantification of adult cerebral haemodynamics by near-infrared spectroscopy [J],J. appl. Physiol,1994,77:2753-2760
[45]Piantadosi C A, Hemstreet T M, Jobsis-Vandervliet F F.Near-infrared spectrophotometric monitoring of oxygen distribution to intact brain and skeletal muscle tissues[J],Crit. Care Med,1986,14(8):698-706
[46]Hampson N B,Piantadosi, C A. Near infrared monitoring of human skeletal muscle oxygenation during forearm ischaemia, J. appl.Physiol [J],1988,64:2449-2457
[47]De Blasi R A, Alviggi I, Cope M, Elwell C E, Ferrari M. Noninvasive measurement of forearm consumption during exercise by near infrared spectroscopy [J],Adv. Exp. Med. Biol,1994,345:685-692
[48]De Blasi R A, Ferrari M, Natali A, Conti G, Mega A, Gasparetto A. Noninvasive measurement of forearm blood flow and oxygen consumption by near infrared spectroscopy [J],J. appl. Physiol,1994,76(3):1388-1393
[49]Safonova LP, Michalos A, Wolf U, Wolf M, Hueber DM, Choi JH, Gupta R, Polzonetti C, Mantulin WW, Gratton E. Age-correlated changes in cerebral hemodynamics assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy [J],Arch Gerontol Geriatr,2004,39:207-225.
[50]Madsen P L, Seeher N H. Near-infrared oximetry of the brain [J],Prog Neurobiol,1999, 58(6):541-560
[51]李胜利,凌晨,徐敏.激光无创脑血氧传感系统研究[J],传感器技术,2005,24(9)：10-12
[52]Hoshi Y, Tamura M. Detection of dynamic changes in cerebral oxygenation coupled to neuronal function during mental work in man [J],Neurosci. Lett,1993,150:5-8
[53]Villringer A, Planck J, Stodiek S,Botzel K, Schleinkofer L, Dirnagl U.Noninvasive assessment of cerebral haemodynamics and tissue oxygenation during activation of brain cell function in human adults using NIRS [J],Neurosci.Lett,1993,154:1-2,101-104
[54]Fallgatter AJ, Strik WK. Frontal brain activation during the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test assessed with two-channel near-infrared spectroscopy [J],Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci,1998,248:245-249
[55]Schroeter ML, Zysset S,Kupka T, Kruggel F,Yves von Cramon DY. Near-infrared spectroscopy can detect brain activity during a color-word matching Stroop task in an event-related design [J],Hum Brain Mapp,2002,17:61-71
[56]Kennan RP, Horovitz SG, Maki A, Yamashita Y, Koizumi H, Gore JC.Simultaneous recording of event-related auditory oddball response using transcranial near infrared optical topography and surface EEG [J],Neuroimage,2002,16:587-592
[57]Kusaka T, Kawada K, Okubo K, Nagano K, Namba M, Okada H, Imai T, Isobe K, Itoh S. Noninvasive optical imaging in the visual cortex in young infants [J],Hum Brain Mapp, 2004,22:122-132
[58]Ehlis AC, Herrmann MJ, Wagener A, Fallgatter AJ. Multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy detects specific inferior-frontal activation during incongruent Stroop trials [J],Biol Psychol,2005,69:315-331
[59]Herrmann MJ, Plichta MM, Ehlis AC, Fallgatter AJ. Optical topography during a Go-NoGo task assessed with multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy [J],Behav Brain Res,2005,160:135-140
[60]Matsuo K, Onodera Y, Hamamoto T, Muraki K, Kato N, Kato T. Hypofrontality and microvascular dysregulation in remitted late-onset depression assessed by functional near-infrared spectroscopy [J],Neuroimage,2005,26:234-242
[61]Shimada S,Hiraki K, Oda I.The parietal role in the sense of self-ownership with temporal discrepancy between visual and proprioceptive feedbacks [J],Neuroimage, 2005,24:1225-1232
[62]Weber P, Lutschg J, Fahnenstich H. Cerebral hemodynamic changes in response to an executive function task in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder measured by near-infrared spectroscopy [J], J Dev Behav Pediatr,2005,26:105-111
[63]Hamaoka T, Albani C, Chance B and Iwane H.A new method for the evaluation of muscle aerobic capacity in relation to physical activity measured by near-infrared spectroscopy [J],Med. Sport. Sci.,1992,37:421-429
[64]Mancini DM, Bolinger L, Li H. Validation of near-infrared spectroscopy in humans [J],J. Appl.Physiol,1994,77(6):2740-2747
[65]林凌,谌雅琴,李刚,刘铭,王小林.近红外光谱肌肉组织血氧定量监测技术的研究——模型实验与蒙特卡罗仿真研究[J],中国生物医学工程学报,2003,23(5)：419
[66]Millkam GA.The oximeter,an instrument for measuring continuously the oxygen saturation of arterial blood in man [J],Rev of scientific instrument,1992,13:434-444
[67]D T Delpy, M Cope.Quantification in tissue near-infrared spectroscopy [J],Phil.Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B,1997,352:649-659
[68]Jobsis FF.Noninvasive infrared monitoring of cerebral and myocardial oxygen sufficiency and circulatory parameters [J],Science,1977,198:1264-1267
[69]Wood EH, Gerac JE.photoelectric determination of arterial oxygen Saturation in human [J],J Tab clin Med,1979,34:387-401
[70]J H Meek, C E Elwell, M J Khan, J Romaya, J S Wyatt, D T Delpy, S Zeki. Regional changes in cerebral haemodynamics as a result of a visual stimulus measured by near infrared spectroscopy [J], Proc. R. Soc.Lond. B,1995,261:351-356
[71]田丰华,丁海曙,王广志,蔡志刚,赵福运.利用近红外光谱监测皮肤血氧输运[J],光谱学与光谱分析,2002,22(2)：209-211
[72]Delpy D T, Cope M, Vander Zee P.Estimation of optical path-length thought tissue from direct time of flight measurement [J],Phys. Med. Biol,1988,33:1433-1442
[73]赵金城,徐圣普,边自朋,崔云丽,周炜.脑血氧检测装置的原理与设计,生物医学工程研究[J],2005,24(2)：73-76
[74]Eiji Okada.3-D spatial sensitivity profiles of head model in near-infrared spectroscopy [C], Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference of the ZEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society,1998,20(4):1868
[75]黄继红.近红外光谱仪在小儿心外科脑功能监测中的应用[J],上海第二医科大学学 报,2002,22(6)：568
[76]姚鹏,李胜利,张爱玉,刘煜,徐敏，金泰义.脑血氧饱和度的无创伤测量和脑思维功能的研究[J],生物医学工程学杂志,2001,18(2)：260-264
[77]孙佳石,佟文革,陈默然,肖志伟.脑血氧饱和度的近红外光谱测量技术及其在超重条件下的应用[J],航天医学与医学工程,2003,16(5)：371-373
[78]相韶霞,林凌,王艳秋,李刚.近红外光谱组织血氧检测结果的定量化方法[J],光学技术,2001,27(5)：451-454
[79]Giannini I, Ferrari M, Carpi A.Fasella P.Rat brain monitoring by near infrared spectroscopy:an assessment of possible clinical significance [J],Physiol Chem Phys, 1982,14,295-305
[80]Wickramsinghe Y A B D, Crowe J A, Rolfe P.Laser source and detector with signal processor for a near infrared medical application [M],London:IERE Press,1986, 209-215
[81]Cope M, Delpy D T. A system for long term measurement of cerebral blood and tissue oxygenation in newborn infants by near infrared transillumination [J],Med. Biol.Engng Comp,1988,26:289-294
[82]Cope M, Delpy D T, Wray S,Wyatt J S,Reynolds, E O R. A CCD spectrometer to quantitate the concentration of chromophores in living tissue utilising the absorption peak of water at 975 nm, Ad. Exp [J].Med. Biol,1989,248:33-40
[83]骆清铭.组织不同深度血氧状况的光学监测系统[J],中国医学物理学杂志,2005,22(6)：728
[84]Cope M, Delpy D T. System for long-term measurement of cerebral blood and tissue oxygenation on newborn infants by near infrared transillumination [J],Med Biol Eng Comput,1988,26:289-294
[85]郭海峰,杨康.近红外光谱血氧监测仪发展现状[J],沈阳工业学院学报,2002,21(4)：73-77
[86]Maki A, Yamashita Y, Ito Y, Watanabe E, Mayanagi Y, Koizumi H. Spatial and temporal analysis of human motor activity using non-invasive NIR topography [J],Med Phys, 1995,22:1997-2005
[87]Koizumi H, Yamashita Y, Maki A, Yamamoto T, Ito Y, Itagaki H, Kennan R. Higher order brain function analysis by transcranial dynamics near-infrared spectroscopy imaging [J],J Biomed Opt,1999,4:403-413
[88]Richard P Kennan, David Kim, Atsushi Maki, Hideaki Koizumi, Todd Constable1. Non-Invasive Assessment of Language Lateralization by Transcranial Near Infrared Optical Topography and Functional MRI [J],Human Brain Mapping,2002,16:183-189
[89]Hoshi Y, Oda I, Wada Y, Ito Y, Yamashita Y, Oda M, Ohta K, Yamada Y, Tamura M. Visuospatial imagery is a fruitful strategy for the digit span backward task:a study with near-infrared optical tomography [J],Cognitive Brain Research,2000,9(3):339-342
[90]Baddeley A. Physiology of executive functions [M].In D.T. Stuss & R. T. Knight (Eds.), Principles of Frontal Lobe Function, London:Oxford University Press,2002,96-108
[91]Kang AM, Constable RT, Gore JC, Avrutin S.An event-related fMRI study of implicit phrase-level syntactic and semantic processing [J],NeuroImage,1999,10:555-561
[92]Ni W, Constable RT, Mencl WE, Pugh KR, Fullbright RK, Shaywitz BA, Shaywitz SE, Gore JC, Shankweiler D.An event related neuroimaging study:distinguishing form and content in sentence processing [J],J Cogn Neurosci,2000,12:1-14
[93]Carpentier A, Pugh KR, Westervelt M, Studholme C, Skrinjar O, Thompson JL,Spencer DD, Constable RT. Functional MRI of language processing:dependence on input modality and temporal lobe epilepsy [J],Epilepsia,2001,42:1241-1254
[94]Harumi Kobayashi, Tetsuya Yasuda, Satoshi Suzuki.Brain activation during a manipulative task and Working Memory Hypothesis [C],2005 IEEE International Workshop on Robots and Human Interactive Communication,2005,611-616
[95]Yinlai Jiang, Shuoyu Wang. Speed dependency of cerebral blood volume changes during visual cognitive activation measured with NIRS,Proceedings of the 3rd International IEEE EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering [J],Kohala Coast, Hawaii, USA,2007, 306-309
[96]Silvina G Horovitz, John C Gore.Simultaneous Event-Related Potential and Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Studies of Semantic Processing [J],Human Brain Mapping, 2004,22:110-115
[97]M M Plichta, M J Herrmann, C G Baehne, A C Ehlis, M M Richter, P Pauli, A.J Fallgatter. Event-Related Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Based on Craniocerebral Correlations:Reproducibility of Activation? [J],Human Brain Mapping,2007,28: 733-741
[98]Logothetis N K, Wandell B A. Interpreting the BOLD signal [J],Annu Rev Physiol,2004, 66:735-769
[99]Gabriele Gratton,Marsha Ruth Goodman-Wood, and Monica Fabiani, Comparison of Neuronal and Hemodynamic Measures of the Brain Response to Visual Stimulation:An Optical Imaging Study [J],Human Brain Mapping,2001,13:13-25
[100]J H Meek, C E Elwell, M J Khan, J Romaya, J S Wyatt, D T Delpy, S Zeki. Regional changes in cerebral haemodynamics as a result of a visual stimulus measured by near infrared spectroscopy [J],Proc.R. Soc. Lond. B.,1995,261:351-356
[101]Gibson A P,Austin T, Everdell N, Schweiger M, Arridge S R, Meek J H, Wyatt J S, Delpy D T, Hebden J C.Three-dimensional whole-head optical tomography of passive motor evoked responses in the neonate [J],NeuroImage,2006,30:521-528
[102]Meek J H, Firbank M, Atkinson J, Braddick O, Wyatt J S.Regional hemodynamic responses to visual stimulation in awake infants [J],Pediatr. Res.,1998,43:840-843
[103]Zaramella P,Freato F, Amigoni A, Salvadori S,Marangoni P, Suppjei A, Schiavo B, Chiandetti L. Brain auditory activation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy NIRS in neonates[J],Pediatr. Res.,2001,49:213-219
[104]Buchheim K, Obrig H, Pannwitz W V, Muller A, Heekeren H, Villringer A, Meierkord H. Decrease in haemoglobin oxygenation during absence seizures in adult humans [J],Neurosci. Lett.,2004,354:119-122
[105]Haginoya K, Munakata M, Kato R, Yokoyama H, Ishizuka M, Iinuma K. Ictal cerebral haemodynamics of childhood epilepsy measured with near-infrared spectrophotometry [J],Brain,2002,125:1960-1971
[106]Watanabe E, Nagahori Y, Mayanagi Y. Focus diagnosis of epilepsy using near-infrared spectroscopy [J],Epilepsia,2002,43:50-55
[107]N Roche-Labarbe, F Wallois, E Ponchel, G Kongolo, R Grebe.Coupled oxygenation oscillation measured by NIRS and intermittent cerebral activation on EEG in premature infants [J],NeuroImage,2007,36:718-727
[108]M M Plichta, M J Herrmann, C G Baehne, A C Ehlis, M M Richter, P Pauli, A J Fallgatter. Event-Related Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Based on Craniocerebral Correlations:Reproducibility of Activation? [J],Human Brain Mapping, 2007,28:733-741
[109]Fox P T, Raichle M E.Focal physiological uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxydative metabolism during somatosensory stimulation in human subjects [J],Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S.A.,1986,83:1140-1144
[110]Obrig H, Hirth C, Junge-Hulsing J G, Doge C, Wolf T, Dirnagl U, Villringer A. Cerebral oxygenation changes in response to motor stimulation [J],J. Appl.Physiol,1996, 81:1174-1183
[111]Hamel E. Perivascular nerves and the regulation of cerebrovascular tone [J],J. Appl. Physiol,2006,100:1059-1064
[112]Devor A, Dunn A K, Andermann M L, Ulbert I, Boas D A, Dale A M. Coupling of total hemoglobin concentration, oxygenation, and neural activity in rat somatosensory cortex [J],Neuron,2003,39:353-359
[113]Jasdzewski G, Strangman G, Wagner J, Kwong K K, Poldrack RA, Boas D A. Differences in the hemodynamic response to event-related motor and visual paradigms as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy [J],NeuroImage,2003,20:479-488
[114]Obrig H, Wenzel R, Kohl M, Horst S,Wobst P, Steinbrink J, Thomas F, Villringer A. Near-infrared spectroscopy:does it function in functional activation studies of the adult brain? [J],Int. J. Psychophysiol,2000,35:125-142
[115]Aslin R N, Mehler J. Near-infrared spectroscopy for functional studies of brain activity in human infants:promise, prospects, and challenges [J],J. Biomed. Opt.,2005, 10(1):011009
[116]J H Meek, C E Elwell, M J Khan, J Romaya, J S Wyatt, D T Delpy, S Zeki. Regional changes in cerebral haemodynamics as a result of a visual stimulus measured by near infrared spectroscopy [J],Proc.R. Soc. Lond. B.,1995,261:351-356
[117]Villringer A, Planck J, Stodiek S,Botzel K, Schleinkofer L, Dirnagl U. Noninvasive assessment of cerebral haemodynamics and tissue oxygenation during activation of brain cell function in human adults using NIRS [J],Neurosci.Lett.,1993,154:1-2,101-104
[118]Dorn O. A transport-backtransport method for optical tomography [J],Inverse Problems,1998,14(5):1107-1130
[119]Wang L H, Jacques S L. Monte Carlo Modeling of Light Transport in Multi-Layered Tissues in Standard C.M. D.Anderson Cancer Center [J],University of Texas,1992, 7-10
[120]杨妹清.光CT的现状与未来[J],光机电信息,1998,15(7)：1-5
[121]李慧,田捷,王革.基于Monte Carlo在体生物光学成像的光子传输模型[J],软件学报,2004,15(11)：1709-1719
[122]Prahl SA. Light transport in tissue[J],Austin:University of Texas at Austin,1988,6-30
[123]W F Cheong, S A Prahl, and A J Welch. A Review of the Optical Properties of Biological Tissues, IEEE J. Quantum Electronics,1990,26:2166-2185
[124]Flock S T, Wilson B C, Patterson M S.Monte Carlo modeling of light propagation in highly scattering tissues-Ⅱ:comparison with measurements in phantoms [J],IEEE Trans Biomed Eng,1989,36(12):1169-1173
[125]Christian J M Moes, Martin J C van Gemert. Measurements and calculations the energy fluence rate in a scattering and absorbing phanotom at 633 nm[J],Appl Opt,1989, 28(19):2292-2296
[126]郝召锋,孙美秀,王新宇,许棠,李晓霞,田建国,张春平.会聚光在柱状模拟生物组织中的实验研究[J],光子学报,2007,36(7)：1302-1306
[127]苏万钧.块状生物组织体准直投射率的直接测量[J],光电子激光,2006，17(12)：1534-1537
[128]Li Hui, Lin Lei, Xie Shu-sen. Radiance distributions in biological tissue and the diffusion approximation, in biomedical photonics and optoelectronic imaging[C],SPIE, 2000,4224:160-164
[129]Wilson B C, Jacques S L. Optical reflectance and transmittance of tissue:principles and application[J],IEEE J of Quan Elec,1990,26(12):2186-2197
[130]W F. Cheong, S A Prahl, and A J Welch. A Review of the Optical Properties of Biological Tissues, IEEE J. Quantum Electronics,1990,26:2166-2185
[131]OPT101,monolithic photodiode and single-supply transimpedance amplifier. Burr-Brown Corporation. USA.1998
[132]Burr-Brown Corporation. INA114, Precision instrumentation amplifier, USA.1998
[133]Analog Devices, Inc.OP37, Low noise, precision, high speed operational amplifier, USA,2002
[134]Johnnie Molina, R. Mark Stitt. UAF42, Precision instrumentation amplifier, Burr-Brown Corporation, USA,1991
[135]Xu Wang, Hai Wang. The innovative research of integrating electromagnetic shield into three-dimensional circuit.2006 7th International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology [C],ICEPT'06, IEEE, Shanghai.2006,192-197
[136]Xu Wang, Hai Wang. The innovative research of integrating temperature-controlling microcirculation system into three-dimensional circuit.2006 7th International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology [C],ICEPT'06, IEEE, Shanghai.2006,804-808
[137]骆清铭.组织不同深度血氧状况的光学监测系统[J],中国医学物理学杂志,2005,22(6)：728
[1]Mark F Bear, Barry W Connors, Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience:exploring the brain, 2nd ed [M],北京：高等教育出版社,2004,28
[2]Bickler PE, Fahlman CS,Taylor DM. Oxygen sensitivity of NMDA receptors: relationship to NR2 subunit composition and hypoxia tolerance of neonatal neurons [J], Neuroscience,2003,118(1):25-35
[3]Sugahara K, Shimogori H, Okuda T. Cochlear administration of adenosine triphosphate facilitates recovery from acoustic trauma(temporary threshold shift) [J],ORL,2004,66: 80-84
[4]Gold PE. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory [J],Neurobiol Learn Mem,2003,80:194-210
[5]Nakagawa T,Yamashita M,Hisashi K. GABA-induced response in spiral ganglion cells acutely isolated from guinea pig cochlea [J],Neuro Res,2005,53:396-403
[6]张琰敏,马蓓,高文元.噪声性听损失与耳蜗内神经递质改变的研究进展[J],第二军医大学学报,2007,28(4)：430-433
[7]Doleviczenyi Z, Halmos G, Repassy G.Cochlear dopamine release is modulated by group Ⅱ metabotropic glutamate receptors via GABA ergic neurotransmission [J],Neurosci Lett,2005,385:93-98
[8]李瑞祥.简明人体解剖彩色图谱[M],人民卫生出版社,2001,156-159
[9]李瑞祥.简明人体解剖彩色图谱[M],人民卫生出版社,2001,147
[10]Mark F Bear, Barry W Connors, Michael A Paradiso. Neuroscience:exploring the brain, 2nd ed [M],北京：高等教育出版社,2004,194
[11]Mark F Bear, Barry W Connors, Michael A Paradiso. Neuroscience:exploring the brain, 2nd ed [M],北京：高等教育出版社,2004,155
[12]陈宜张.脑的奥秘[M],北京：清华大学出版社,2002,4
[13]李瑞祥.简明人体解剖彩色图谱[M],人民卫生出版社,2001,172