腐殖酸对高锰酸钾氧化酚类化合物的影响及机理探讨
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摘要
为了更真实地反应高锰酸钾在饮用水处理中与微污染物的作用规律,本论文研究了腐殖酸对高锰酸钾氧化酚类化合物过程的影响并对机理进行了探讨。腐殖酸(1.0mg L~(-1))在pH 4-8之间可显著提高高锰酸钾氧化苯酚的速率,而当pH为9或10时,腐殖酸的存在对高锰酸钾氧化苯酚过程略有抑制。腐殖酸对高锰酸钾氧化苯酚的影响取决于腐殖酸的浓度及高锰酸钾/苯酚的摩尔比。
由于腐殖酸本身非常复杂,为降低腐殖酸结构的复杂性,利用超滤分离技术把腐殖酸按照分子量进行分级,考察不同分子量范围的腐殖酸对高锰酸钾氧化过程的影响。在中性条件下,随着腐殖酸级分分子量的增加,高锰酸钾氧化苯酚的效率显著提升。当腐殖酸存在时,高锰酸钾氧化苯酚的二级表观速率常数与254nm处的比紫外吸光度(SUVA),465或665nm处的比可见光吸光度(SVA)有良好的正相关性(R2>0.72)。这表明,腐殖酸的π电子密度可强烈地影响高锰酸钾与苯酚之间的反应活性,通过荧光光谱分析也可得出相应的结论。FTIR分析表明,富含脂肪族、类聚糖结构以及羧基官能团的腐殖酸级分对高锰酸钾氧化苯酚的促进作用较弱。
由于超滤分级实验选用的是商业腐殖酸,其并不能很好的代表真实土壤中或水中的腐殖酸。因此,本文选用六种不同来源的腐殖酸对高锰酸钾氧化酚类化合物的影响也进行了研究,其中包括两种商业腐殖酸、三种土壤腐殖酸以及一种河流腐殖酸。当存在不同来源腐殖酸时,高锰酸钾在中性条件下氧化苯酚及2-氯酚的表观速率常数,顺序如下:商业腐殖酸(上海化工)>土壤腐殖酸>商业腐殖酸(Fluka)>河流腐殖酸。腐殖酸(上海化工)对不同氯酚化合物均有强化作用,其中对于2,6-二氯酚的强化作用最为明显。FTIR光谱分析可得出,河流腐殖酸与土壤或商业腐殖酸相比,含有较多的羧基、脂肪族官能团以及多聚糖结构,但其C=C双键的含量较少,因此,其对高锰酸钾氧化酚类化合物的影响甚为微弱;同时,荧光区域积分(FRI)或SVA与表观速率常数建立相关性分析可得出,腐殖酸中含有大环芳香结构或较长的共轭双键时对高锰酸钾氧化酚类化合物更为有利。
To further investigate application of permanganate in drinking water treatment processes and environmental remediation, the effects of humic acids (HAs), as one of most common background matrices, on the phenol oxidation by permanganate were studied. Phenol oxidation by permanganate was enhanced by the presence of HA (1.0 mg L~(-1)) at pH 4-8 while slightly inhibited at pH 9-10. The effects of HA on phenol oxidation by permanganate were dependent on HA concentration and permanganate/phenol molar ratios.
Due to heterogeneous HA structural features, the separation of HS into different nominal molecular weight (NMW) fractions to reduce their heterogeneity is a necessary step. The high NMW fractions of HA enhanced phenol oxidation by permanganate at pH 7 more significantly than the low fractions of HA. The apparent second-order rate constants of phenol oxidation by permanganate in the presence of HA correlated well with their specific ultraviolet absorption (SUVA) at 254 nm and specific violet absorption (SVA) at 465 or 665 nm of HAs. High positive correlation coefficients (R2>0.72) implied thatπ-electrons of HA strongly influenced reactivity of phenol towards permanganate, which agreed well with the information provided by Fluorescence spectroscopy. The FTIR analysis indicated that the HA fractions rich in aliphatic character, polysaccharide-like substances and the amount of carboxylate groups had less effects on phenol oxidation by permanganate.
However, a limitation of the study was the use of commercial HA, which may not be appropriate as analogues of true soil or aqueous humic substances. Hence, the influence of HA extracted from different aquatic and soil sources was also investigated, including two types of commercial HAs, three types of soil HAs and one type of aqueous HA. The apparent second-order rate constants of oxidation of phenol and 2-chlorophenol by permanganate in the presence of HAs from different origins follow the order of commercial HA (Shanghai Chemical) > soil HAs>commercial HA (Fluka) > aqueous HA. The FTIR analysis indicated aqueous HA with high contents of carboxylate, aliphatic groups and polysaccharide-like substances and low amount of C=C moieties in aqueous HA resulted in no enhancement in the oxidation of phenol and 2-CP by permanganate under neutral conditions. Positive correlation between SVA/FRI and the apparent second-order reaction rates suggested that the reactions between permanganate and 2-CP/phenol were greatly affected by HA with large extent ofπ-electron, such as the great number of aromatic rings or long conjugated bonds in HA structure.
由于腐殖酸本身非常复杂,为降低腐殖酸结构的复杂性,利用超滤分离技术把腐殖酸按照分子量进行分级,考察不同分子量范围的腐殖酸对高锰酸钾氧化过程的影响。在中性条件下,随着腐殖酸级分分子量的增加,高锰酸钾氧化苯酚的效率显著提升。当腐殖酸存在时,高锰酸钾氧化苯酚的二级表观速率常数与254nm处的比紫外吸光度(SUVA),465或665nm处的比可见光吸光度(SVA)有良好的正相关性(R2>0.72)。这表明,腐殖酸的π电子密度可强烈地影响高锰酸钾与苯酚之间的反应活性,通过荧光光谱分析也可得出相应的结论。FTIR分析表明,富含脂肪族、类聚糖结构以及羧基官能团的腐殖酸级分对高锰酸钾氧化苯酚的促进作用较弱。
由于超滤分级实验选用的是商业腐殖酸,其并不能很好的代表真实土壤中或水中的腐殖酸。因此,本文选用六种不同来源的腐殖酸对高锰酸钾氧化酚类化合物的影响也进行了研究,其中包括两种商业腐殖酸、三种土壤腐殖酸以及一种河流腐殖酸。当存在不同来源腐殖酸时,高锰酸钾在中性条件下氧化苯酚及2-氯酚的表观速率常数,顺序如下:商业腐殖酸(上海化工)>土壤腐殖酸>商业腐殖酸(Fluka)>河流腐殖酸。腐殖酸(上海化工)对不同氯酚化合物均有强化作用,其中对于2,6-二氯酚的强化作用最为明显。FTIR光谱分析可得出,河流腐殖酸与土壤或商业腐殖酸相比,含有较多的羧基、脂肪族官能团以及多聚糖结构,但其C=C双键的含量较少,因此,其对高锰酸钾氧化酚类化合物的影响甚为微弱;同时,荧光区域积分(FRI)或SVA与表观速率常数建立相关性分析可得出,腐殖酸中含有大环芳香结构或较长的共轭双键时对高锰酸钾氧化酚类化合物更为有利。
To further investigate application of permanganate in drinking water treatment processes and environmental remediation, the effects of humic acids (HAs), as one of most common background matrices, on the phenol oxidation by permanganate were studied. Phenol oxidation by permanganate was enhanced by the presence of HA (1.0 mg L~(-1)) at pH 4-8 while slightly inhibited at pH 9-10. The effects of HA on phenol oxidation by permanganate were dependent on HA concentration and permanganate/phenol molar ratios.
Due to heterogeneous HA structural features, the separation of HS into different nominal molecular weight (NMW) fractions to reduce their heterogeneity is a necessary step. The high NMW fractions of HA enhanced phenol oxidation by permanganate at pH 7 more significantly than the low fractions of HA. The apparent second-order rate constants of phenol oxidation by permanganate in the presence of HA correlated well with their specific ultraviolet absorption (SUVA) at 254 nm and specific violet absorption (SVA) at 465 or 665 nm of HAs. High positive correlation coefficients (R2>0.72) implied thatπ-electrons of HA strongly influenced reactivity of phenol towards permanganate, which agreed well with the information provided by Fluorescence spectroscopy. The FTIR analysis indicated that the HA fractions rich in aliphatic character, polysaccharide-like substances and the amount of carboxylate groups had less effects on phenol oxidation by permanganate.
However, a limitation of the study was the use of commercial HA, which may not be appropriate as analogues of true soil or aqueous humic substances. Hence, the influence of HA extracted from different aquatic and soil sources was also investigated, including two types of commercial HAs, three types of soil HAs and one type of aqueous HA. The apparent second-order rate constants of oxidation of phenol and 2-chlorophenol by permanganate in the presence of HAs from different origins follow the order of commercial HA (Shanghai Chemical) > soil HAs>commercial HA (Fluka) > aqueous HA. The FTIR analysis indicated aqueous HA with high contents of carboxylate, aliphatic groups and polysaccharide-like substances and low amount of C=C moieties in aqueous HA resulted in no enhancement in the oxidation of phenol and 2-CP by permanganate under neutral conditions. Positive correlation between SVA/FRI and the apparent second-order reaction rates suggested that the reactions between permanganate and 2-CP/phenol were greatly affected by HA with large extent ofπ-electron, such as the great number of aromatic rings or long conjugated bonds in HA structure.
引文
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