普洱茶色素提取、分级及生物活性研究
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摘要
普洱茶属于后发酵茶,是中国特有的名优黑茶之一,具有多种特殊的保健功效,深受广大消费者欢迎。而普洱茶色素被认为是其药理作用的主要成分之一。目前,关于普洱茶色素的化学组成、性质及药理作用机理已成为普洱茶研究不可回避且十分重要的难题。本文着手研究普洱茶色素提取、分级及生物活性,以期对茶色素,尤其是对普洱茶色素依次用三氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯及正丁醇萃取后余下的水层(水溶性色素)的组成与性质复杂性的认识能较前人更为深入,并丰富茶叶科学的相关理论及合理阐明普洱茶色素药理作用的部分机理。本研究的主要结果如下：
1.普洱茶色素提取工艺条件的响应面分析及其抗氧化性活性研究
首次将普洱茶色素溶液与蒸馏水标准液的色差E值作为色素提取的评价指标,可以简单、安全和快速评价普洱茶色素在不同浸提条件下的效果差异。通过二次回归设计得到了普洱茶色素提取色差E与料液比、温度、浸提时间的回归模型,并研究了普洱茶色素对1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼自由基(DPPH·)的清除作用。若仅从色素提取的色差E大小考虑,利用响应优化器得到色素提取的优化工艺参数为：液料比45：1(mL/g)、提取温度100℃、提取时间150 min,色素提取色差E为52.97,相对标准偏差为1.37%,与预测值相差1.3%,高出单因素试验和Box-Behnken组合中的最高色差E 4.73%。普洱茶色素对DPPH·自由基具有良好的清除能力,IC50值为30.83μg/mL,可作为天然抗氧化剂被进一步开发和利用。
2.普洱茶色素粗提物的不同萃取物对二种消化酶活性的影响及性质分析
普洱茶色素粗提物(水提物)依次用三氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯及正丁醇萃取后制备样品,首次测定各部分样品对α-葡萄糖苷酶和胰脂肪酶二种消化酶活性的影响。研究发现各部分样品对α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的影响程度不同,三氯甲烷层有轻微的激活作用,激活率为对照的8.33%,而水提物、乙酸乙酯萃取层、正丁醇萃取层及水层有显著的抑制作用,抑制率依次为52.29%、82.52%、65.84%、58.22%。各部分样品对胰脂肪酶活性均有抑制作用,三氯甲烷萃取层、乙酸乙酯萃取层、正丁醇萃取层、水层及水提物的抑制率依次为1.80%、13.65%、4.57%、7.55%、9.00%。在相同条件下对各萃取层进行色差参数测定、紫外-可见光谱扫描、傅立叶红外光谱扫描和ACQUITY UPLC-Xevo QTof MS分析,结果表明,各萃取层内在的化学成分在质和量上存在差异,从而决定了各萃取层对二种消化酶活性有不同影响。
3.普洱茶水溶性色素的分级、性质及活性筛选研究
首次采用羟丙基葡聚糖凝胶(Sephadex LH-20)柱层析对水溶性色素进行分级研究,以丙酮-水溶液进行洗脱,按照色素条带分别收集得到级分,并进一步研究它们的理化与光谱性质,及对α-葡萄糖苷酶和胰脂肪酶二种消化酶活性的抑制作用。结果表明,以40%丙酮-水溶液为洗脱剂,流速为0.05 BV/h时,水溶性色素的分级效果最好,柱中呈现6条明显的条带,它们的色差参数值、还原力、pH值、常规成分含量、稳定性、SHIMADZU UV-2550紫外-可见分光光度扫描图、SHIMADZU FTIR-8400S傅立叶变换红外光谱扫描图及ACQUITY UPLC-Xevo QTof MS分析结果等存在差异,进一步表征了普洱茶水溶性色素组成与性质的复杂性。研究还表明,水溶性色素的各级分对α-葡萄糖苷酶和胰脂肪酶二种消化酶活性均有抑制作用,其中以级分五的抑制效果最好。
4.级分五对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖、分化及分化中相关基因和蛋白质表达的影响
以10μg/mL、20μg/mL、30μg/mL、50μg/mL和100μg/mL级分五分别处理3T3-L1前脂肪细胞24 h,能轻微地抑制细胞的增殖,与正常对照组比较差异不明显；处理48 h,上述各浓度对细胞的增殖均有抑制作用,与正常对照组比较,20μg/mL和30μg/mL处理组达到显著差异水平(P<0.05),50μg/mL和100μg/mL处理组达到极显著差异水平(P<0.01)；处理72 h,各浓度对细胞的增殖均有抑制作用,与正常对照组比较,30μg/mL和100μg/mL处理组达到显著差异水平(P<0.05),其它处理组没有统计学差异。以10μg/mL、20μg/mL、30μg/mL、50μg/L和100μg/mL的级分五分别处理汇合后(约70%)的3T3-Ll前脂肪细胞48 h,均能增加活性氧的含量,其中以30μg/L处理组中活性氧含量最高,并且20μg/mL、30μg/mL、50μg/L和100μg/L处理组与对照组比较均达到极显著差异水平(p<0.01)。级分五抑制前脂肪细胞的增殖和诱导细胞内活性氧增加可能是其“减肥”机制之一,通过“减肥”来改善IR。
10μg/mL、20μg/mL、30μg/mL、50μg/mL和100μg/mL级分五均对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化过程中的脂质集聚有明显的促进作用(与正常对照组比较P<0.01),且成量效关系,但脂质集聚效应低于罗格列酮组。与正常对照组比较,在以50μg/mL级分五刺激3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化过程中,能明显下调PPARy2. C/EBPa和PTP1B mRNA及其蛋白质的表达,上调GLUT4 mRNA表达及下调GLUT4蛋白质的表达。级分五有可能通过下调PPARy2和C/EBPa蛋白质的表达来维持合理的脂类代谢平衡；下调PTP1B蛋白质的表达,激活胰岛素受体信号来促进GLUT4蛋白质向膜的转位以及葡萄糖的摄取,从而有可能改善胰岛素抵抗和防治MS的功效。
Pu-erh tea belongs to a post-fermented tea, which is one of the unique and famous dark tea in China. It is favored by the vast number of consumers because of its many special health functions. Tea pigments are regarded as one of the main compositions of the pharmacological action of pu-erh tea. At present, the research of chemical composition, nature and pharmacological mechanism of pu-erh tea pigments has become an inescapable and very important difficulty. The paper studied the pu-erh tea pigments extraction, fraction and bioactivity, hoping tea pigments, especially, including the water-soluble pigments which is the rest of the pu-erh tea pigments which were extracted by chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol in turn, its complexity in composition and properties, could be better understood than ever before, and tea scientific theories will be enriched, part of pharmacological mechanism of pu-erh tea pigments is reasonably expounded. The main results are as follows:
1 Response surface analysis of extraction technology of pu-erh tea pigments and its antioxidant activity
Color difference value E with distilled water was regarded as evaluation index of pu-erh tea pigments extraction for the first time, which is a simple, safe and fast assessment for different effect of pu-erh tea pigment extraction under different conditions. Through the quadratic regression design, regression model was established between color difference value E of pu-erh tea pigment extraction and ratio of solvent to material, extraction temperature and time of extraction. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH-)scavenging activity of the crude extract of pigment from pu-erh tea was also researched. If we only took into account color difference value E, the optimum conditions of pigment extraction were:ratio of solvent to material 45:1(v/w), extraction temperature 100℃and time of extraction 150 min. Under these conditions, color difference value E was up to 52.97, which is higher 4.73%than the highest one in both single-factor tests and Box-Behnken composition. And relative standard deviation of color difference value E was 1.37% and differential value was 1.3%compared to the forecast value. Pu-erh tea pigment has excellent scavenging ability of DPPH* and its IC50 value was 30.83μg·mL which suggested that pu-erh tea pigment can be used as a natural anti-oxidant for further development and utilization.
2. The effects of different extracts of pigments crude extract of pu-erh tea on the activities of two kinds of digesting enzymes and their properties analysis
Pigments crude extract (water extracts) of pu-erh tea were extracted by chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol in turn. The effects of different fractions were investigated on the activities of a-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase. The results showed that different fractions of pu-erh tea pigments had different effects on a-glucosidase activity. The sample of chloroform fraction could increase a-glucosidase activity a little and the relative activation rate was 8.33%. However, The water extracts, the ethyl acetate fraction and n-butanol fraction and water fraction showed obvious inhibition, inhibition rates being 52.29%,82.52%,65.84%,58.22% respectively. All fractions of pu-erh tea could inhibit pancreatic lipase activity. And inhibiting rates of chloroform fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, n-butanol fraction and water fraction and the water extracts were 1.80%> 13.65%.4.57%.7.55%.9.00%. Through chromatism parameter determination, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy scanning, Fourier infrared spectral scanning and ACQUITY UPLC-Xevo QTof MS analysis of different fractions in the same conditions, the results showed that differences of quality and quantity of their intrinsic chemical composition existed among different extraction fractions, which thus determined the varying effects of the different extraction fractions on activities of two types of enzymes.
3 Study on fraction, correlative properties and activity screening of water-soluble pigments from pu-erh tea
Water-soluble pigments was installed in hydroxypropyl glucan gel(Sephadex LH-20) column with acetone-aqueous solution for elution. The fractions of water-soluble pigments were collected respectively and their physico-chemical and spectral properties and the effects of different fractions on the activities of a-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase were futher studied. The results indicated that water-soluble pigments in pu-erh tea could be classified best, when 40% acetone-aqueous solution which is the optimum eluent was used, with a flow rate of 0.05 BV/h, for 6 obvious strips could be clearly seen in column. The differences exist in their chromatism parameter values, total reducing power, pH value, the content of conventional component, UV and IR spectroscopy scanning, stability and ACQUITY UPLC-Xevo QTof MS analysis. The study further demonstrated the complexity of compositions and properties of water-soluble pigments. Research also showed that all fractions of water-soluble pigments could inhibit the activities of a-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase, and inhibitory effect of fraction V among them is best.
4 The effects of fraction V on proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and differentiation process related gene and protein expression
10μg/mL,20μg/mL,30μg/mL,50p.g/mL and 100μg/mL fraction V respectively disposing 3T3-L1 preadipocytes for 24 hours could slightly inhibit cell proliferation which had no obvious difference with normal control group comparison. And then fraction V with different concentrations mentioned above disposing 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, cell proliferation was restrained after 48 hours and had significant difference (P<0.05) between normal control treatment group and 20μg/mL or 30μg/mL fraction V treatment group, and had very significant difference (P<0.01) between normal control treatment group and 50μg/mL or 100μg/mL fraction V treatment group; Under fraction V with various concentration disposing 3T3-L1 preadipocytes 72 hours, cell proliferation also was restrained, and had significant difference (P<0.05) between normal control treatment and 30μg/mL or 100μg/mL fraction V treatment group, and was not statistically significant between the other treatment group and normal control group.
10μg/mL,20μg/mL,30μg/mL,50μg/mL and 100μg/mL fraction V respectively disposing 3T3-L1 preadipocytes (confluence about 70%) 48 hours, all can increase reactive oxygen content,30μg/mL fraction V treatment group among them had the highest level, and very significant difference (p<0.01VS.control group) exist in 20μg/mL,30μg/mL,50μg/mL and 100p,g/mL treatment group compared with control group.
fraction V inhibiting cell proliferation and increasing reactive oxygen content might be one of its " weight loss " mechanism and the IR could improved through " weight loss ".
lipid concentration was increased in the fraction V with various concentration (10μg/mL,20μg/mL,30μg/mL,50μg/mL and 100μg/mL) groups in the experiment respectively (p<0. 01VS. control group). However, lipid accumulation effect was lower than rosiglitazone group.50μg/mL fraction V significantly decreased the mRNA and protein expression of PPARy2, C/EBPa and PTP1B and GLUT4 protein expression, and increased GLUT4 mRNA expression. The fraction V may have function of maintaining reasonable lipid metabolism balance by decreasing mRNA and protein expression of PPARy2 and C/EBPa, and may decrease PTP1B protein expressions for activating the insulin receptor proteins to promote GLUT4 protein to the membrane transposition and glucose intake, which may improve insulin resistance and prevention of MS effect.
1.普洱茶色素提取工艺条件的响应面分析及其抗氧化性活性研究
首次将普洱茶色素溶液与蒸馏水标准液的色差E值作为色素提取的评价指标,可以简单、安全和快速评价普洱茶色素在不同浸提条件下的效果差异。通过二次回归设计得到了普洱茶色素提取色差E与料液比、温度、浸提时间的回归模型,并研究了普洱茶色素对1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼自由基(DPPH·)的清除作用。若仅从色素提取的色差E大小考虑,利用响应优化器得到色素提取的优化工艺参数为：液料比45：1(mL/g)、提取温度100℃、提取时间150 min,色素提取色差E为52.97,相对标准偏差为1.37%,与预测值相差1.3%,高出单因素试验和Box-Behnken组合中的最高色差E 4.73%。普洱茶色素对DPPH·自由基具有良好的清除能力,IC50值为30.83μg/mL,可作为天然抗氧化剂被进一步开发和利用。
2.普洱茶色素粗提物的不同萃取物对二种消化酶活性的影响及性质分析
普洱茶色素粗提物(水提物)依次用三氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯及正丁醇萃取后制备样品,首次测定各部分样品对α-葡萄糖苷酶和胰脂肪酶二种消化酶活性的影响。研究发现各部分样品对α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的影响程度不同,三氯甲烷层有轻微的激活作用,激活率为对照的8.33%,而水提物、乙酸乙酯萃取层、正丁醇萃取层及水层有显著的抑制作用,抑制率依次为52.29%、82.52%、65.84%、58.22%。各部分样品对胰脂肪酶活性均有抑制作用,三氯甲烷萃取层、乙酸乙酯萃取层、正丁醇萃取层、水层及水提物的抑制率依次为1.80%、13.65%、4.57%、7.55%、9.00%。在相同条件下对各萃取层进行色差参数测定、紫外-可见光谱扫描、傅立叶红外光谱扫描和ACQUITY UPLC-Xevo QTof MS分析,结果表明,各萃取层内在的化学成分在质和量上存在差异,从而决定了各萃取层对二种消化酶活性有不同影响。
3.普洱茶水溶性色素的分级、性质及活性筛选研究
首次采用羟丙基葡聚糖凝胶(Sephadex LH-20)柱层析对水溶性色素进行分级研究,以丙酮-水溶液进行洗脱,按照色素条带分别收集得到级分,并进一步研究它们的理化与光谱性质,及对α-葡萄糖苷酶和胰脂肪酶二种消化酶活性的抑制作用。结果表明,以40%丙酮-水溶液为洗脱剂,流速为0.05 BV/h时,水溶性色素的分级效果最好,柱中呈现6条明显的条带,它们的色差参数值、还原力、pH值、常规成分含量、稳定性、SHIMADZU UV-2550紫外-可见分光光度扫描图、SHIMADZU FTIR-8400S傅立叶变换红外光谱扫描图及ACQUITY UPLC-Xevo QTof MS分析结果等存在差异,进一步表征了普洱茶水溶性色素组成与性质的复杂性。研究还表明,水溶性色素的各级分对α-葡萄糖苷酶和胰脂肪酶二种消化酶活性均有抑制作用,其中以级分五的抑制效果最好。
4.级分五对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖、分化及分化中相关基因和蛋白质表达的影响
以10μg/mL、20μg/mL、30μg/mL、50μg/mL和100μg/mL级分五分别处理3T3-L1前脂肪细胞24 h,能轻微地抑制细胞的增殖,与正常对照组比较差异不明显；处理48 h,上述各浓度对细胞的增殖均有抑制作用,与正常对照组比较,20μg/mL和30μg/mL处理组达到显著差异水平(P<0.05),50μg/mL和100μg/mL处理组达到极显著差异水平(P<0.01)；处理72 h,各浓度对细胞的增殖均有抑制作用,与正常对照组比较,30μg/mL和100μg/mL处理组达到显著差异水平(P<0.05),其它处理组没有统计学差异。以10μg/mL、20μg/mL、30μg/mL、50μg/L和100μg/mL的级分五分别处理汇合后(约70%)的3T3-Ll前脂肪细胞48 h,均能增加活性氧的含量,其中以30μg/L处理组中活性氧含量最高,并且20μg/mL、30μg/mL、50μg/L和100μg/L处理组与对照组比较均达到极显著差异水平(p<0.01)。级分五抑制前脂肪细胞的增殖和诱导细胞内活性氧增加可能是其“减肥”机制之一,通过“减肥”来改善IR。
10μg/mL、20μg/mL、30μg/mL、50μg/mL和100μg/mL级分五均对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化过程中的脂质集聚有明显的促进作用(与正常对照组比较P<0.01),且成量效关系,但脂质集聚效应低于罗格列酮组。与正常对照组比较,在以50μg/mL级分五刺激3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化过程中,能明显下调PPARy2. C/EBPa和PTP1B mRNA及其蛋白质的表达,上调GLUT4 mRNA表达及下调GLUT4蛋白质的表达。级分五有可能通过下调PPARy2和C/EBPa蛋白质的表达来维持合理的脂类代谢平衡；下调PTP1B蛋白质的表达,激活胰岛素受体信号来促进GLUT4蛋白质向膜的转位以及葡萄糖的摄取,从而有可能改善胰岛素抵抗和防治MS的功效。
Pu-erh tea belongs to a post-fermented tea, which is one of the unique and famous dark tea in China. It is favored by the vast number of consumers because of its many special health functions. Tea pigments are regarded as one of the main compositions of the pharmacological action of pu-erh tea. At present, the research of chemical composition, nature and pharmacological mechanism of pu-erh tea pigments has become an inescapable and very important difficulty. The paper studied the pu-erh tea pigments extraction, fraction and bioactivity, hoping tea pigments, especially, including the water-soluble pigments which is the rest of the pu-erh tea pigments which were extracted by chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol in turn, its complexity in composition and properties, could be better understood than ever before, and tea scientific theories will be enriched, part of pharmacological mechanism of pu-erh tea pigments is reasonably expounded. The main results are as follows:
1 Response surface analysis of extraction technology of pu-erh tea pigments and its antioxidant activity
Color difference value E with distilled water was regarded as evaluation index of pu-erh tea pigments extraction for the first time, which is a simple, safe and fast assessment for different effect of pu-erh tea pigment extraction under different conditions. Through the quadratic regression design, regression model was established between color difference value E of pu-erh tea pigment extraction and ratio of solvent to material, extraction temperature and time of extraction. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH-)scavenging activity of the crude extract of pigment from pu-erh tea was also researched. If we only took into account color difference value E, the optimum conditions of pigment extraction were:ratio of solvent to material 45:1(v/w), extraction temperature 100℃and time of extraction 150 min. Under these conditions, color difference value E was up to 52.97, which is higher 4.73%than the highest one in both single-factor tests and Box-Behnken composition. And relative standard deviation of color difference value E was 1.37% and differential value was 1.3%compared to the forecast value. Pu-erh tea pigment has excellent scavenging ability of DPPH* and its IC50 value was 30.83μg·mL which suggested that pu-erh tea pigment can be used as a natural anti-oxidant for further development and utilization.
2. The effects of different extracts of pigments crude extract of pu-erh tea on the activities of two kinds of digesting enzymes and their properties analysis
Pigments crude extract (water extracts) of pu-erh tea were extracted by chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol in turn. The effects of different fractions were investigated on the activities of a-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase. The results showed that different fractions of pu-erh tea pigments had different effects on a-glucosidase activity. The sample of chloroform fraction could increase a-glucosidase activity a little and the relative activation rate was 8.33%. However, The water extracts, the ethyl acetate fraction and n-butanol fraction and water fraction showed obvious inhibition, inhibition rates being 52.29%,82.52%,65.84%,58.22% respectively. All fractions of pu-erh tea could inhibit pancreatic lipase activity. And inhibiting rates of chloroform fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, n-butanol fraction and water fraction and the water extracts were 1.80%> 13.65%.4.57%.7.55%.9.00%. Through chromatism parameter determination, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy scanning, Fourier infrared spectral scanning and ACQUITY UPLC-Xevo QTof MS analysis of different fractions in the same conditions, the results showed that differences of quality and quantity of their intrinsic chemical composition existed among different extraction fractions, which thus determined the varying effects of the different extraction fractions on activities of two types of enzymes.
3 Study on fraction, correlative properties and activity screening of water-soluble pigments from pu-erh tea
Water-soluble pigments was installed in hydroxypropyl glucan gel(Sephadex LH-20) column with acetone-aqueous solution for elution. The fractions of water-soluble pigments were collected respectively and their physico-chemical and spectral properties and the effects of different fractions on the activities of a-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase were futher studied. The results indicated that water-soluble pigments in pu-erh tea could be classified best, when 40% acetone-aqueous solution which is the optimum eluent was used, with a flow rate of 0.05 BV/h, for 6 obvious strips could be clearly seen in column. The differences exist in their chromatism parameter values, total reducing power, pH value, the content of conventional component, UV and IR spectroscopy scanning, stability and ACQUITY UPLC-Xevo QTof MS analysis. The study further demonstrated the complexity of compositions and properties of water-soluble pigments. Research also showed that all fractions of water-soluble pigments could inhibit the activities of a-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase, and inhibitory effect of fraction V among them is best.
4 The effects of fraction V on proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and differentiation process related gene and protein expression
10μg/mL,20μg/mL,30μg/mL,50p.g/mL and 100μg/mL fraction V respectively disposing 3T3-L1 preadipocytes for 24 hours could slightly inhibit cell proliferation which had no obvious difference with normal control group comparison. And then fraction V with different concentrations mentioned above disposing 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, cell proliferation was restrained after 48 hours and had significant difference (P<0.05) between normal control treatment group and 20μg/mL or 30μg/mL fraction V treatment group, and had very significant difference (P<0.01) between normal control treatment group and 50μg/mL or 100μg/mL fraction V treatment group; Under fraction V with various concentration disposing 3T3-L1 preadipocytes 72 hours, cell proliferation also was restrained, and had significant difference (P<0.05) between normal control treatment and 30μg/mL or 100μg/mL fraction V treatment group, and was not statistically significant between the other treatment group and normal control group.
10μg/mL,20μg/mL,30μg/mL,50μg/mL and 100μg/mL fraction V respectively disposing 3T3-L1 preadipocytes (confluence about 70%) 48 hours, all can increase reactive oxygen content,30μg/mL fraction V treatment group among them had the highest level, and very significant difference (p<0.01VS.control group) exist in 20μg/mL,30μg/mL,50μg/mL and 100p,g/mL treatment group compared with control group.
fraction V inhibiting cell proliferation and increasing reactive oxygen content might be one of its " weight loss " mechanism and the IR could improved through " weight loss ".
lipid concentration was increased in the fraction V with various concentration (10μg/mL,20μg/mL,30μg/mL,50μg/mL and 100μg/mL) groups in the experiment respectively (p<0. 01VS. control group). However, lipid accumulation effect was lower than rosiglitazone group.50μg/mL fraction V significantly decreased the mRNA and protein expression of PPARy2, C/EBPa and PTP1B and GLUT4 protein expression, and increased GLUT4 mRNA expression. The fraction V may have function of maintaining reasonable lipid metabolism balance by decreasing mRNA and protein expression of PPARy2 and C/EBPa, and may decrease PTP1B protein expressions for activating the insulin receptor proteins to promote GLUT4 protein to the membrane transposition and glucose intake, which may improve insulin resistance and prevention of MS effect.
引文
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