三维体数据生成及三维缓冲区分析
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摘要
在三维地理信息系统(GIS)中,三维数据模型与数据结构是研究的核心。从数据描述格式的角度划分,三维空间数据模型可以归纳为面模型和体模型两种。由于体模型可以把空间对象以离散的量化体素值进行表示,在表现三维空间物体内部特征上有很大的优势,利于对物体进行空间分析,所以它是空间信息系统的重要基础之一。本文以三维体数据为基础,主要研究了三维体数据的生成算法和基于体数据表示的三维缓冲区分析算法。
在三维体数据生成方面,本文提出了一种针对三角网格模型的快速实体体素化算法。该算法的实现分为两个步骤：第一,表面体素化,即将三角网格模型中的三角面片细划为若干足够小的小三角面片,体素化各小三角面片顶点,将复杂的面体素化转换为简单的点体素化；第二,内部体素化,运用扩展的深度缓存原理得到体模型在三维空间的六个方向投影,利用这些投影进行内部体素的判定,并结合边标志填充算法有效减少了需进行判定的体素个数。对于精细复杂的大规模三角网格模型,本文算法能确实有效的生成逼近原模型的26-连通的体素模型,且具有高效的时间效率。
在三维缓冲区分析方面,本文使用了三维带符号的欧式距离变换算法,但在高分辨率下体数据的数据量极大,甚至可能超出内存的装载容量,导致一般算法难以使用。因此,基于一般海量数据的分块处理方法,本文给出了针对三维缓冲区分析的海量数据处理策略。实验证明,该方法能有效的完成海量数据下的三维缓冲区分析。
In the research of the three-dimensional Geographic Information System (GIS), three-dimensional data model and data structure is the core. The three-dimensional spatial data model includes the surface model and the volume model according to the data description format. Because of spatial objects can be rendered by the discrete voxel values, volume model has more advantages in showing inner characters of spatial object. It has higher efficiency in some spatial analysis. So it is one of important basis for spatial information system. The algorithm of three-dimensional volume data generation and the algorithm of three-dimensional buffer analysis for volume data model are mostly researched in this thesis.
In the aspect of three-dimensional volume data generation, a rapid solid voxelization algorithm based on triangular mesh model is propoes in this thesis. The algorithm can be realized in two steps:the first step is surface voxelization, dividing the triangular faces of triangular mesh model into some other new minor triangle chip which is sufficiently small, then voxelizing these triangle vertexes, which can convert surface voxelization to points voxelization; the second step is internal voxelization, the internal voxel can be recognized by using the six directional projection of the voxel model which can be obtained by extending the Z-buffer algorithm, the number of voxel which needs recognizing can be reduced by combining with the edge marking fill algorithm. As for complicated and fine triangular mesh model, the algorithm not only can efficiently generate voxel model of 26-connected which is approached to original model, but also have high time efficiency.
In the aspect of three-dimensional buffer analysis, the algorithm of three dimensional signed euclidean distance transform is used, but the data quantity in high resolution is large, and even may larger than loading capacity of memory, it leads the general algorithm cannot be used. Therefore, a massive data processing strategy of three-dimensional buffer is given in this thesis based on the partition strategy. The results of experiment show that the method can effectively complete the three-dimensional buffer analysis under the massive data.
在三维体数据生成方面,本文提出了一种针对三角网格模型的快速实体体素化算法。该算法的实现分为两个步骤：第一,表面体素化,即将三角网格模型中的三角面片细划为若干足够小的小三角面片,体素化各小三角面片顶点,将复杂的面体素化转换为简单的点体素化；第二,内部体素化,运用扩展的深度缓存原理得到体模型在三维空间的六个方向投影,利用这些投影进行内部体素的判定,并结合边标志填充算法有效减少了需进行判定的体素个数。对于精细复杂的大规模三角网格模型,本文算法能确实有效的生成逼近原模型的26-连通的体素模型,且具有高效的时间效率。
在三维缓冲区分析方面,本文使用了三维带符号的欧式距离变换算法,但在高分辨率下体数据的数据量极大,甚至可能超出内存的装载容量,导致一般算法难以使用。因此,基于一般海量数据的分块处理方法,本文给出了针对三维缓冲区分析的海量数据处理策略。实验证明,该方法能有效的完成海量数据下的三维缓冲区分析。
In the research of the three-dimensional Geographic Information System (GIS), three-dimensional data model and data structure is the core. The three-dimensional spatial data model includes the surface model and the volume model according to the data description format. Because of spatial objects can be rendered by the discrete voxel values, volume model has more advantages in showing inner characters of spatial object. It has higher efficiency in some spatial analysis. So it is one of important basis for spatial information system. The algorithm of three-dimensional volume data generation and the algorithm of three-dimensional buffer analysis for volume data model are mostly researched in this thesis.
In the aspect of three-dimensional volume data generation, a rapid solid voxelization algorithm based on triangular mesh model is propoes in this thesis. The algorithm can be realized in two steps:the first step is surface voxelization, dividing the triangular faces of triangular mesh model into some other new minor triangle chip which is sufficiently small, then voxelizing these triangle vertexes, which can convert surface voxelization to points voxelization; the second step is internal voxelization, the internal voxel can be recognized by using the six directional projection of the voxel model which can be obtained by extending the Z-buffer algorithm, the number of voxel which needs recognizing can be reduced by combining with the edge marking fill algorithm. As for complicated and fine triangular mesh model, the algorithm not only can efficiently generate voxel model of 26-connected which is approached to original model, but also have high time efficiency.
In the aspect of three-dimensional buffer analysis, the algorithm of three dimensional signed euclidean distance transform is used, but the data quantity in high resolution is large, and even may larger than loading capacity of memory, it leads the general algorithm cannot be used. Therefore, a massive data processing strategy of three-dimensional buffer is given in this thesis based on the partition strategy. The results of experiment show that the method can effectively complete the three-dimensional buffer analysis under the massive data.
引文
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[2]施加松,刘建忠.3D GIS技术研究发展综述施加松.测绘科学,2005,3(5)：118～120
[3]管伟光,解林,马颂德.体图形学.中国图象图形学报,1999,4(6)：486～490
[4]Kaufman A, Shimony E.3D scan-conversion algorithms for voxel-based graphics. In:State Univ, Stony Brook, eds. Proceedings of ACM Workshop on Interactive 3D Graphics. Chapel Hill:ACM Press,1986,21 (1):45-76
[5]Wang S, Kaufman A. Volume sampled voxelization of geometric primitives. In: Proceedings of IEEE Visualization. IEEE Computer Society Press,1993.78-84.
[6]Wang S, Kaufman A. Volume-sampled 3D modeling. IEEE Comput Graph,1994, 14 (5):26-32
[7]朱云峰,章毓晋,何永健.基于图割及动态片结构的3维人脸多视图体重建.中国图像图形学报,2010,15(10)：1537～1543
[8]McNeely W, Puterbaugh K, Troy J. Six degree-of-freedom haptic rendering using voxel sampling. In:Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH,1999.401-408
[9]Boyles M, Fang S. Slicing-based volumetric collision detection. ACM J.Graph. Tools,2000,4 (4):23-32
[10]Gagvani N, Silver D. Shape-based volumetric collision detection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Volume Visualization. New York:ACM Press,2000.57-61
[11]喻家龙,姜太平,汪光阳.在GPU上基于物体空间的碰撞检测.计算机技术与发展,2009,19(9)：83～86
[12]Beckhaus S, Wind J, Strothotte T. Hardware-based voxelization for 3D spatialanalysis. In:Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computer Graphics and Imaging,2000:15-20
[13]Li W, Fan Z, Wei X, et al. Flow simulation with complex boundaries. In:GPU Gems Ⅱ 47,2005:677-690
[14]Eisemann E, D'ecoret X. Fast scene voxelization and applications. In: Proceedings of 2006 Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games. New York:ACM Press,2006:71-78
[15]Yagel R, Cohen D, Kaufman A. Discrete Ray Tracing. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,1992,12 (5):19-28
[16]Fujimoto A, Takayu T, Iwata K. ARTS:Accelerated Ray-Tracing System. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,1986,6 (4):16-26
[17]Kim C L. Three-Dimensional Digital Line Segments. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,1983,5 (2):231-234
[18]Cohen-Or D, Kaufman A.3D line voxelization and connectivity control. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,1997,17 (6):80-87
[19]Liu Y K, Zalik B, Yang H. An integer one-pass algorithm for voxel. Traversal Computer Graphics Forum,2004,23 (2):167-172
[20]Luis Ibanez, Chafiaa Hamitouche, Christian Roux. A vectorial algorithm for tracing discrete straight lines in n-dimensional generalized grids. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics,2001,7 (2):97-108
[21]Kaufman A. Efficien algorithms for 3D scan-conversion of parametric curves、 surfances and volumes. In:Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 1987. USA: ACM Press,1987:171-179
[22]Kaufman A. Efficient algorithms for scan-converting 3D polygons. Computers & Graphics,1988,12 (2):213-219
[23]Oomes Stijn, Snoeren Peter, Dijkstra Tjeerd.3D shape representation: transforming polygons into voxels. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Scale-Space Theory in Computer Vision. In:Haar Romeny, B. ter, et al. eds. Springer Verlag,1997.349-352
[24]Jian Huang, Roni Yagel, Vassily Filippov, et al. An accurate method for voxelizingpolygon meshes. In:IEEE Symposium on Volume Visualization, 1998.119-126
[25]Stolte N, Kaufman A. Novel techniques for robust voxelization and visualization of implicit surfaces. Graphical Models,2001,63 (6):387-412
[26]Lina F, Seaha H S, Wub Z. Voxelization and fabrication of freeform models. Virtual and Physical Prototyping,2007,2 (2):65-73
[27]吴晓军,刘伟军,王天然等.改进的基于欧氏距离测度网格模型体素化算法.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2004,16(4)：592-597
[28]吴晓军,刘伟军,王天然.基于八叉树的三维网格模型体素化方法.工程图学报,2005,(4)：1-7
[29]郝长中,杨庆丰,Hao Chang-zhong等.一种改进的网格模型功能梯度材料 体素化算法.现代制造工程,2007, (7)：122～125
[30]张荣国,刘煜.新区入栈的区域填充扫描线算法.计算机工程,2006,32(5)：63～65
[31]薛斌党,薛文芳,姜志国.三维种子填充算法的改进.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2006,18(10)：1553～1556
[32]李兆恒,张安定,王周龙.改进的边标志栅格化算法.测绘科学,2009,34(5)：121～122
[33]温佩芝,吴晓军,史泽林.一种三维实体模型的离散表示方法.计算机工程与应用,2003, (15)：14～15
[34]穆斌,潘懋,邓剑.基于投影体积与八叉树的三维网格模型体素化方法.地理与地理信息科学,2010,26(4)：27～31
[35]Chen H, Fang S. Fast voxelization of 3D synthetic objects. ACM J. Graph. Tools,1999,3 (4):33-45
[36]Fang S, Chen H. Hardware accelerated voxelization. Comput. Graph.,2000, 24 (3):433-442
[37]Karabassi E A, Papaioannou G., Theoharis T. A fast depth-buffer-based voxelization algorithm. ACM J. Graph. Tools,1999,4 (4):5-10
[38]Everitt C. Interactive order-independent transparency. Technical report, NVIDIA Corporation,2001
[39]Heidelberger B, Teschner M, Gross M. Volumetric collision detection for deformable objects. Technical Report No.395, Institute of Scientific Computing, ETH Zurich,2003
[40]Zhao Dong, Wei Chen, Hujun Bao, et al. Real-time voxelization for complex polygonal models. Proceedings.12th Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications.2004,8 (6):43-50
[41]Eisemann E, D'ecoret X. Fast scene voxelization and applications. In: Proceedings of 2006 Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games. New York:ACM Press,2006.71-78
[42]Zhang L, Wei Chen, Ebert D S, et al. Conservative voxelization. Visual Computer,2007,23:783-792
[43]Duoduo Liao, Berkovich S Y. The design of parallel solid voxelization based on multi-processor pipeline. In:12th WSEAS International Conference on Computers, Heraklion, Greece:WSEAS Press,23-25 July 2008
[44]Dachilie F, Kaufman A. Incremental triangle voxelization. Proceedings Graphics Interface 2000,2000,5:205-217
[45]王家耀.空间信息系统原理.北京：科技出版社,2004.126
[46]黄杏元,徐寿成.GIS动态缓冲带分析模型及其应用.中国图像图形学报,1998,3(10)：871～873
[47]毋河海.关于GIS缓冲区的建立问题.武汉测绘科技大学学报,1997,22(3)：358～366
[48]肖乐斌.基于栅格框架的三维操作与空间分析：[博士学位论文].北京：中国科学院地理研究所,1999
[49]Borgefors G. Distance transformations in arbitrary dimensions. Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing,1984,27 (3):321-345
[50]Borgefors G. Distance transformations in digital images. Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing.1986,34 (3):344-371
[51]Borgefors G. Distance transformations on hexagonal grids. Pattern Recognition Letters,1989,9 (2):97-105
[52]Borgefors G. On Digital Distance Transforms in Three Dimensions. Computer Vision and Image Understanding.1996,64 (3):368-376
[53]Danielsson P. Euclidean distance mapping. Computer Graphics and Image Processing,1980,14 (3):227-248
[54]Ragnelmam I. Fast erosion and dilation by contour processing and thresholding of distance maps. Pattern Recognition Letters,1992,13 (3):161-166
[55]Ragnelmam I. Neighborhoods for distance transformations using ordered propagation. CVGIP, Image Understanding,1992,56 (3):399-409
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