人工关节虚拟制造系统关键技术研究
摘要
人工关节虚拟制造系统的开发具有巨大的经济效益和社会效益。本文就人工关节虚拟制造系统开发过程中所需要解决的几点关键问题进行讨论，并利用相关软件和编制相应的程序达到了预期的目标。文中所做的工作主要有以下几点：
建立了人工关节虚拟制造系统的体系结构，在此基础上再进行细化与分工，从而为系统的开发进行的总体规划；开发了用于人工关节模型设计的实体造型参数化设计系统，实现了从一张X光片到实体模型的自动生成过程，并且利用处理过的CT片数据可以实现髋关节的三维重建；讨论了应力分析的各种理论，并利用有限元分析软件ANSYS，对髋关节的实际受力情况和植入人工骨以后的受力情况进行了分析对比，得出相应的结论；最后，初步讨论和研究了数控加工仿真的基本原理和主要方法，建立了仿真系统的总体结构，为以后的工作打下了理论基础。
There are huge economical and social benefits on the development of the virtual manufacturing system for artificial joint. Several important problems during the procedure of development are discussed in this dissertation, and the aims that are set before are attained by using correct software and by developing corresponding programs. What have been done are as follows:
The system structure of the virtual manufacturing system is constructed firstly for the general planning of corresponding modules. Then system of parametric designing on solid modeling for artificial joint is developed. Using this system the automatic construction procedure of artificial joint from an X-ray can be met. And the reconstruction of hip joint can also be made by using the data of CT-rays. Several kinds of theories on stress and stain are discussed, and then by using FEM software ANSYS, the result of stress and strain of hip joint and artificial joint are got. In the last part of this dissertation, the basic theories and main methods of numerical control simulation are introduced, and the general structure of simulation system is given for the convenience of following work.
建立了人工关节虚拟制造系统的体系结构，在此基础上再进行细化与分工，从而为系统的开发进行的总体规划；开发了用于人工关节模型设计的实体造型参数化设计系统，实现了从一张X光片到实体模型的自动生成过程，并且利用处理过的CT片数据可以实现髋关节的三维重建；讨论了应力分析的各种理论，并利用有限元分析软件ANSYS，对髋关节的实际受力情况和植入人工骨以后的受力情况进行了分析对比，得出相应的结论；最后，初步讨论和研究了数控加工仿真的基本原理和主要方法，建立了仿真系统的总体结构，为以后的工作打下了理论基础。
There are huge economical and social benefits on the development of the virtual manufacturing system for artificial joint. Several important problems during the procedure of development are discussed in this dissertation, and the aims that are set before are attained by using correct software and by developing corresponding programs. What have been done are as follows:
The system structure of the virtual manufacturing system is constructed firstly for the general planning of corresponding modules. Then system of parametric designing on solid modeling for artificial joint is developed. Using this system the automatic construction procedure of artificial joint from an X-ray can be met. And the reconstruction of hip joint can also be made by using the data of CT-rays. Several kinds of theories on stress and stain are discussed, and then by using FEM software ANSYS, the result of stress and strain of hip joint and artificial joint are got. In the last part of this dissertation, the basic theories and main methods of numerical control simulation are introduced, and the general structure of simulation system is given for the convenience of following work.
引文
[1] 李蔚立，余成波：虚拟制造关键技术，重庆工学院学报，2000．2，14(1)：40～44
[2] 肖田元，韩向利，王新龙等：国家CIMS工程技术研究中心的虚拟制造基地及研究发展，高技术通讯，1999，1(1)：1～6
[3] 肖田元，郑会永，王新龙等：虚拟制造体系结构研究，计算机集成制造系统，1999．2，1(1)：33～38
[4] 陈晓川，张暴暴，冯辛安等：我国虚拟制造技术发展策略浅析，机械设计与研究，1999，1(1)：12～14
[5] 严隽琪，范秀敏，马登哲：虚拟制造系统的体系结构研究，机械工业自动化，，1999，21(4)：1～5
[6] 孙庆鸿：面临21世纪的机械制造业高新技术发展，机械设计与制造工程，1999，28(5)：1～3
[7] 邵立，钟廷修：虚拟制造及其应用，上海交通大学学报，1999，33(7)：906～911
[8] 周祖德：快速制造与虚拟制造，中国机械工程，1999，10(8)：935～938
[9] David S,Hungerford,Lynne C.Jone,The Rationale for Cementless Total Hip Replacement,Orthopedic Clinics of North America,1993,24(4):345～351
[10] William Bargar,Shape the Implant to the Patient, Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research,1989,12(249): 73～85
[11] R.Huiskes,E.Y.S.Chao,A Survey of Finite Element Analysis in Orthopedic Biomechamics:the First Decade,Journal of Biomechanics,1983,16:385-p409
[12] Havey G.R,A Knowledge-based Approach to the CAD/CAM of Cementless Total Hip Replacement, in Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society,1988, p657～674
[13] Harvey G.R,Harvey R.A.H,Harvey D.R.H,A review of CAD/CAM Procedures for the Production of Custom Made Artificial hip Joints,in Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Soceity, 1989,6:1938～1953
[14] Herndl. G,Three-Dimensional Geometric Analysis of Human Femurs for Design of Total Hip endoprostheses,Journal of Biomechanics,1989, 22:1021～1085
[15] Farrell E.J,3-Dimensional Data Visualization and Biomedical Applications, CRC Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering,1989,16:323～367
[16] Malkani AL,Custom-Made Segmental Femoral Replacement Prosthesis in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty,Orthopedic Clinics of North America,1993,24(4):727～754
[17] Conti B, Total Hip Joint Prosthesis,Critical Longterm Review of the New Moker
Arden Prosthesis, Chir Ital(ITALY),1982, 34(1) :138-155
[18] La Vernia C, Tsao A. K., Hungerford DS, Silent Osteolysis Polyethylene Debris in Cementless Total Hip Replacement, in Final Program of the 60th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Orthopedics Surgeons, Rosemont, Illinois, 1993, p168-173
[19] Brown TRM, Comparison of Loads Transmitted by Charnley and CAD Muller Total Hip Arthroplastics, J Mech E Conference Publications, 1984, p63-84
[20] A. L. Yettram, L. W. J. Wright, Dependece of Stem Stress in Total Hip Replacement on Prosthesis and Cement Stiffne, Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 1980, 2:54-58
[21] R. Huiskes, R. Boeklagen, Mathematical Shape Optimization of Hip Prosthesis Design, Journal of Biomechanics, 1989, 22(8) : 793-804
[22] Timothy P. Harrigan, Willlian H. Harris, A finite Element Study of the Effect of Diametral interface Gaps on the Contact Areas and Pressures in Uncemented Cylindrical Femoral Total Hip Components, Journal of Biomechanics, 1991, 24(1) : 87-91
[23] Yong San Yoon, Gun Hee Jang, Young Yong Kim, Shape Optimal Design of the Stem of a Cemented Hip Prosthesis to Minimize Stress Concentration in the Cement Layer, Journal of Biomechanics, 1989,22(11/12) : 1279-1284
[24] Wei chun Chang, M. J. Linden, S. Robbins, Computer Aided Stress Analysis of the Femur with Prosthetic Hip Stem Utilizing Computer Tomographey, IEEE, 1993, p60-74
[25] T. P. Harrigan, W. H. Harris, A Three-Dimensional Non-linear Finite Element Study of the Effect of cement prosthesis Rebounding in Cemented Femoral Total Hip Components, Journal of Biomechanics, 1991,24(11) : 1047-1058
[26] Mansour. H. A, Ray. J. D, Mukherjee. D. P, Stress Shielding of Femoral Component with and without Collar, in Proceeding if the 1995 Fourteenth Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference,LA,USA,1995,p53-54
[27] Biegler, Frances B, Reuben, Jeffrey D, Ed Akin, J., Role of flutes and Implant Material in Minimizing Femoral Stress Shielding Following Total Hip Replacement, Advances in Bioengineering American Society of Mechanics Engineers, Bioengineering Division 1994,ASMS, NY, USA, p443-444
[28] A.O Andrisano, E Dragoni, A Strozzi, Axisymmertric Mechanical Analysis of Ceramic Heads for Total Hip Replacement, Journal of Engineering in Medicine, Proc Instn Mech Engrs, 204:157-167
[29] J. H. Kuiper, R. Huiskes: The predictive value of stress shielding for quantification of adaptive bone resorption around hip replacements, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 1997, 8:228-231
[30] Bergamann.G.,Graichen., F., Rohlmann. A.: Hip Joint Loading During Walking and Running Measured in Two Patients, J Biomechanics,1993,26(8):969～990
[31] Goldsstein.S.A,,Maatthews. L. S., Kuhn: Adaptive bone-remodeling:An Experimental Model,Journal of Biomechanics, Vol.24, Suppl. 1, p135～150
[32] 髋关节重建后的生物力学方面的研究，原载Orthop Clin N Amer, 4(2)：435～447,April 1973,A.B Greenwald and C.L Nelson
[33] 吴峻松，假体工程学基础理论及制造技术临床应用研究，上海交通大学博士论文，1999
[34] 凌玲，定做式人工髋关节计算机辅助置换临床工程系统，上海交通大学博士论文，1997
[35] 陈志伟，关于国外NC加工仿真技术的现状分析，成组技术与生产现代化，1996．3
[36] 岳勇等，基于特征的零件数据模型及其应用，成组技术与生产现代化，1998．3
[37] 韩继曼等，基于特征CAD建模，成组技术与生产现代化，1998．3
[38] Ei-Mounayri H,Elbestawi M A,Spence A D,et al.General geometric modeling approach for machining process simulation. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,1997,13:237～247
[39] Fuh J Y H,Ji P, Zhang Y F,Future development trends in CAM/CAPP-NC systems,International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology, 1995, 8(4): 204～210
[40] Hsu P. L., Yang W. T., Real-time 3D simulation of 3-axis milling using isometric projection,Computer-Aided Design, 1993, 25(4): 215～224
[41] Leu M C,Park S H,Wang K. K.,Geometric representation of translational swept volumes and its applications, Journal of Engineering for Industry,1986,108(2):113～119
[42] 汤德忠，李正吾．CAD／CAM应用技术．北京：机械工业出版社，1998．
[43] 张卫波，骆红云，王占礼．集成化CAD／CAM系统．吉林工学院学报．2000，21(3)：40～42
[44] 叶佩青，王立平，张辉．CAD／CAM／CNC集成系统的研究．工具技术，2000，34(1)：9～12
[45] Spence D,Altinats Y. A Solid Modeller Based Milling Process Simulation and Planning System.Journal of Engineering for Industry,1994,116(2): 61～69.
[46] S.Bryson,Virtual Reality in Scientific Visualization. Computer & Graphics,1993,17(6):676～685.
[47] 成基华，范玉青，袁国平等．CAD／CAN开发平台及其发展趋势．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，2000，12(2)：154～159
[48] 朱海滨．面向对象技术的原理与设计．长沙：国防科技大学出版社，1992．
[49] 张力，邓家提．数控产品模型与面向集成的数控编程系统的研究与实现．计算机集成制造系统，1998，5(4)：23～26
[50] 刘雄伟等编著．数控加工理论与编程技术．北京：机械工业出版社，1994．
[51] Chappell I T., The Use of Vectors to Simulate Material Removed by Numerically Controlled Milling,Computer-Aided Design,1983,15(3):156～158.
[52] Hook V T.,Real-Time Shaded NC Milling Display.Computer Graphics,1986,20(4):15～20.
[2] 肖田元，韩向利，王新龙等：国家CIMS工程技术研究中心的虚拟制造基地及研究发展，高技术通讯，1999，1(1)：1～6
[3] 肖田元，郑会永，王新龙等：虚拟制造体系结构研究，计算机集成制造系统，1999．2，1(1)：33～38
[4] 陈晓川，张暴暴，冯辛安等：我国虚拟制造技术发展策略浅析，机械设计与研究，1999，1(1)：12～14
[5] 严隽琪，范秀敏，马登哲：虚拟制造系统的体系结构研究，机械工业自动化，，1999，21(4)：1～5
[6] 孙庆鸿：面临21世纪的机械制造业高新技术发展，机械设计与制造工程，1999，28(5)：1～3
[7] 邵立，钟廷修：虚拟制造及其应用，上海交通大学学报，1999，33(7)：906～911
[8] 周祖德：快速制造与虚拟制造，中国机械工程，1999，10(8)：935～938
[9] David S,Hungerford,Lynne C.Jone,The Rationale for Cementless Total Hip Replacement,Orthopedic Clinics of North America,1993,24(4):345～351
[10] William Bargar,Shape the Implant to the Patient, Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research,1989,12(249): 73～85
[11] R.Huiskes,E.Y.S.Chao,A Survey of Finite Element Analysis in Orthopedic Biomechamics:the First Decade,Journal of Biomechanics,1983,16:385-p409
[12] Havey G.R,A Knowledge-based Approach to the CAD/CAM of Cementless Total Hip Replacement, in Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society,1988, p657～674
[13] Harvey G.R,Harvey R.A.H,Harvey D.R.H,A review of CAD/CAM Procedures for the Production of Custom Made Artificial hip Joints,in Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Soceity, 1989,6:1938～1953
[14] Herndl. G,Three-Dimensional Geometric Analysis of Human Femurs for Design of Total Hip endoprostheses,Journal of Biomechanics,1989, 22:1021～1085
[15] Farrell E.J,3-Dimensional Data Visualization and Biomedical Applications, CRC Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering,1989,16:323～367
[16] Malkani AL,Custom-Made Segmental Femoral Replacement Prosthesis in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty,Orthopedic Clinics of North America,1993,24(4):727～754
[17] Conti B, Total Hip Joint Prosthesis,Critical Longterm Review of the New Moker
Arden Prosthesis, Chir Ital(ITALY),1982, 34(1) :138-155
[18] La Vernia C, Tsao A. K., Hungerford DS, Silent Osteolysis Polyethylene Debris in Cementless Total Hip Replacement, in Final Program of the 60th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Orthopedics Surgeons, Rosemont, Illinois, 1993, p168-173
[19] Brown TRM, Comparison of Loads Transmitted by Charnley and CAD Muller Total Hip Arthroplastics, J Mech E Conference Publications, 1984, p63-84
[20] A. L. Yettram, L. W. J. Wright, Dependece of Stem Stress in Total Hip Replacement on Prosthesis and Cement Stiffne, Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 1980, 2:54-58
[21] R. Huiskes, R. Boeklagen, Mathematical Shape Optimization of Hip Prosthesis Design, Journal of Biomechanics, 1989, 22(8) : 793-804
[22] Timothy P. Harrigan, Willlian H. Harris, A finite Element Study of the Effect of Diametral interface Gaps on the Contact Areas and Pressures in Uncemented Cylindrical Femoral Total Hip Components, Journal of Biomechanics, 1991, 24(1) : 87-91
[23] Yong San Yoon, Gun Hee Jang, Young Yong Kim, Shape Optimal Design of the Stem of a Cemented Hip Prosthesis to Minimize Stress Concentration in the Cement Layer, Journal of Biomechanics, 1989,22(11/12) : 1279-1284
[24] Wei chun Chang, M. J. Linden, S. Robbins, Computer Aided Stress Analysis of the Femur with Prosthetic Hip Stem Utilizing Computer Tomographey, IEEE, 1993, p60-74
[25] T. P. Harrigan, W. H. Harris, A Three-Dimensional Non-linear Finite Element Study of the Effect of cement prosthesis Rebounding in Cemented Femoral Total Hip Components, Journal of Biomechanics, 1991,24(11) : 1047-1058
[26] Mansour. H. A, Ray. J. D, Mukherjee. D. P, Stress Shielding of Femoral Component with and without Collar, in Proceeding if the 1995 Fourteenth Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference,LA,USA,1995,p53-54
[27] Biegler, Frances B, Reuben, Jeffrey D, Ed Akin, J., Role of flutes and Implant Material in Minimizing Femoral Stress Shielding Following Total Hip Replacement, Advances in Bioengineering American Society of Mechanics Engineers, Bioengineering Division 1994,ASMS, NY, USA, p443-444
[28] A.O Andrisano, E Dragoni, A Strozzi, Axisymmertric Mechanical Analysis of Ceramic Heads for Total Hip Replacement, Journal of Engineering in Medicine, Proc Instn Mech Engrs, 204:157-167
[29] J. H. Kuiper, R. Huiskes: The predictive value of stress shielding for quantification of adaptive bone resorption around hip replacements, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 1997, 8:228-231
[30] Bergamann.G.,Graichen., F., Rohlmann. A.: Hip Joint Loading During Walking and Running Measured in Two Patients, J Biomechanics,1993,26(8):969～990
[31] Goldsstein.S.A,,Maatthews. L. S., Kuhn: Adaptive bone-remodeling:An Experimental Model,Journal of Biomechanics, Vol.24, Suppl. 1, p135～150
[32] 髋关节重建后的生物力学方面的研究，原载Orthop Clin N Amer, 4(2)：435～447,April 1973,A.B Greenwald and C.L Nelson
[33] 吴峻松，假体工程学基础理论及制造技术临床应用研究，上海交通大学博士论文，1999
[34] 凌玲，定做式人工髋关节计算机辅助置换临床工程系统，上海交通大学博士论文，1997
[35] 陈志伟，关于国外NC加工仿真技术的现状分析，成组技术与生产现代化，1996．3
[36] 岳勇等，基于特征的零件数据模型及其应用，成组技术与生产现代化，1998．3
[37] 韩继曼等，基于特征CAD建模，成组技术与生产现代化，1998．3
[38] Ei-Mounayri H,Elbestawi M A,Spence A D,et al.General geometric modeling approach for machining process simulation. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,1997,13:237～247
[39] Fuh J Y H,Ji P, Zhang Y F,Future development trends in CAM/CAPP-NC systems,International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology, 1995, 8(4): 204～210
[40] Hsu P. L., Yang W. T., Real-time 3D simulation of 3-axis milling using isometric projection,Computer-Aided Design, 1993, 25(4): 215～224
[41] Leu M C,Park S H,Wang K. K.,Geometric representation of translational swept volumes and its applications, Journal of Engineering for Industry,1986,108(2):113～119
[42] 汤德忠，李正吾．CAD／CAM应用技术．北京：机械工业出版社，1998．
[43] 张卫波，骆红云，王占礼．集成化CAD／CAM系统．吉林工学院学报．2000，21(3)：40～42
[44] 叶佩青，王立平，张辉．CAD／CAM／CNC集成系统的研究．工具技术，2000，34(1)：9～12
[45] Spence D,Altinats Y. A Solid Modeller Based Milling Process Simulation and Planning System.Journal of Engineering for Industry,1994,116(2): 61～69.
[46] S.Bryson,Virtual Reality in Scientific Visualization. Computer & Graphics,1993,17(6):676～685.
[47] 成基华，范玉青，袁国平等．CAD／CAN开发平台及其发展趋势．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，2000，12(2)：154～159
[48] 朱海滨．面向对象技术的原理与设计．长沙：国防科技大学出版社，1992．
[49] 张力，邓家提．数控产品模型与面向集成的数控编程系统的研究与实现．计算机集成制造系统，1998，5(4)：23～26
[50] 刘雄伟等编著．数控加工理论与编程技术．北京：机械工业出版社，1994．
[51] Chappell I T., The Use of Vectors to Simulate Material Removed by Numerically Controlled Milling,Computer-Aided Design,1983,15(3):156～158.
[52] Hook V T.,Real-Time Shaded NC Milling Display.Computer Graphics,1986,20(4):15～20.