犯罪未遂基本问题研究
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摘要
犯罪未遂是刑法学界研究的一个重点，国内外存在有很多不同观点。本文从三个方面对犯罪未遂进行了阐述：
一、犯罪未遂的概念和特征
关于犯罪未遂的概念，国内外有两种观点，第一种观点以法国为代表，第二种以德国为代表。我国采用第一种观点，笔者认为我国刑法关于犯罪未遂的概念是科学的。即已经着手实行犯罪，因为犯罪分子意志以外的原因而未得逞的是犯罪未遂。
笔者认为犯罪未遂的特征有三点：一是已经着手实行犯罪，这是犯罪未遂区别于犯罪预备的标志；二是犯罪未得逞，这是犯罪未遂区别于犯罪既遂的标志；三是犯罪未得逞是由于犯罪分子意志以外的原因，这一点把犯罪未遂与犯罪中止区别开来。在对上述三个特征的评论分析上，主要从两个方面进行，一是各个特征的含义；二是在具体实际中，每个特征的如何认定。
二、犯罪未遂的种类
根据我国刑法理论，笔者认为犯罪未遂有两种类型，即实行终了的未遂与未实行终了的未遂之分，能犯未遂与不能犯未遂之分。
关于实行终了的未遂与未实行终了的未遂。主要探讨两个问题：第一，犯罪行为是否实行终了以什么为标准；第二，在犯罪未遂案件中，行为是否实行终了的社会危害程度一般不同。关于能犯未遂与不能犯未遂，主要论述了，一是能犯未遂的种类和名称；二是不能犯未遂应刑事责任的根据；三是不能犯未遂与迷信犯的危害程度有无不同。
三、犯罪未遂应负刑事责任的根据及处罚原则
第一，犯罪未遂应负刑事责任的根据。笔者认为犯罪未遂应刑事责任的根据是犯罪构成。第二，笔者就如何正确理解我国刑法规定的犯罪未遂的处罚原则进行了论述。主要从三个方面进行，一是被比照的既遂犯应与未遂犯的犯罪情况大致相同；二是“从轻”、“减轻”处罚的含义，三是如何理解“可以”的含义。
Attempt of crime is a point of importance to research for the penology circle and there exist many different viewpoints at home and abroad. The paper sets forth the attempt of crime from three aspects.
1. The concept and features of attempt of crime
There are two viewpoints at home and abroad concerning the concept of attempt of crime. The first viewpoint is represented by France and the second viewpoint by Germany. Our country adopts the first viewpoint. The author considers the concept of attempt of crime specified in our criminal law is scientific. Namely, an attempt of crime refers to a case where an offender has already started to commit a crime but is prevented from completing it for reasons independent of his will.
The author considers the attempt of crime have three features. Primarily, the crimes have been set about to carry out, which is the mark distinguished the attempt of crime from the preparation of a crime; Secondly, the crimes don't finished, which is the mark distinguished the attempt of crime from the accomplishment of a crime; Thirdly, the reasons that the crimes don't finished are independent of the wills of the offenders, which distinguishes the criminal attempt from the desistance of a crime. The comment and analysis for the above three features, is mainly carried out form two aspects. The first is the meanings of all the features and the second is how to recognize every feature in the specific practices.
2. The category of attempt of crime
According to the theory of our crime law, the author considers attempt of crime has two categories. Namely, the classification between the completed attempt and the uncompleted attempt and the classification between the possible criminal attempt and the impossible attempt.
On the completed attempt and the uncompleted attempt, there mainly are two questions to discuss. Firstly, what is the standard to decide whether the criminality has finished or not; Secondly, in the case of attempt of crime, the extent of injury for society generally is different concerning whether the behavior made an end or not. On
possible criminal attempt and impossible criminal attempt, three aspects are discussed. Primarily, the category and name of possible criminal attempt; Secondly, the basis of bearing the criminal responsibility for impossible criminal attempt; Thirdly, whether the extent of injury is different between the impossible criminal attempt and superstitious offense.
3. The basis and punishment principles of bearing criminal responsibility for the attempt of crime
Firstly, concerning the basis of bearing criminal responsibility for attempt of crime, the author considers the basis of bearing criminal responsibility for attempt of crime is the constitution of a crime. Secondly, the author discusses how to understand correlatively the punishment principles of attempt of crime specified by our crime law, which mainly is carried out from three aspects. Primarily, the conditions compared between the offender of an accomplished crime and offender of a criminal attempt are much the same; Secondly, what are the meanings of "being given a lighter punishment " and "being given a mitigated punishment"; Thirdly; how is the meaning of "can" understood.
一、犯罪未遂的概念和特征
关于犯罪未遂的概念，国内外有两种观点，第一种观点以法国为代表，第二种以德国为代表。我国采用第一种观点，笔者认为我国刑法关于犯罪未遂的概念是科学的。即已经着手实行犯罪，因为犯罪分子意志以外的原因而未得逞的是犯罪未遂。
笔者认为犯罪未遂的特征有三点：一是已经着手实行犯罪，这是犯罪未遂区别于犯罪预备的标志；二是犯罪未得逞，这是犯罪未遂区别于犯罪既遂的标志；三是犯罪未得逞是由于犯罪分子意志以外的原因，这一点把犯罪未遂与犯罪中止区别开来。在对上述三个特征的评论分析上，主要从两个方面进行，一是各个特征的含义；二是在具体实际中，每个特征的如何认定。
二、犯罪未遂的种类
根据我国刑法理论，笔者认为犯罪未遂有两种类型，即实行终了的未遂与未实行终了的未遂之分，能犯未遂与不能犯未遂之分。
关于实行终了的未遂与未实行终了的未遂。主要探讨两个问题：第一，犯罪行为是否实行终了以什么为标准；第二，在犯罪未遂案件中，行为是否实行终了的社会危害程度一般不同。关于能犯未遂与不能犯未遂，主要论述了，一是能犯未遂的种类和名称；二是不能犯未遂应刑事责任的根据；三是不能犯未遂与迷信犯的危害程度有无不同。
三、犯罪未遂应负刑事责任的根据及处罚原则
第一，犯罪未遂应负刑事责任的根据。笔者认为犯罪未遂应刑事责任的根据是犯罪构成。第二，笔者就如何正确理解我国刑法规定的犯罪未遂的处罚原则进行了论述。主要从三个方面进行，一是被比照的既遂犯应与未遂犯的犯罪情况大致相同；二是“从轻”、“减轻”处罚的含义，三是如何理解“可以”的含义。
Attempt of crime is a point of importance to research for the penology circle and there exist many different viewpoints at home and abroad. The paper sets forth the attempt of crime from three aspects.
1. The concept and features of attempt of crime
There are two viewpoints at home and abroad concerning the concept of attempt of crime. The first viewpoint is represented by France and the second viewpoint by Germany. Our country adopts the first viewpoint. The author considers the concept of attempt of crime specified in our criminal law is scientific. Namely, an attempt of crime refers to a case where an offender has already started to commit a crime but is prevented from completing it for reasons independent of his will.
The author considers the attempt of crime have three features. Primarily, the crimes have been set about to carry out, which is the mark distinguished the attempt of crime from the preparation of a crime; Secondly, the crimes don't finished, which is the mark distinguished the attempt of crime from the accomplishment of a crime; Thirdly, the reasons that the crimes don't finished are independent of the wills of the offenders, which distinguishes the criminal attempt from the desistance of a crime. The comment and analysis for the above three features, is mainly carried out form two aspects. The first is the meanings of all the features and the second is how to recognize every feature in the specific practices.
2. The category of attempt of crime
According to the theory of our crime law, the author considers attempt of crime has two categories. Namely, the classification between the completed attempt and the uncompleted attempt and the classification between the possible criminal attempt and the impossible attempt.
On the completed attempt and the uncompleted attempt, there mainly are two questions to discuss. Firstly, what is the standard to decide whether the criminality has finished or not; Secondly, in the case of attempt of crime, the extent of injury for society generally is different concerning whether the behavior made an end or not. On
possible criminal attempt and impossible criminal attempt, three aspects are discussed. Primarily, the category and name of possible criminal attempt; Secondly, the basis of bearing the criminal responsibility for impossible criminal attempt; Thirdly, whether the extent of injury is different between the impossible criminal attempt and superstitious offense.
3. The basis and punishment principles of bearing criminal responsibility for the attempt of crime
Firstly, concerning the basis of bearing criminal responsibility for attempt of crime, the author considers the basis of bearing criminal responsibility for attempt of crime is the constitution of a crime. Secondly, the author discusses how to understand correlatively the punishment principles of attempt of crime specified by our crime law, which mainly is carried out from three aspects. Primarily, the conditions compared between the offender of an accomplished crime and offender of a criminal attempt are much the same; Secondly, what are the meanings of "being given a lighter punishment " and "being given a mitigated punishment"; Thirdly; how is the meaning of "can" understood.
引文
1、刁荣华主编《中国法学论著选集》，台北汉林出版社1976年版，第329页。
2、陈朴生、洪福增《刑法总则》，台北五南图书出版公司1982年版，第147—149页。
3、高格《刑法知识问答》，黑龙江人民出版社1982年第2版，第35页。
4、《日本刑法判例评释选集》，台北汉林出版社1977年版，第102—109页。
5、《法学》1983年第3期，第52页。
6、杨春洗等编《刑法总论》，第186页。
7、高铭暄主编《刑法学》(修订本)，第177页。
8、(苏)孟金沙总编《苏联刑法总论》，第428页。
9、《日本刑法判例评释选集》，第209页。
10、(苏)契希克瓦节主编《苏维埃刑法总则》，第335页。
11、李光灿主编《中华人民共和国刑法论》吉林出版社1984年版，第274页。
12、中央政法干部学校刑法刑事诉讼法教研室编著《中华人民共和国刑法讲义(总则部分)》，第154页。
13、《法学杂志》1985年第4期，第54—55页。
14、欧阳涛等编著《疑难刑事案件百例析》，广西人民出版社1984年版，第56—59页。
15、《法学杂志》1981年第1、3、4期。
16、库德利夫采夫主编《苏联法律辞典》(第二册)，法律出版社1957年，第67页。
17、赵秉志《放弃重复侵害行为应属犯罪中止》，载《法学季刊》1984年第一期。
18、(苏)盖尔青仲著《刑法总则》，苏联军事法律出版社，第
55页。
19、许鹏飞《比较刑法纲要》，商务印书馆1936年版，第240—242页。
20、基里钦科著《苏维埃刑法中错误的意义》，法律出版社1956年版，第106—108页。
21、韩忠谟《刑法原理》，第241—142页。
22、特拉伊宁《犯罪构成的一般学说》，中国人民大学出版社，120—122页。
23、杨敦先主编《刑法学概论》，光明出版社1985年版，第166页。
24、1958年版《法学季刊》1982年第2期，第71—72页。
25、《巴西联邦共和国刑法典》，法律出版社1965年版，第12页。
26、《法制建设》1984年第5期，第18页。
27、(日)中山研一《牧野英一的刑法理论》，载《国外法学》1981年第5期，第22页
28、(苏)库兹涅佐娃《苏维埃刑法中的预备行为和未遂的责任的几个问题》，中国人民大学出版社1957年版，第57页。
29、甘雨沛、何鹏《外国刑法学》，北京大学出版社1984年版，第406—407页。
30、《马克思恩格斯全集》第1卷，第140页。
2、陈朴生、洪福增《刑法总则》，台北五南图书出版公司1982年版，第147—149页。
3、高格《刑法知识问答》，黑龙江人民出版社1982年第2版，第35页。
4、《日本刑法判例评释选集》，台北汉林出版社1977年版，第102—109页。
5、《法学》1983年第3期，第52页。
6、杨春洗等编《刑法总论》，第186页。
7、高铭暄主编《刑法学》(修订本)，第177页。
8、(苏)孟金沙总编《苏联刑法总论》，第428页。
9、《日本刑法判例评释选集》，第209页。
10、(苏)契希克瓦节主编《苏维埃刑法总则》，第335页。
11、李光灿主编《中华人民共和国刑法论》吉林出版社1984年版，第274页。
12、中央政法干部学校刑法刑事诉讼法教研室编著《中华人民共和国刑法讲义(总则部分)》，第154页。
13、《法学杂志》1985年第4期，第54—55页。
14、欧阳涛等编著《疑难刑事案件百例析》，广西人民出版社1984年版，第56—59页。
15、《法学杂志》1981年第1、3、4期。
16、库德利夫采夫主编《苏联法律辞典》(第二册)，法律出版社1957年，第67页。
17、赵秉志《放弃重复侵害行为应属犯罪中止》，载《法学季刊》1984年第一期。
18、(苏)盖尔青仲著《刑法总则》，苏联军事法律出版社，第
55页。
19、许鹏飞《比较刑法纲要》，商务印书馆1936年版，第240—242页。
20、基里钦科著《苏维埃刑法中错误的意义》，法律出版社1956年版，第106—108页。
21、韩忠谟《刑法原理》，第241—142页。
22、特拉伊宁《犯罪构成的一般学说》，中国人民大学出版社，120—122页。
23、杨敦先主编《刑法学概论》，光明出版社1985年版，第166页。
24、1958年版《法学季刊》1982年第2期，第71—72页。
25、《巴西联邦共和国刑法典》，法律出版社1965年版，第12页。
26、《法制建设》1984年第5期，第18页。
27、(日)中山研一《牧野英一的刑法理论》，载《国外法学》1981年第5期，第22页
28、(苏)库兹涅佐娃《苏维埃刑法中的预备行为和未遂的责任的几个问题》，中国人民大学出版社1957年版，第57页。
29、甘雨沛、何鹏《外国刑法学》，北京大学出版社1984年版，第406—407页。
30、《马克思恩格斯全集》第1卷，第140页。