西蜀古代园林史研究初探
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摘要
西蜀古代园林是根植于西蜀历史文化土壤上的古典园林,至今保留着从汉到唐宋至明清的历史系列园林。它萌芽于古蜀先秦,发展于秦、汉、两晋南北朝,兴盛于隋唐、五代前后蜀、宋,在元、明时期缓慢发展,成熟于清；历史上曾产生过中国古典园林的所类型,如王府园林蜀汉宫室、宣华池,私家园林可园、西园,以及城市山林浣花溪、摩诃池等。但造园活动却以名人纪念园林与寺庙园林为主流；纵观西蜀古代园林发展史,还可发现另一个具有历史价值的信息,即中国古典园林另一个重要来源——祀祠。祀祠在建造之初,就具有了宗教意义及纪念目的,后经发展,滋生演变出了名人纪念园林、寺庙园林等园林类型,如闻名中外的武侯祠、望丛祠等。因此,在整个中国古典园林发展过程中,西蜀古代园林占据着非常重要的历史地位,不论是现存的古典园林还是已湮灭的园林,都是西蜀地区乃至全中国的宝贵财富。
南宋末年与明末清初的战乱,以及历史的久远等因素,导致绝大部分园林在明末时期面目全非,甚至许多优秀的园林今已无迹可寻。现所存的园林都是经过清朝至民国期间在原址上恢复重建而成形的,因此,本文借助古代文献查阅、文献分析、实地考察等方法,并结合现存的西蜀古代园林实例对西蜀古代园林史进行探索。以历史时间为序,分析了西蜀古代园林的溯源、发展及演变,进而理清园林的历史发展脉络,并对各时期的代表园林(其中包括已湮灭的园林)作了阐述,分析了其发展历程。期望为今后西蜀古代园林进一步研究提供些参考。
Xishu ancient garden is one type of classical garden based on Xishu's history and culture, which was a history series garden and has been preserved the style from the Han Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, which includes Tang Dynasty and Ming Dynasty, and so on.It originated from the Ancient Shu and Ancient Qin, which developed in Qin Dynasty, Han Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, Northern and Southern Dynasties, and which flourished in Sui Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, and Song Dynasty, and which is in slow development in Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty, and which finally become mature in Qing Dynasty.All types of Chinese classical garden has been appeared in Chinese history, such as the lord garden Shu palace, Xuanhua Yuan, private garden Ke Yuan, West Garden, and urban mountains and forests regions like Huanhuaxi gardens, Mahan garden, and so on.Its developing history of gardens also provides a historical value message, which is another important source of Chinese classical gardens temple worship. Which is with the religious significance and the purpose of memory, at the beginning of which was built. After developing, it evolves out of several garden styles, such as celebrity memorial garden and temple garden, and so on, including the world-famous Wuhou Temple and Wangcong Temple, and so on. Therefore, in the process of development of Chinese classical garden, Xishu ancient garden also holds important historical position. Whether existing or already disappeared classical gardens, Xishu ancient garden is the wealth of West Sichuan region and the whole China.
During to the war of late South Song Dynasty and war of late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty, and factors about the long history, The garden has already totally changed in the late Ming Dynasty, even the most outstanding garden has vanished. now the existing gardens are in rehabilitation on the site in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China period.
Based on the method of anglicizing of ancient literature, literature and investigation, combining with the extant examples of Xishu ancient garden, this study explored and analyzed the history of Xishu ancient garden. In the historical time sequence, it analyzed the source, development and evolution of the Xishu ancient garden, even the historical development of the garden. and made paper for representatives garden at each period (including the garden disappeared), expecting for further research of the Xishu ancient garden and reference for the construction of the modern garden.
南宋末年与明末清初的战乱,以及历史的久远等因素,导致绝大部分园林在明末时期面目全非,甚至许多优秀的园林今已无迹可寻。现所存的园林都是经过清朝至民国期间在原址上恢复重建而成形的,因此,本文借助古代文献查阅、文献分析、实地考察等方法,并结合现存的西蜀古代园林实例对西蜀古代园林史进行探索。以历史时间为序,分析了西蜀古代园林的溯源、发展及演变,进而理清园林的历史发展脉络,并对各时期的代表园林(其中包括已湮灭的园林)作了阐述,分析了其发展历程。期望为今后西蜀古代园林进一步研究提供些参考。
Xishu ancient garden is one type of classical garden based on Xishu's history and culture, which was a history series garden and has been preserved the style from the Han Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, which includes Tang Dynasty and Ming Dynasty, and so on.It originated from the Ancient Shu and Ancient Qin, which developed in Qin Dynasty, Han Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, Northern and Southern Dynasties, and which flourished in Sui Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, and Song Dynasty, and which is in slow development in Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty, and which finally become mature in Qing Dynasty.All types of Chinese classical garden has been appeared in Chinese history, such as the lord garden Shu palace, Xuanhua Yuan, private garden Ke Yuan, West Garden, and urban mountains and forests regions like Huanhuaxi gardens, Mahan garden, and so on.Its developing history of gardens also provides a historical value message, which is another important source of Chinese classical gardens temple worship. Which is with the religious significance and the purpose of memory, at the beginning of which was built. After developing, it evolves out of several garden styles, such as celebrity memorial garden and temple garden, and so on, including the world-famous Wuhou Temple and Wangcong Temple, and so on. Therefore, in the process of development of Chinese classical garden, Xishu ancient garden also holds important historical position. Whether existing or already disappeared classical gardens, Xishu ancient garden is the wealth of West Sichuan region and the whole China.
During to the war of late South Song Dynasty and war of late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty, and factors about the long history, The garden has already totally changed in the late Ming Dynasty, even the most outstanding garden has vanished. now the existing gardens are in rehabilitation on the site in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China period.
Based on the method of anglicizing of ancient literature, literature and investigation, combining with the extant examples of Xishu ancient garden, this study explored and analyzed the history of Xishu ancient garden. In the historical time sequence, it analyzed the source, development and evolution of the Xishu ancient garden, even the historical development of the garden. and made paper for representatives garden at each period (including the garden disappeared), expecting for further research of the Xishu ancient garden and reference for the construction of the modern garden.
引文
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[35]曹林娣.中国园林文化[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
[36]段玉明.中国寺庙文化论[M].长春：吉林教育出版社,1999.
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