营运客车侧倾稳定性试验仿真评价研究
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摘要
近年来,高等级公路的快速发展和相关法规的出台为客车制造业发展提供了良好机遇,在客车保有量大幅度递增的同时,客车安全问题不断显现并越来越受到社会关注。侧倾稳定性是客车行驶安全的主要性能,也是评价客车安全性能的主要指标之一。国内外标准GB 13094-2007《客车结构安全要求》、GB 7258-2004《机动车运行安全技术条件》、ECER66《客车上部强度》等都对客车侧倾稳定性作出了相关要求和规定,我国近年颁布的GB/T 14172-2009《汽车静侧翻稳定性台架试验方法》对静侧翻稳定性试验作出了细致、明确的规定。多年来国内外针对车辆的侧倾稳定性进行了大量的研究。然而,目前对客车侧倾稳定性虚拟仿真试验方面的研究还处于起步阶段,存在的主要问题是没有专门用于客车侧倾稳定性试验的仿真软件、通用化的仿真建模方法和开展对影响侧翻稳定性因素中客车尺寸和布置等设计参数的研究等。
本文根据国内外相关标准对侧倾稳定性试验的要求和规定,参照整车侧倾数学模型,结合客车的结构和总布置特点,进行了营运客车侧倾稳定性试验仿真评价方面的研究,并以仿真软件ADAMS为二次开发平台,结合VC++设计开发了客车侧倾稳定性试验仿真评价软件,提出了一种快速确定客车最大侧倾稳定角的方法(目前该软件只适用于9-12m的大客车)。同时,以部分具体车型为例,利用该软件进行侧倾稳定性试验仿真,通过仿真计算值与实车试验值的对比,验证了软件仿真试验结果的准确性。
此外,还研究分析了客车设计参数对侧倾稳定性影响的敏感程度,提出了将对客车侧倾稳定性影响较大的悬架侧倾角刚度(也可以用线刚度来代替)、轮胎垂直方向刚度、轮距、通道地板高、高地板高、座椅高、乘客数等作为建模时的主要考虑参数,并在此基础上讨论分析了客车侧倾稳定性的通用化仿真建模方法。
本论文的研究内容和成果不仅为评价客车侧倾稳定性提供了一种快捷、方便的方法,而且可以通过分析客车尺寸和布置等设计参数对侧倾稳定性的影响程度,找出最优方案,为设计和制造具有高侧倾稳定性的客车产品提供参考。
In recent years,due to the rapid development of highway and the introduction of regulations, bus manufacturing has a good opportunity for development, the ownership of buses increased dramatically,buses'security problem appears unceasingly and receive more and more attentions. The rollover stability is not only the main performance of buses'driving security,but also one of the most important aspects of the buses'securities. Domestic and international standards GB13094-2007"the Requirements of Buses' Structrual Security", GB7258-2004"tne Technical Conditions of Operational Security for Motor Vehicles" and ECER66"the Strength of Buses'Superstructrue",etc.made relevant requirements and regulations of the buses'rollover stability.GB/T 14172-2009"the Method of Automotive Static Rollover Stability Testing"enacted recent years in our country made detailed and specific provisions.For the past many years,Scholars at home and abroad have done massive research to vehicles' rollover stability.However,currently the research to the virtual simulation of buses'rollover stability testing is still in its infancy, the main problems are, that haven't simulatin software specially using for buses' rollover stability testing,Universal method of simulation's modeling and carrying out the research to bus'design parameters in factors affecting the rollover stability,etc..
According to the requirements and regulations of domestic and international relevant standards on the rollover stability testing, reference to mathematical model of vehicle rollover, Combination of buses'structure and characteristics of the general arrangement,this paper using ADAMS simulation software as a secondary development platform,designing with VC++, developes simulation evaluative software on bus rollover stability testing,and proposes a rapid method to determine the bus maximum rollover stability angle(Now this software just applies to 9-12m bus). At the sametime, it takes some buses for the example and verifies the accuracy of the calculation method through the simulation of the module value and test value of real vechicle comparison.
In addition,this paper analyzes the influence of maximum rollover stability angle by the bus design parameters.it proposes suspensions'camber stiffness(used in place of linear stiffness),tires' vertical stiffness,track,channel floor's height, high floor's height,seat's height and passengers as main considered parameters of modeling,and on this basis,discusses and analyzes universal method of simulation's modeling on buses' rollover stability.
The content and results of this paper provide a fast and convenient way for evaluating buses' rollover stability, and passing through the influence of maximum rollover stability angle by the bus design parameters such as size and layout,find out the optimal solution,offer reference for designing and manufacturing bus products with favorable rollover stability.
本文根据国内外相关标准对侧倾稳定性试验的要求和规定,参照整车侧倾数学模型,结合客车的结构和总布置特点,进行了营运客车侧倾稳定性试验仿真评价方面的研究,并以仿真软件ADAMS为二次开发平台,结合VC++设计开发了客车侧倾稳定性试验仿真评价软件,提出了一种快速确定客车最大侧倾稳定角的方法(目前该软件只适用于9-12m的大客车)。同时,以部分具体车型为例,利用该软件进行侧倾稳定性试验仿真,通过仿真计算值与实车试验值的对比,验证了软件仿真试验结果的准确性。
此外,还研究分析了客车设计参数对侧倾稳定性影响的敏感程度,提出了将对客车侧倾稳定性影响较大的悬架侧倾角刚度(也可以用线刚度来代替)、轮胎垂直方向刚度、轮距、通道地板高、高地板高、座椅高、乘客数等作为建模时的主要考虑参数,并在此基础上讨论分析了客车侧倾稳定性的通用化仿真建模方法。
本论文的研究内容和成果不仅为评价客车侧倾稳定性提供了一种快捷、方便的方法,而且可以通过分析客车尺寸和布置等设计参数对侧倾稳定性的影响程度,找出最优方案,为设计和制造具有高侧倾稳定性的客车产品提供参考。
In recent years,due to the rapid development of highway and the introduction of regulations, bus manufacturing has a good opportunity for development, the ownership of buses increased dramatically,buses'security problem appears unceasingly and receive more and more attentions. The rollover stability is not only the main performance of buses'driving security,but also one of the most important aspects of the buses'securities. Domestic and international standards GB13094-2007"the Requirements of Buses' Structrual Security", GB7258-2004"tne Technical Conditions of Operational Security for Motor Vehicles" and ECER66"the Strength of Buses'Superstructrue",etc.made relevant requirements and regulations of the buses'rollover stability.GB/T 14172-2009"the Method of Automotive Static Rollover Stability Testing"enacted recent years in our country made detailed and specific provisions.For the past many years,Scholars at home and abroad have done massive research to vehicles' rollover stability.However,currently the research to the virtual simulation of buses'rollover stability testing is still in its infancy, the main problems are, that haven't simulatin software specially using for buses' rollover stability testing,Universal method of simulation's modeling and carrying out the research to bus'design parameters in factors affecting the rollover stability,etc..
According to the requirements and regulations of domestic and international relevant standards on the rollover stability testing, reference to mathematical model of vehicle rollover, Combination of buses'structure and characteristics of the general arrangement,this paper using ADAMS simulation software as a secondary development platform,designing with VC++, developes simulation evaluative software on bus rollover stability testing,and proposes a rapid method to determine the bus maximum rollover stability angle(Now this software just applies to 9-12m bus). At the sametime, it takes some buses for the example and verifies the accuracy of the calculation method through the simulation of the module value and test value of real vechicle comparison.
In addition,this paper analyzes the influence of maximum rollover stability angle by the bus design parameters.it proposes suspensions'camber stiffness(used in place of linear stiffness),tires' vertical stiffness,track,channel floor's height, high floor's height,seat's height and passengers as main considered parameters of modeling,and on this basis,discusses and analyzes universal method of simulation's modeling on buses' rollover stability.
The content and results of this paper provide a fast and convenient way for evaluating buses' rollover stability, and passing through the influence of maximum rollover stability angle by the bus design parameters such as size and layout,find out the optimal solution,offer reference for designing and manufacturing bus products with favorable rollover stability.
引文
[1]吴光强.探寻应对当前道路交通事故高发的对策[J].汽车与安全,2009,(6)：52-55
[2]国家统计局.2009-中国统计摘要[M].北京：中国统计出版社,2009
[3]Terry M. Klein, A Statistical Analysis of Vehicle Rollover Propensity and Vehicle Stability, SAE920584
[4]ECE R66, Uniform Provisions Concerning the Approval of Large Passenger Vehicles with regard to the Strength of their Superstructrue[S].2005
[5]ECE R107, Uniform Provisions Concerning the Approval of Category M2 or M3 Vehicles with regard to their General Construction[S].1998
[6]White. D, Tidbury. G. Bus Rollover Stability[J]. I Mech E Conference Publications (Institution of Mechanical Engineers), p 21-28,1986
[7]El-Gindy.M, Hosamel-deen.Y.H. Sensitivity Parametric Analysis of UMTRI Static Roll Model [J]. International Journal of Vehicle Design, v 10, n 2, p 187-209,1989
[8]Padmanaban.Jeya, Kalinowski.Ann. Logistic Regression in Passenger Vehicle Rollover Research[J]. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (Paper), p 1-11,1992
[9]Sankar.S, Surial.S. Sensitivity analysis approach for fast estimation of rollover stability of heavy articulated vehicles during steady state turning[J]. Heavy Vehicle Systems, v 1, n 3, p 282-303,1994
[10]Eger.Ralf, Majjad.Rachid. Rollover Simulation based on a Nonlinear Model[J]. SAE Special Publications, v 1321, p 1-7, Feb 1998
[11]Jin.Z.L, Weng.J.S, Hu.H.Y. Rollover Stability of a Vehicle during Critical Driving Manoeuvres[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:Journal of Automobile Engineering, v 221, n 9, p 1041-1049,2007
[12]王宣,李宏光,赵航.现代汽车安全[M].北京：人民交通出版社,1998
[13]GB 7258-2004,机动车运行安全技术条件[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2004
[14]GB 13094-2007,客车结构安全要求[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2007
[15]GB 19950-2005,双层客车结构安全要求[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2005
[16]宋健,张越今,穆希辉.机械系统分析软件ADAMS在汽车列车动力学仿真中的应 用[J].汽车工程,1997,V19(5)：286-290
[17]刘合法,花家寿.汽车侧倾稳定性的动态仿真(一)——数学模型的建立[J].传动技术,2003(6)：25-34
[18]于国飞,艾维全,孔德文,吴光强.基于ADAMS/CAR二次开发模块研究汽车平顺性[J].汽车技术,2005,(12)：9-11
[19]吴生玉,赵又群,张海滨.非线性车辆瞬态侧倾模型研究分析[J].上海汽车,2006,(11)：31-33
[20]宗长富,麦莉,李雅娟.重型半挂车的动力学建模及侧倾稳定性分析[J].辽宁工业大学学报,2008,V28(1)：52-56
[21]石博强,申炎华,宁晓斌,李跃娟.ADAMS基础与工程范例教程[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2007
[22]任卫群.车-路系统动力学中的虚拟样机[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2005
[23]饶剑.基于ADAMS的悬架系统动力学仿真分析与优化设计[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2005
[24]陈立平,张云清,任卫群,覃刚等.机械系统动力学分析及ADAMS应用教程[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2005
[25]丁良旭,徐宗俊,郭钢.汽车横向静侧翻稳定性的仿真评估[J].客车技术与研究,2005,V27(6)：10-12
[26]肖杰,雷玉成,张平,等.汽车静态最大侧倾稳定角及其影响因素敏感度分析[J].中国制造业信息化,2006,V35(11)：64-67
[27]余志生.汽车理论第4版[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2006.5
[28]廖芳,王承.横向稳定杆建模方法研究[J].汽车技术,2006,(1)：36-38
[29]GB/T 13053-2008,客车车内尺寸[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2008
[30]中国公路学会客车分会,江苏省交通科学研究院.客车制造工艺技术(第二版)[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2008.12
[31]陆有江.基于ADAMS的大客车侧倾稳定性试验仿真模块开发[D].西安：长安大学,2009
[32]JT/T 325-2006,营运客车类型划分及等级评定[S].北京：人民交通出版社,2006
[33]封进.大变形条件下客车前风挡玻璃的强度试验方法[J].技术与研究,2008,(7)：42-43
[34]GB/T 12482-90,客车侧窗平面玻璃规格系列[S].北京：中国标准出版社,1990
[35]GB/T 12428-2005,客车装载质量计算方法[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2005
[36]陆有江,申福林.大客车侧倾稳定性试验中人体质心高度的确定[A].2009年中国客车学术年会论文集[C].陕西科学技术出版社,2009
[37]GB/T 14172-2009,汽车静侧翻稳定性台架试验方法[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2009
[38]张海南.大客车空气悬挂部件对侧倾稳定性影响的仿真研究[A].2010年中国客车学术年会论文集[C].陕西科学技术出版社,2010
[2]国家统计局.2009-中国统计摘要[M].北京：中国统计出版社,2009
[3]Terry M. Klein, A Statistical Analysis of Vehicle Rollover Propensity and Vehicle Stability, SAE920584
[4]ECE R66, Uniform Provisions Concerning the Approval of Large Passenger Vehicles with regard to the Strength of their Superstructrue[S].2005
[5]ECE R107, Uniform Provisions Concerning the Approval of Category M2 or M3 Vehicles with regard to their General Construction[S].1998
[6]White. D, Tidbury. G. Bus Rollover Stability[J]. I Mech E Conference Publications (Institution of Mechanical Engineers), p 21-28,1986
[7]El-Gindy.M, Hosamel-deen.Y.H. Sensitivity Parametric Analysis of UMTRI Static Roll Model [J]. International Journal of Vehicle Design, v 10, n 2, p 187-209,1989
[8]Padmanaban.Jeya, Kalinowski.Ann. Logistic Regression in Passenger Vehicle Rollover Research[J]. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (Paper), p 1-11,1992
[9]Sankar.S, Surial.S. Sensitivity analysis approach for fast estimation of rollover stability of heavy articulated vehicles during steady state turning[J]. Heavy Vehicle Systems, v 1, n 3, p 282-303,1994
[10]Eger.Ralf, Majjad.Rachid. Rollover Simulation based on a Nonlinear Model[J]. SAE Special Publications, v 1321, p 1-7, Feb 1998
[11]Jin.Z.L, Weng.J.S, Hu.H.Y. Rollover Stability of a Vehicle during Critical Driving Manoeuvres[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:Journal of Automobile Engineering, v 221, n 9, p 1041-1049,2007
[12]王宣,李宏光,赵航.现代汽车安全[M].北京：人民交通出版社,1998
[13]GB 7258-2004,机动车运行安全技术条件[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2004
[14]GB 13094-2007,客车结构安全要求[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2007
[15]GB 19950-2005,双层客车结构安全要求[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2005
[16]宋健,张越今,穆希辉.机械系统分析软件ADAMS在汽车列车动力学仿真中的应 用[J].汽车工程,1997,V19(5)：286-290
[17]刘合法,花家寿.汽车侧倾稳定性的动态仿真(一)——数学模型的建立[J].传动技术,2003(6)：25-34
[18]于国飞,艾维全,孔德文,吴光强.基于ADAMS/CAR二次开发模块研究汽车平顺性[J].汽车技术,2005,(12)：9-11
[19]吴生玉,赵又群,张海滨.非线性车辆瞬态侧倾模型研究分析[J].上海汽车,2006,(11)：31-33
[20]宗长富,麦莉,李雅娟.重型半挂车的动力学建模及侧倾稳定性分析[J].辽宁工业大学学报,2008,V28(1)：52-56
[21]石博强,申炎华,宁晓斌,李跃娟.ADAMS基础与工程范例教程[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2007
[22]任卫群.车-路系统动力学中的虚拟样机[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2005
[23]饶剑.基于ADAMS的悬架系统动力学仿真分析与优化设计[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2005
[24]陈立平,张云清,任卫群,覃刚等.机械系统动力学分析及ADAMS应用教程[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2005
[25]丁良旭,徐宗俊,郭钢.汽车横向静侧翻稳定性的仿真评估[J].客车技术与研究,2005,V27(6)：10-12
[26]肖杰,雷玉成,张平,等.汽车静态最大侧倾稳定角及其影响因素敏感度分析[J].中国制造业信息化,2006,V35(11)：64-67
[27]余志生.汽车理论第4版[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2006.5
[28]廖芳,王承.横向稳定杆建模方法研究[J].汽车技术,2006,(1)：36-38
[29]GB/T 13053-2008,客车车内尺寸[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2008
[30]中国公路学会客车分会,江苏省交通科学研究院.客车制造工艺技术(第二版)[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2008.12
[31]陆有江.基于ADAMS的大客车侧倾稳定性试验仿真模块开发[D].西安：长安大学,2009
[32]JT/T 325-2006,营运客车类型划分及等级评定[S].北京：人民交通出版社,2006
[33]封进.大变形条件下客车前风挡玻璃的强度试验方法[J].技术与研究,2008,(7)：42-43
[34]GB/T 12482-90,客车侧窗平面玻璃规格系列[S].北京：中国标准出版社,1990
[35]GB/T 12428-2005,客车装载质量计算方法[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2005
[36]陆有江,申福林.大客车侧倾稳定性试验中人体质心高度的确定[A].2009年中国客车学术年会论文集[C].陕西科学技术出版社,2009
[37]GB/T 14172-2009,汽车静侧翻稳定性台架试验方法[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2009
[38]张海南.大客车空气悬挂部件对侧倾稳定性影响的仿真研究[A].2010年中国客车学术年会论文集[C].陕西科学技术出版社,2010