味嗅觉通感转移模型（GO-STM）的构建及英汉对比研究
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摘要
通感具有隐喻性,不仅是语言现象更是一种思维方式。本文在前人研究的基础上,运用语料考证、细化并对比英汉味嗅觉通感表达,尝试建立“味嗅觉转移模型(Gustatory and Olfactory Sensory Transfer Model,简称GO-STM)”,并佐以具体数据比例。
本文分五章:
第一章简要介绍与本文相关的通感研究,确定研究对象、目的和方法。
第二章回顾了国内外学者以往研究。(1)以英语通感为对象,如:Ullmann和Williams总结了通感由“低级感官向高级感官”转移的层级性规律; Day从神经与语言之间的联系做出了论述;(2)以汉语通感为对象,如:赵艳芳评述了通感模型;孟晓熙以跨越1700年的中文诗句为语料设计出自己的STM。但是他们对味嗅觉通感论述不详、数据不全、讨论不周,英汉对比仍为空白。
第三章将从Thesaurus、《现代汉语分类词典》、《现代汉语词典(第五版)》等所收集到的味嗅觉词作为关键搜索词分别输入英语国家语料库、国家语委语料库和北京大学现代汉语语料库,其结果如下:
将所收集到的197(81+116)个通感隐喻进行分类,归纳和深入分析。
第四章为弥补前人研究之不足,拟建构GO-STM以能详细论述英汉两民族味嗅觉通感规律,并首次依据语料进行英汉对比。研究发现,英汉两民族味嗅觉通感机制基本相仿,但在具体表达和频率分布上存在局部差异。
第五章总结全文内容,主要有以下三点贡献:
1.首次基于封闭语料专题研究味嗅觉通感,并进行英汉对比;
2.基于调查数据建构了GO-STM认知模型,以能对味嗅觉通感现象做出合理解释;英汉语味嗅觉通感死隐喻(指已在词典中列出转移性义项,附录2中注为“√”)分别为48.1
3.从神经认知科学和认知语言学角度阐释了通感隐喻的体验性基础。同时,本章指出本文欠缺之处,并为以后的研究提出点滴建议。
Synaesthesia is metaphorical. It is a linguistic phenomenon and at the same time acts as a mode of thinking. Based on previous studies, this thesis examines, refines and compares English-Chinese gustatory and olfactory-synaesthetic metaphors by means of data, and further puts forward Gustatory and Olfactory Sensory Transfer Model (GO-STM for short) with specific data distribution.
This thesis consists of five chapters.
Chapter 1 provides a general introduction to relative studies of synaesthesia. Then, it presents the object, purpose and approach adopted for this thesis.
Chapter 2 reviews the research background and presents a new hypothesis. (1) In terms of English synaesthesia, for example, Ullmann and Williams have concluded the“hierarchical distribution”, i.e., synaesthetic transfers from the“lower”to the“higher”sensory modes; Day puts his interest in the connection of neurology and linguistics; (2) with Chinese synaesthesia, for instance, Zhao Yanfang has also illustrated her viewpoint for synaesthesia; Meng Xiaoxi has designed her STM based on Chinese poetry. However, their researches lack in the detail illustration, sufficiency of data and discussion on gustatory and olfactory synaesthesia. What’s more, up to now, there’s no comparative study between English and Chinese in these two aspects.
Chapter 3 inputs the gustatory and olfactory words collected from Thesaurus, Dictionary of Modern Chinese Classification (1998) (《现代汉语分类词典》(1998)) and Modern Chinese Dictionary (the 5th Edition) (《现代汉语词典》(第五版)) into British National Corpus (BNC), State Language Committee Corpus and Modern Chinese Corpus of Peking University with the results as the following table shows:
What’s more, we classify, induce and analyze the 197 (81+116) synaesthetic metaphors collected.
Chapter 4 constructs GO-STM to illustrate the gustatory and olfactory synaesthesia of English and Chinese in order to bridge the gap left by previous studies. It is found that the gustatory and olfactory-synaesthetic mechanism is similar between English and Chinese with slight difference in specific linguistic expressions and frequency.
Chapter 5 summarizes the achievements of this thesis as the three following points:
1. The thesis is the first monograph of gustatory and olfactory-synaesthetic metaphors based on a self-closed corpus. What’s more, the comparative study of English and Chinese has also been conducted.
2. It constructs GO-STM based on data in accounting for gustatory and olfactory synaesthesia, with percentage of English (48.1%) and Chinese (48.3%) gustatory and olfactory-synaesthetic dead metaphors.
3. It elucidates the embodiment basis of synaesthesia in terms of Cognitive Linguistics and Neurology.
In addition, this chapter also suggests the limitation of the present study and puts forward suggestions for further study.
本文分五章:
第一章简要介绍与本文相关的通感研究,确定研究对象、目的和方法。
第二章回顾了国内外学者以往研究。(1)以英语通感为对象,如:Ullmann和Williams总结了通感由“低级感官向高级感官”转移的层级性规律; Day从神经与语言之间的联系做出了论述;(2)以汉语通感为对象,如:赵艳芳评述了通感模型;孟晓熙以跨越1700年的中文诗句为语料设计出自己的STM。但是他们对味嗅觉通感论述不详、数据不全、讨论不周,英汉对比仍为空白。
第三章将从Thesaurus、《现代汉语分类词典》、《现代汉语词典(第五版)》等所收集到的味嗅觉词作为关键搜索词分别输入英语国家语料库、国家语委语料库和北京大学现代汉语语料库,其结果如下:
将所收集到的197(81+116)个通感隐喻进行分类,归纳和深入分析。
第四章为弥补前人研究之不足,拟建构GO-STM以能详细论述英汉两民族味嗅觉通感规律,并首次依据语料进行英汉对比。研究发现,英汉两民族味嗅觉通感机制基本相仿,但在具体表达和频率分布上存在局部差异。
第五章总结全文内容,主要有以下三点贡献:
1.首次基于封闭语料专题研究味嗅觉通感,并进行英汉对比;
2.基于调查数据建构了GO-STM认知模型,以能对味嗅觉通感现象做出合理解释;英汉语味嗅觉通感死隐喻(指已在词典中列出转移性义项,附录2中注为“√”)分别为48.1
3.从神经认知科学和认知语言学角度阐释了通感隐喻的体验性基础。同时,本章指出本文欠缺之处,并为以后的研究提出点滴建议。
Synaesthesia is metaphorical. It is a linguistic phenomenon and at the same time acts as a mode of thinking. Based on previous studies, this thesis examines, refines and compares English-Chinese gustatory and olfactory-synaesthetic metaphors by means of data, and further puts forward Gustatory and Olfactory Sensory Transfer Model (GO-STM for short) with specific data distribution.
This thesis consists of five chapters.
Chapter 1 provides a general introduction to relative studies of synaesthesia. Then, it presents the object, purpose and approach adopted for this thesis.
Chapter 2 reviews the research background and presents a new hypothesis. (1) In terms of English synaesthesia, for example, Ullmann and Williams have concluded the“hierarchical distribution”, i.e., synaesthetic transfers from the“lower”to the“higher”sensory modes; Day puts his interest in the connection of neurology and linguistics; (2) with Chinese synaesthesia, for instance, Zhao Yanfang has also illustrated her viewpoint for synaesthesia; Meng Xiaoxi has designed her STM based on Chinese poetry. However, their researches lack in the detail illustration, sufficiency of data and discussion on gustatory and olfactory synaesthesia. What’s more, up to now, there’s no comparative study between English and Chinese in these two aspects.
Chapter 3 inputs the gustatory and olfactory words collected from Thesaurus, Dictionary of Modern Chinese Classification (1998) (《现代汉语分类词典》(1998)) and Modern Chinese Dictionary (the 5th Edition) (《现代汉语词典》(第五版)) into British National Corpus (BNC), State Language Committee Corpus and Modern Chinese Corpus of Peking University with the results as the following table shows:
What’s more, we classify, induce and analyze the 197 (81+116) synaesthetic metaphors collected.
Chapter 4 constructs GO-STM to illustrate the gustatory and olfactory synaesthesia of English and Chinese in order to bridge the gap left by previous studies. It is found that the gustatory and olfactory-synaesthetic mechanism is similar between English and Chinese with slight difference in specific linguistic expressions and frequency.
Chapter 5 summarizes the achievements of this thesis as the three following points:
1. The thesis is the first monograph of gustatory and olfactory-synaesthetic metaphors based on a self-closed corpus. What’s more, the comparative study of English and Chinese has also been conducted.
2. It constructs GO-STM based on data in accounting for gustatory and olfactory synaesthesia, with percentage of English (48.1%) and Chinese (48.3%) gustatory and olfactory-synaesthetic dead metaphors.
3. It elucidates the embodiment basis of synaesthesia in terms of Cognitive Linguistics and Neurology.
In addition, this chapter also suggests the limitation of the present study and puts forward suggestions for further study.
引文
Auvray, M. & Spence, C. (2008). The multisensory perception of flavor. Consciousness and Cognition, 17, 1016-1031.
Brillat-Savarin, J. A. (1835). The physiology of taste. J. P. Meline: Bruxelles (A. Lalauze, Trans.) (1984), A handbook of gastronomy. London: Nimmo & Bain.
Cytowic, R. E. (1993). The man who tasted shapes. New York: Putnam.
Cytowic, R. E. (1995a). Touching tastes, seeing smells—And shaking up brain science. 25 May, 2009..
Cytowic, R. E. (1995b). Synesthesia: Phenomenology and neuropsychology—A review of current knowledge. 25 May, 2009..
Day, S. (1996). Synaesthesia and synaesthetic metaphors. 26 May, 2009..
Erzsébet, P. D. (1973). Synaesthesia and poetry. Poetics, 11, 23-44.
Fauconnier, G. & Turner, M. (2002). The way we think—Conceptual blending and mind’s hidden complexities. New York: Basic Books.
Gibson, J. J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Kovecese, Z. (2002). Metaphor. London: Oxford University Press.
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in the flesh: The embodied mind and its challenge to western thought. New York: Basic Books.
Lindauer, M. (1991). Physiognomy and verbal synesthesia compared: Affective and intersensory descriptors of nouns with drawings and art. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 6 (3), 183-202.
Ramachandran, V. & Hubbard, E. (2001). Psychophysical investigations into the neural basis of synaesthesia. The Royal Society, 268, 979-983.
Roget, P. (2003). Roget’s thesaurus of English words and phrases. Penguin Books.
Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. (2004).上海:外语教学与研究出版社.
Ullmann, S. (1957). The principles of semantics. Oxford: Blackwell.
Ungerer, F. & Schmid, H. J. (2001). An introduction to Cognitive Linguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Ward, J. & Simner, J. (2003). Lexical-gustatory synaesthesia: Linguistic and conceptual factors. Cognition, 89, 237-261.
Ward, J. et al. (2005). A comparison of lexical-gustatory and grapheme-color synaesthesia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 22 (1), 28-41.
Williams, J. (1976). Synaesthetic adjectives: A possible law of semantic change. Language, 52 (2), 461-478.
Yu, N. (1992). A possible semantic law in synaesthetic transfer: Evidence from Chinese. The SECOL Review, 16 (1), 20-40.
Yu, N. (2003). Synesthetic metaphor: A cognitive perspective. Journal of Literary Semantics, 32 (1), 19-34.
陈晨,贺国伟,徐玉明. (1986).简明汉语逆序词典.上海:知识出版社.
辞海. (2004).北京:商务印书馆.
辞源. (2004).北京:商务印书馆.
董大年. (1998).现代汉语分类辞典.上海:汉语大词典出版社.
郭焰坤. (1998).通感的历史演变及心理基础.修辞学习, 89 (5), 11-12.
胡佩迦. (2005).汉语中感觉知觉词的隐喻认知义考察.湖北师范学院学报(哲学社会科学), 25 (2), 73-77.
李国南. (1996).论“通感”的人类生理学共性.外国语, 103 (3), 34-40.
刘珍. (2004a).“通感”的认知性立体透视.宜春学院学报(社会科学), 26 (1), 400-404.
刘珍. (2004b).“通感”与英汉感觉形容词词义转移的对比分析.重庆工学院学报, 18 (3), 144-146.
刘珍. (2004c).感官形容词词义演变分析.湛江海洋大学学报, 24 (2), 97-101.
孟晓熙. (2007).通感隐喻中感觉转移模型(STM)的构建—一项基于中文诗词语料库的研究.
牛津高阶英语词典. (2005).牛津出版社.
社会科学院语言研究所词典编撰室. (2005).现代汉语词典第5版.北京:商务印书馆.
史琼. (1999).鼻里闻声耳中见色——浅谈通感的心理机制.修辞学习, 95 (5), 32.
宋兆娟. (2008).也谈“通感”——从心理学到认知语言学.安顺学院学报, 10 (1), 33-36.
汪少华,徐健. (2002).通感与概念隐喻.外语学刊, 110 (3), 91-94.
汪少华. (2001).移觉的认知性阐释.修辞学习, 106 (4),18-20.
汪少华. (2002).通感?联想?认知.现代外语, 96 (25), 187-194.
王彩丽. (2005).通感现象的理据及功能特点分析.外语教学, 25 (1), 35-37.
王寅. (2007).认知语言学.上海:上海外语教育出版社.
王志红. (2005).通感隐喻的认知阐释.修辞学习, 129 (3), 59-61.
伍敬芳,赵湘波. (2006).英、日、汉语中的通感现象—从心理学到认知语言学.广东外语外贸大学学报, 17 (1), 65-68.
伍铁平. (1989).不同语言的味觉词和温度词对客观现实的不同切分.语言教学与研究, 1,120-136.
辛燕,苏晓军. (2008).试析通感之动因与意义建构.苏州大学学报(工科版), 28 (1), 82-84.
徐莲. (2003).日汉语感觉词语的通感式词义引申之比较.日语学习与研究, 115 (4), 39-44.
徐莲. (2004).通感式词义引申的规律及其扩展.解放军外国语学院学报, 27 (5), 14-19.
杨波,张辉. (2007).跨感官感知与通感形容词研究.外语教学, 28 (1), 16-21.
於宁. (1989).“通感”与语义演变规律——国外研究成果介绍.修辞学习,(6), 32-33.
於宁. (1992).从汉语角度看“通感”中的语义演变普遍原则.修辞学习,(4), 14-15.
岳守国. (1995).“通感”引起的词义演变.福建外语, 45 (3), 32-33.
张韶岩. (1999).日汉语基本味觉词引申义之比较.解放军外国语学院学报, 22 (6), 35-38.
张羽. (2008).论通感及感觉词语的跨感觉迁移.长春理工大学学报(高教版), 3 (2), 147-149.
赵艳芳. (2001).认知语言学概论.上海:上海外语教育出版社.
Brillat-Savarin, J. A. (1835). The physiology of taste. J. P. Meline: Bruxelles (A. Lalauze, Trans.) (1984), A handbook of gastronomy. London: Nimmo & Bain.
Cytowic, R. E. (1993). The man who tasted shapes. New York: Putnam.
Cytowic, R. E. (1995a). Touching tastes, seeing smells—And shaking up brain science. 25 May, 2009.
Cytowic, R. E. (1995b). Synesthesia: Phenomenology and neuropsychology—A review of current knowledge. 25 May, 2009.
Day, S. (1996). Synaesthesia and synaesthetic metaphors. 26 May, 2009.
Erzsébet, P. D. (1973). Synaesthesia and poetry. Poetics, 11, 23-44.
Fauconnier, G. & Turner, M. (2002). The way we think—Conceptual blending and mind’s hidden complexities. New York: Basic Books.
Gibson, J. J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Kovecese, Z. (2002). Metaphor. London: Oxford University Press.
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in the flesh: The embodied mind and its challenge to western thought. New York: Basic Books.
Lindauer, M. (1991). Physiognomy and verbal synesthesia compared: Affective and intersensory descriptors of nouns with drawings and art. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 6 (3), 183-202.
Ramachandran, V. & Hubbard, E. (2001). Psychophysical investigations into the neural basis of synaesthesia. The Royal Society, 268, 979-983.
Roget, P. (2003). Roget’s thesaurus of English words and phrases. Penguin Books.
Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. (2004).上海:外语教学与研究出版社.
Ullmann, S. (1957). The principles of semantics. Oxford: Blackwell.
Ungerer, F. & Schmid, H. J. (2001). An introduction to Cognitive Linguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Ward, J. & Simner, J. (2003). Lexical-gustatory synaesthesia: Linguistic and conceptual factors. Cognition, 89, 237-261.
Ward, J. et al. (2005). A comparison of lexical-gustatory and grapheme-color synaesthesia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 22 (1), 28-41.
Williams, J. (1976). Synaesthetic adjectives: A possible law of semantic change. Language, 52 (2), 461-478.
Yu, N. (1992). A possible semantic law in synaesthetic transfer: Evidence from Chinese. The SECOL Review, 16 (1), 20-40.
Yu, N. (2003). Synesthetic metaphor: A cognitive perspective. Journal of Literary Semantics, 32 (1), 19-34.
陈晨,贺国伟,徐玉明. (1986).简明汉语逆序词典.上海:知识出版社.
辞海. (2004).北京:商务印书馆.
辞源. (2004).北京:商务印书馆.
董大年. (1998).现代汉语分类辞典.上海:汉语大词典出版社.
郭焰坤. (1998).通感的历史演变及心理基础.修辞学习, 89 (5), 11-12.
胡佩迦. (2005).汉语中感觉知觉词的隐喻认知义考察.湖北师范学院学报(哲学社会科学), 25 (2), 73-77.
李国南. (1996).论“通感”的人类生理学共性.外国语, 103 (3), 34-40.
刘珍. (2004a).“通感”的认知性立体透视.宜春学院学报(社会科学), 26 (1), 400-404.
刘珍. (2004b).“通感”与英汉感觉形容词词义转移的对比分析.重庆工学院学报, 18 (3), 144-146.
刘珍. (2004c).感官形容词词义演变分析.湛江海洋大学学报, 24 (2), 97-101.
孟晓熙. (2007).通感隐喻中感觉转移模型(STM)的构建—一项基于中文诗词语料库的研究.
牛津高阶英语词典. (2005).牛津出版社.
社会科学院语言研究所词典编撰室. (2005).现代汉语词典第5版.北京:商务印书馆.
史琼. (1999).鼻里闻声耳中见色——浅谈通感的心理机制.修辞学习, 95 (5), 32.
宋兆娟. (2008).也谈“通感”——从心理学到认知语言学.安顺学院学报, 10 (1), 33-36.
汪少华,徐健. (2002).通感与概念隐喻.外语学刊, 110 (3), 91-94.
汪少华. (2001).移觉的认知性阐释.修辞学习, 106 (4),18-20.
汪少华. (2002).通感?联想?认知.现代外语, 96 (25), 187-194.
王彩丽. (2005).通感现象的理据及功能特点分析.外语教学, 25 (1), 35-37.
王寅. (2007).认知语言学.上海:上海外语教育出版社.
王志红. (2005).通感隐喻的认知阐释.修辞学习, 129 (3), 59-61.
伍敬芳,赵湘波. (2006).英、日、汉语中的通感现象—从心理学到认知语言学.广东外语外贸大学学报, 17 (1), 65-68.
伍铁平. (1989).不同语言的味觉词和温度词对客观现实的不同切分.语言教学与研究, 1,120-136.
辛燕,苏晓军. (2008).试析通感之动因与意义建构.苏州大学学报(工科版), 28 (1), 82-84.
徐莲. (2003).日汉语感觉词语的通感式词义引申之比较.日语学习与研究, 115 (4), 39-44.
徐莲. (2004).通感式词义引申的规律及其扩展.解放军外国语学院学报, 27 (5), 14-19.
杨波,张辉. (2007).跨感官感知与通感形容词研究.外语教学, 28 (1), 16-21.
於宁. (1989).“通感”与语义演变规律——国外研究成果介绍.修辞学习,(6), 32-33.
於宁. (1992).从汉语角度看“通感”中的语义演变普遍原则.修辞学习,(4), 14-15.
岳守国. (1995).“通感”引起的词义演变.福建外语, 45 (3), 32-33.
张韶岩. (1999).日汉语基本味觉词引申义之比较.解放军外国语学院学报, 22 (6), 35-38.
张羽. (2008).论通感及感觉词语的跨感觉迁移.长春理工大学学报(高教版), 3 (2), 147-149.
赵艳芳. (2001).认知语言学概论.上海:上海外语教育出版社.