室内燃气泄漏扩散状态模拟及后果分析
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摘要
近年来,随着环保要求的提高及生活条件的改善,气体燃料,如人工煤气、液化气、天然气等逐渐成为城市居民生活燃料的主体,同时在工业领域的应用范围也在不断扩大。气体燃料的特点是易泄漏和易燃易爆,当这些可燃气体在室内有限空间内发生泄漏后,就会增加火灾和爆炸发生的危险性。同时,由于燃料的比重不同于空气,以及门窗等有限通风条件的存在,导致室内燃料浓度分布是一个非均匀的变化过程。而气体燃料的着火与爆炸的发生是有一定的浓度界线的,在这一非均匀的燃料浓度场中,可燃区域是有限的。因此,系统地研究室内燃气泄漏的扩散过程与发展、可燃区域的变化以及着火发生的危险性等,对防止室内火灾的发生及控制具有重要的意义。
本文以普通的居民居住条件(两室两厅)为研究对象,对厨房燃气泄漏后的扩散模型进行了深入研究和比较,确定室内燃气泄漏后的扩散过程可以使用浮力修正的k-ε双方程湍流模型。通过采用PHOENICS3.5对室内燃气泄漏后的扩散状态进行模拟,得到了天然气和液化石油气泄漏后的室内扩散过程中在不同时间和泄漏量的条件下的浓度场分布规律,并根据模拟结果分析了燃气泄漏后室内存在爆炸浓度范围的区域和厨房达到爆炸浓度范围的泄漏条件以及可能的后果。
In recent years, with the requirements of environmental protection and the improvement of living conditions, fuel gas, such as manufactured gas, LPG, natural gas and other fuels gradually become the main fuel of the city life. Meanwhile, the application in industrial field is constantly expanding. The characteristics of the gas fuels is easy to leak, flammable and explosive. When the leak of these flammable gas in the limited indoor space occurs, it will increase the risk of fire. At the same time, as the specific gravity of fuels is different from the air and the ventilation condition is limited indoors, the concentrations distribution in the room is a non-uniform change process. While the fire and explosion occurs under a certain concentration limit. The combustible region is limited in the non-uniformity fuel concentration. Therefore ,to prevent and control the occurrence of indoor fires , it is of great significance to systematically study the leakage process and proliferation of indoor gas , the spread of combustible region and the risk of fire.
In this paper,the actual living environment of the residents(two rooms and two halls) is regarded as the research object. After comparision and analysis the diffusion models, determine to use the k-εdouble-equation turbulence model which modified by buoyancy. Then, using PHOENICS3.5 to simulate diffusion process of the indoor gas leakage to complete the diffusion process simulation of both the natural gas and LPG. Finally, analyze the consequences including the region of explosion concentration and the leakage conditions of the explosion concentration region .
本文以普通的居民居住条件(两室两厅)为研究对象,对厨房燃气泄漏后的扩散模型进行了深入研究和比较,确定室内燃气泄漏后的扩散过程可以使用浮力修正的k-ε双方程湍流模型。通过采用PHOENICS3.5对室内燃气泄漏后的扩散状态进行模拟,得到了天然气和液化石油气泄漏后的室内扩散过程中在不同时间和泄漏量的条件下的浓度场分布规律,并根据模拟结果分析了燃气泄漏后室内存在爆炸浓度范围的区域和厨房达到爆炸浓度范围的泄漏条件以及可能的后果。
In recent years, with the requirements of environmental protection and the improvement of living conditions, fuel gas, such as manufactured gas, LPG, natural gas and other fuels gradually become the main fuel of the city life. Meanwhile, the application in industrial field is constantly expanding. The characteristics of the gas fuels is easy to leak, flammable and explosive. When the leak of these flammable gas in the limited indoor space occurs, it will increase the risk of fire. At the same time, as the specific gravity of fuels is different from the air and the ventilation condition is limited indoors, the concentrations distribution in the room is a non-uniform change process. While the fire and explosion occurs under a certain concentration limit. The combustible region is limited in the non-uniformity fuel concentration. Therefore ,to prevent and control the occurrence of indoor fires , it is of great significance to systematically study the leakage process and proliferation of indoor gas , the spread of combustible region and the risk of fire.
In this paper,the actual living environment of the residents(two rooms and two halls) is regarded as the research object. After comparision and analysis the diffusion models, determine to use the k-εdouble-equation turbulence model which modified by buoyancy. Then, using PHOENICS3.5 to simulate diffusion process of the indoor gas leakage to complete the diffusion process simulation of both the natural gas and LPG. Finally, analyze the consequences including the region of explosion concentration and the leakage conditions of the explosion concentration region .
引文
[1] 魏利军. 重气扩散过程的数值模拟[D]. 北京:北京化工大学.2000.
[2] R.E. Britter, Atmospheric dispersion of dense gases, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 21 1989:317~344.
[3] 蔡增基,龙天渝. 流体力学泵与风机[M]. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999.
[4] 胡德福. 突发事故风险评估的研究与应用[J]. 北京:科学出版社,1995.
[5] Chen,C,J.,Rodi,w.,A mathematical model for stratified turbulent flow and its application to buoyant jets,16th IAHR Congress,Sao,Paulo,Brazil,1975.
[6] Chen,C,J.,Chen,C,H.,On prediction and unified correlation for decay of vertical buoyant jets.paper78-HT-21,2nd AIAA/ASME Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Confernce,Palo Alto,California,24~26,May,1978.
[7] Chen,C,J.,Nikitopoulos,C.P.,On the near field characteristics of axisymmetric turbulent buoyant jets in a uniform environment. lnt.J. Heat Mass Transfer,Vol,22.245~255,1979.
[8] Li,w.,Chen,C.J., Vertical plane buoyant jets in stratified environment. Proc. ASCE, J. of Engng.Mech.Vol.110,No2,224~238,1984.
[9] Li,w.,Chen,C.J.,On prediction of characteristics for vertical round buoyant jets in stably linear stratified environment, J. of Hydraulics Research,Vol.23,No2,115~129,1985.
[10] 李炜. 局部分层环境中的平面浮力射流,水利学报,第 2 期,25～32,1984.
[11] Paully A.T.,Melnik R.E.,Rubel A,Rudman S and Siclairi M.J.,Similarity solutions for plane andradialjetsusingak-ε turbulencemodel.Trans.ASME.J.ofFluid Engineering,I07:79~85,1985.
[12] Chen,C.j.,Singh,K.,Prediction of buoyant free shear flows by k- ε model based on two turbulence scale concept, lnt. Symposium on buoyant flows,Athens-Greece,1~5,Sept.1986.
[13] 福嶋佑介. 倾斜壁面密度喷流解析.土木学会论文集,第 399 号/II-10,65～74,1988.
[14] 李炜,槐文信. 平面射流和浮力射流的数学模型及计算方法[J].水动力学研究与进展.1989,4(4):41~50.
[15] 李炜,槐文信. 平面射流和卷流的相似解[J].武汉水利电力学院学报.1992,25(3):219~228.
[16] 李炜,槐文信. 圆形射流和卷流的相似解[J].应用数学和力学.1993,14(7):615~623.
[17] 韩会玲,李炜. 横流均匀环境中有限长线源型扩散器正浮力射流近区特性预报[J].武汉水利电力大学学报.1999,32(1):24~28.
[18] 张启平. 突发性危险气体泄放过程智能仿真[J].中国安全科学学报.1998,8(6):35~39.
[19] 段卓平,吕武轩. 易燃易爆重大危险源泄漏物泄漏扩散模型及数值模拟[J].中国安全科学学报.1999,9(4):65~68.
[20] 魏利军,张政,吴宗之. 重气扩散的数值模拟模型验证[J].劳动保护科学技术,2000,20 (3):43~49.
[21] 谢飞钦.不稳定近地面层湍流的大涡模拟[J].北京大学学报.2002,38(5):698~704.
[22] 丁信伟 , 王淑兰 , 徐国庆 . 可燃及有毒气体泄漏扩散研究综述 [J]. 化学工业与工程.1999,16(2):118~122.
[23] 袁秀玲,陈志明,樊珍.气体通过小间隙泄漏量的计算模型[J].流体工程.1993,21(3):17~20.
[24] 贾云飞.
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[26] Britter R.E.and McQuaid J.,Workbook on the dispersion of dense gases,HSE Contract Research Report No.17/1988,Sheffied,U.K.1988.
[27] VDI,Dispersionofheavygasemissionsbyaccidentalrelease-safetystudy,VDI3783,Germany:Verein Dutscher Ingeniere,1990.
[28] Van Ulden A.P.,On the spreading of a heavy gas released near the ground,In:Buschmann C.H,eds.,Proceedings of 1st Int.Symp.on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries,1974,221~226.
[29] E.D.Chikhl,et al.,Comparison of an accidental release modeling technique with recent spill test data,Presented at the 80th Annual Meeting of APCA,New York,June 21~26,1987,87~102.
[30] Phani K.Raj,Dispersion of hazardous reactive chemical vapors in the atmosphere,Proceedings from 1986 Hazardous material spills conference,St.Louis,MO,May 5~8,1986,305~314.
[31] Fryer L.S.and Kaiser G.D.DENZ—a computer program for the calculation of the dispersion of dense toxic or explosive gases in the atmosphere,UKAEA Report SRD R152,1979.
[32] Jagger S.F..Development of CRUNCH:a dispersion model for continuous releases of a denser-than-air vapour into the atmosphere. Report UKAEA,SRD R229,1983.
[33] Delvosalle C.et al..Major industrial hazards:the SEVEX Project—sourceterms and dispersion calculation in complex terrain,In:Gryning S-V.and Millan M.M.Eds.Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application X.New York:Plenum Press,1994,357~365.
[34] Mohan M,Panwar T.S. and Singh M.P..Development of dense gas dispersion model for emergency preparedness. Atmospheric Environment,1995,29(16):2075~2087.
[35] Puttock J.S.. A model for gravity-dominated dispersion of dense-gas clouds,In:Puttock J.S.Eds.Stably stratified flow and dense gas dispersion.Oxford University Press,1988, 233~259.
[36] Witlox H.W.M..The HEGADAS model for ground-level heavy-gas dispersion-I.Steady-statemodel,II.Time-dependent model. Atmospheric Environment,1994,28(18):2917~2946.
[37] P.W.M.Brighton,A user’s critique of the Thorney Island dataset,Journal of Hazardous Materials,1987,16:457~500.
[38] Hankin R.K.S.and Britter R.E.,The shallow water approximations in dense gas dispersion over complex terrain,In:Stably stratified flows:flow and dispersion over topography,Oxford University Press,1994,233~245.
[39] Wheatley C.J. and Webber D.M.Aspects of the dispersion of denser-than-air vapours relevant to gas cloud explosions, Report EUR 9592 EN, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 1984.
[40] Zeman O., The dynamics and modeling of heavier-than-air, cold gas releases,Atmospheric Environment, 1982, 16:741~751.
[41] Ermak D. L., User's Manual for SLAB:an atmospheric dispersion model for denser-than-air releases, UCRL-MA-105607, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,Livemore,CA,1990.
[42] Wurtz J.,Bartzis J.,Venetsanos A. Andronopoulos S.,Statharas J.,Nijsing R.A dense vapour dispersion code package for applications in the chemical and process industry. J. Haz.Mat.1996, 46:273~284.
[43] England W.G., et al.. Atmospheric dispersion of liquefied natural gas vapor cloud using SIGMET, a three dimensional time-dependent hydrodynamic computer model. In: Crowe C. I. and Grosshandler W. L. Eds. Proceedings of the Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Institute. Stanford Univ. Press..1978. 4~20.
[44] 胡非著,湍流、间歇性与大气边界层.北京:科学出版社.1995.
[45] 吴勋刚主编.湍流[M].天津:天津大学出版社.1994.
[46] 周波,张国枢. 有害物质泄漏扩散的数值模拟[J].工业安全与环保,2005,31(10):42~44.
[47] ψ .Jacobsen and B. F. Magnussen3D numerical simulation of heavy gas dispersion, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 1987,16:215~230.
[48] 范维澄,万跃鹏编著. 流动及燃烧的模型与计算[M].安徽:中国科学技术大学出版社.1992.
[49] P.L. Betts and V. Haroutunian. Finite element calculations of transient dense gas dispersion, Stably stratified flow and dense gas dispersion, edited by J.S. Puttock, Oxford University Press, 1988,349~384.
[50] Launder B. E. and Spalding D.B., The numerical computation of turbulent flows, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 1974, 3:269~289.
[51] 付维标,卫景彬. 燃烧物理学基础[M].机械工业出版社,1984. 3.
[52] CHAM Technical Report TR/325 PHOENICS Version 3.5, How to learn about PHOENICS.
[53] 仝庆贵.客运大楼零售店火灾轰燃现象和中庭火灾烟气控制实验研究[D].重庆:重庆大学.2003.
[54] 彭世尼等. 燃气安全技术[M]. 重庆:重庆大学出版社,2005.
[55] 冀和平,崔慧峰. 防火防爆技术[M]. 北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
[56] 杜建科. 毒气泄漏过程及其危险区域分析[J].中国安全科学学报,2002,12(6):55~59.
[57] 秘 义 行 , 杜 霞 . 液 化 石 油 气 泄 漏 及 火 灾 事 故 早 期 援 救 [J]. 消 防 技 术 与 产 品 信息,2002,(10):55~59.
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[2] R.E. Britter, Atmospheric dispersion of dense gases, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 21 1989:317~344.
[3] 蔡增基,龙天渝. 流体力学泵与风机[M]. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999.
[4] 胡德福. 突发事故风险评估的研究与应用[J]. 北京:科学出版社,1995.
[5] Chen,C,J.,Rodi,w.,A mathematical model for stratified turbulent flow and its application to buoyant jets,16th IAHR Congress,Sao,Paulo,Brazil,1975.
[6] Chen,C,J.,Chen,C,H.,On prediction and unified correlation for decay of vertical buoyant jets.paper78-HT-21,2nd AIAA/ASME Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Confernce,Palo Alto,California,24~26,May,1978.
[7] Chen,C,J.,Nikitopoulos,C.P.,On the near field characteristics of axisymmetric turbulent buoyant jets in a uniform environment. lnt.J. Heat Mass Transfer,Vol,22.245~255,1979.
[8] Li,w.,Chen,C.J., Vertical plane buoyant jets in stratified environment. Proc. ASCE, J. of Engng.Mech.Vol.110,No2,224~238,1984.
[9] Li,w.,Chen,C.J.,On prediction of characteristics for vertical round buoyant jets in stably linear stratified environment, J. of Hydraulics Research,Vol.23,No2,115~129,1985.
[10] 李炜. 局部分层环境中的平面浮力射流,水利学报,第 2 期,25～32,1984.
[11] Paully A.T.,Melnik R.E.,Rubel A,Rudman S and Siclairi M.J.,Similarity solutions for plane andradialjetsusingak-ε turbulencemodel.Trans.ASME.J.ofFluid Engineering,I07:79~85,1985.
[12] Chen,C.j.,Singh,K.,Prediction of buoyant free shear flows by k- ε model based on two turbulence scale concept, lnt. Symposium on buoyant flows,Athens-Greece,1~5,Sept.1986.
[13] 福嶋佑介. 倾斜壁面密度喷流解析.土木学会论文集,第 399 号/II-10,65～74,1988.
[14] 李炜,槐文信. 平面射流和浮力射流的数学模型及计算方法[J].水动力学研究与进展.1989,4(4):41~50.
[15] 李炜,槐文信. 平面射流和卷流的相似解[J].武汉水利电力学院学报.1992,25(3):219~228.
[16] 李炜,槐文信. 圆形射流和卷流的相似解[J].应用数学和力学.1993,14(7):615~623.
[17] 韩会玲,李炜. 横流均匀环境中有限长线源型扩散器正浮力射流近区特性预报[J].武汉水利电力大学学报.1999,32(1):24~28.
[18] 张启平. 突发性危险气体泄放过程智能仿真[J].中国安全科学学报.1998,8(6):35~39.
[19] 段卓平,吕武轩. 易燃易爆重大危险源泄漏物泄漏扩散模型及数值模拟[J].中国安全科学学报.1999,9(4):65~68.
[20] 魏利军,张政,吴宗之. 重气扩散的数值模拟模型验证[J].劳动保护科学技术,2000,20 (3):43~49.
[21] 谢飞钦.不稳定近地面层湍流的大涡模拟[J].北京大学学报.2002,38(5):698~704.
[22] 丁信伟 , 王淑兰 , 徐国庆 . 可燃及有毒气体泄漏扩散研究综述 [J]. 化学工业与工程.1999,16(2):118~122.
[23] 袁秀玲,陈志明,樊珍.气体通过小间隙泄漏量的计算模型[J].流体工程.1993,21(3):17~20.
[24] 贾云飞.
[25] Havens J.,Spicer T.,Khajehnajafi S. and Williams T.,Developments in liquefied natural gas dispersion modeling,International conference and workshop on modeling and mitigating the consequences of accidental release of hazardous materials,May 20~24,1991,261~287.
[26] Britter R.E.and McQuaid J.,Workbook on the dispersion of dense gases,HSE Contract Research Report No.17/1988,Sheffied,U.K.1988.
[27] VDI,Dispersionofheavygasemissionsbyaccidentalrelease-safetystudy,VDI3783,Germany:Verein Dutscher Ingeniere,1990.
[28] Van Ulden A.P.,On the spreading of a heavy gas released near the ground,In:Buschmann C.H,eds.,Proceedings of 1st Int.Symp.on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries,1974,221~226.
[29] E.D.Chikhl,et al.,Comparison of an accidental release modeling technique with recent spill test data,Presented at the 80th Annual Meeting of APCA,New York,June 21~26,1987,87~102.
[30] Phani K.Raj,Dispersion of hazardous reactive chemical vapors in the atmosphere,Proceedings from 1986 Hazardous material spills conference,St.Louis,MO,May 5~8,1986,305~314.
[31] Fryer L.S.and Kaiser G.D.DENZ—a computer program for the calculation of the dispersion of dense toxic or explosive gases in the atmosphere,UKAEA Report SRD R152,1979.
[32] Jagger S.F..Development of CRUNCH:a dispersion model for continuous releases of a denser-than-air vapour into the atmosphere. Report UKAEA,SRD R229,1983.
[33] Delvosalle C.et al..Major industrial hazards:the SEVEX Project—sourceterms and dispersion calculation in complex terrain,In:Gryning S-V.and Millan M.M.Eds.Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application X.New York:Plenum Press,1994,357~365.
[34] Mohan M,Panwar T.S. and Singh M.P..Development of dense gas dispersion model for emergency preparedness. Atmospheric Environment,1995,29(16):2075~2087.
[35] Puttock J.S.. A model for gravity-dominated dispersion of dense-gas clouds,In:Puttock J.S.Eds.Stably stratified flow and dense gas dispersion.Oxford University Press,1988, 233~259.
[36] Witlox H.W.M..The HEGADAS model for ground-level heavy-gas dispersion-I.Steady-statemodel,II.Time-dependent model. Atmospheric Environment,1994,28(18):2917~2946.
[37] P.W.M.Brighton,A user’s critique of the Thorney Island dataset,Journal of Hazardous Materials,1987,16:457~500.
[38] Hankin R.K.S.and Britter R.E.,The shallow water approximations in dense gas dispersion over complex terrain,In:Stably stratified flows:flow and dispersion over topography,Oxford University Press,1994,233~245.
[39] Wheatley C.J. and Webber D.M.Aspects of the dispersion of denser-than-air vapours relevant to gas cloud explosions, Report EUR 9592 EN, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 1984.
[40] Zeman O., The dynamics and modeling of heavier-than-air, cold gas releases,Atmospheric Environment, 1982, 16:741~751.
[41] Ermak D. L., User's Manual for SLAB:an atmospheric dispersion model for denser-than-air releases, UCRL-MA-105607, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,Livemore,CA,1990.
[42] Wurtz J.,Bartzis J.,Venetsanos A. Andronopoulos S.,Statharas J.,Nijsing R.A dense vapour dispersion code package for applications in the chemical and process industry. J. Haz.Mat.1996, 46:273~284.
[43] England W.G., et al.. Atmospheric dispersion of liquefied natural gas vapor cloud using SIGMET, a three dimensional time-dependent hydrodynamic computer model. In: Crowe C. I. and Grosshandler W. L. Eds. Proceedings of the Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Institute. Stanford Univ. Press..1978. 4~20.
[44] 胡非著,湍流、间歇性与大气边界层.北京:科学出版社.1995.
[45] 吴勋刚主编.湍流[M].天津:天津大学出版社.1994.
[46] 周波,张国枢. 有害物质泄漏扩散的数值模拟[J].工业安全与环保,2005,31(10):42~44.
[47] ψ .Jacobsen and B. F. Magnussen3D numerical simulation of heavy gas dispersion, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 1987,16:215~230.
[48] 范维澄,万跃鹏编著. 流动及燃烧的模型与计算[M].安徽:中国科学技术大学出版社.1992.
[49] P.L. Betts and V. Haroutunian. Finite element calculations of transient dense gas dispersion, Stably stratified flow and dense gas dispersion, edited by J.S. Puttock, Oxford University Press, 1988,349~384.
[50] Launder B. E. and Spalding D.B., The numerical computation of turbulent flows, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 1974, 3:269~289.
[51] 付维标,卫景彬. 燃烧物理学基础[M].机械工业出版社,1984. 3.
[52] CHAM Technical Report TR/325 PHOENICS Version 3.5, How to learn about PHOENICS.
[53] 仝庆贵.客运大楼零售店火灾轰燃现象和中庭火灾烟气控制实验研究[D].重庆:重庆大学.2003.
[54] 彭世尼等. 燃气安全技术[M]. 重庆:重庆大学出版社,2005.
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