微细颗粒物对居民建筑室内空气质量影响的预测
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摘要
本文的研究对象是颗粒粒径在2.5um以下的微细颗粒物，因其容易渗透进入室内并在人体呼吸道内沉积，从而危害人体健康，因此本文结合我国空气污染现状，从微细颗粒物PM_(2.5)的理化性质、来源、污染水平及其健康效应等颗粒物自身的特性出发，基于质量守恒理论建立了自然通风建筑室内的空气品质IAQ的通用模型，其适用范围由单房间室内环境扩展至多房间室内环境，用于预测微细颗粒污染物PM_(2.5)对室内空气质量的影响。
研究中分别从宏观(浓度与时间的关系)和微观(浓度与颗粒粒径的关系)两方面分析了室外PM_(2.5)浓度对室内PM_(2.5)粒度分布与浓度分布的影响、室内各房间之间PM_(2.5)浓度互相影响的关系以及室内污染源(吸烟、煤燃烧)对室内PM_(2.5)的贡献，重点考虑房间的通风换气次数对室内PM_(2.5)浓度的影响。本文将多区域渗风气流模型COMIS model应用于模拟室内颗粒物的浓度分布，并以此验证文中建立的IAQ数学模型的可行性，结果表明COMIS可以用于模拟室内颗粒相污染物的传输，而且其浓度分布结果与数值计算值是吻合的。
The main subject of this paper is the investigation on fine particulatematters—the aerodynamic diameter of which are less than 2.5μm. Thesekinds of PM are harmful for human health since their easy ingress anddepositing within the trachea. Began from the physical and chemiccharacteristics, origin and concentration of PM_(2.5), based on the principleof mass balance, the general model of indoor air quality(IAQ) within thenatural ventilation buildings, which adoptable not only for a single zonebut also for the multi-zone, was founded in this paper, and was used topredict IAQ that effected by the concentration of PM_(2.5).
From two aspects of macroscopic(concentration vs. time) andmicrocosmic (concentration vs. diameter) respectively, the relationshipsbetween outdoor and indoor PM_(2.5) concentration, the interaction fromdifferent concentration from one zone to another and the contributionfrom indoor source (smoking, burning of coal, etc.) to the variety ofconcentration of PM_(2.5) were studies in this paper. During such studies theair exchange rate is considered to be a pivot. The COMIS model was usedin this paper in order to simulate the concentration varied from timewithin two rooms, and the same model was predicted by the IAQ model.Contrasted the results obtained from COMIS model and IAQ model, themethod developed by this paper was validated.
研究中分别从宏观(浓度与时间的关系)和微观(浓度与颗粒粒径的关系)两方面分析了室外PM_(2.5)浓度对室内PM_(2.5)粒度分布与浓度分布的影响、室内各房间之间PM_(2.5)浓度互相影响的关系以及室内污染源(吸烟、煤燃烧)对室内PM_(2.5)的贡献，重点考虑房间的通风换气次数对室内PM_(2.5)浓度的影响。本文将多区域渗风气流模型COMIS model应用于模拟室内颗粒物的浓度分布，并以此验证文中建立的IAQ数学模型的可行性，结果表明COMIS可以用于模拟室内颗粒相污染物的传输，而且其浓度分布结果与数值计算值是吻合的。
The main subject of this paper is the investigation on fine particulatematters—the aerodynamic diameter of which are less than 2.5μm. Thesekinds of PM are harmful for human health since their easy ingress anddepositing within the trachea. Began from the physical and chemiccharacteristics, origin and concentration of PM_(2.5), based on the principleof mass balance, the general model of indoor air quality(IAQ) within thenatural ventilation buildings, which adoptable not only for a single zonebut also for the multi-zone, was founded in this paper, and was used topredict IAQ that effected by the concentration of PM_(2.5).
From two aspects of macroscopic(concentration vs. time) andmicrocosmic (concentration vs. diameter) respectively, the relationshipsbetween outdoor and indoor PM_(2.5) concentration, the interaction fromdifferent concentration from one zone to another and the contributionfrom indoor source (smoking, burning of coal, etc.) to the variety ofconcentration of PM_(2.5) were studies in this paper. During such studies theair exchange rate is considered to be a pivot. The COMIS model was usedin this paper in order to simulate the concentration varied from timewithin two rooms, and the same model was predicted by the IAQ model.Contrasted the results obtained from COMIS model and IAQ model, themethod developed by this paper was validated.
引文
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[3] Guo H., Lee S. C. and Li W. M. Risk assessment of exposure to volatile organic compounds in different indoor environments [J]. Environmental Research, 2004, 94(1): 57-66
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[35] 钱孝琳，阚海东，宋伟民．大气细颗粒物污染与居民每日死亡关系的Meta分析[J]．环境与健康杂志，2005，22(4)：246-248
[36] 张文丽，徐东群，崔九思．空气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))污染特征及其毒性机制的研究进展[J]．中国环境监测，2002，18(1)：59-63
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[38] Long C.M., Suh H.H. and Catalano, P.J. Using time- and size-resolved particulate data to quantify indoor penetration and deposition behavior, Environmental Science and Technology, 2001, 35(14): 2089-2099
[39] Thatcher T.L., Lunden M.M. and Revzan K.L. A concentration rebound method for measuring particle penetration and deposition in the indoor environment[J]. Aerosological Science and Technology, 2003, 37(8): 847-864
[40] Mosley R.B., Greenwell D.J. Sparks L.E., et al. Penetration of ambient fine particles into the indoor environment [J]. Aerosological Science and Technology, 2001,34(4): 127-136
[41] Liu D.L. and Nazaroff W.W. Particle penetration through building cracks[J]. Aerosological Science and Technology, 2003, 37(6): 565-573
[42] Liu D.L. and Nazaroff W.W. Modeling pollutant penetration across building envelopes[J]. Atmospheric Enviroment, 2001, 35(18):4451-4462
[43] Thornburg J., Ensor D.B. Rodes C.E., et al. Penetration of particles into buidings and associated physical factors[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2001, 34(4): 284-296
[44] Lai A.C.K. Particle deposition indoors: a review[J]. Indoor Air, 2002, 12(2): 211-214
[45] Thatcher T.L., Lai A.C.K., Moreno-Jack-son R., et al. Effects of room furnishings and air speed on particle deposition rates indoors[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2002, 36 (2): 157-166
[46] Nazaroff W.W. and Cass G.R. Mathematical modeling of indoor aerosol dynamics[J]. Environment Science & Technology, 1989, 23(2): 157-166
[47] Riley W. J., Mckone T. E. Lai A., et al. Indoor particulate matter of outdoor origin: importance of size-dependent removal mechanisms[J]. Environment Science & Technology, 2002, 36(2): 200-207
[48] Vette A. F, Rea A. W., Lawless P. A., et al. Characterization of indoor-outdoor aerosol concentration relationships during the Fresno PM exposure studies[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2001, 34(1): 118-126
[49] Eileen A., Helen S. Catalano P., et al. Relative contribution of outdoor and indoor particle sources to indoor concentrations [J]. Environment Science & Technology, 2000, 34(17): 3579-3587
[50] Freijer J. I. and Bloemen H. J. Modeling relationships between indoor and outdoor air quality[J]. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2000, 50(2): 292-300
[51] Holmberg S. and Li Y. Modeling of the indoor environment-particle dispersion and deposition [J]. Indoor Air, 1998, 8(1): 113-122
[52] Zhao, B., Zhang, Y., Li, X., et al. Comparison of indoor aerosol particle concentration and deposition in different ventilated rooms by numerical method[J]. Building and Environment, 2004, 39(1): 1-8
[53] 丁力行，于宏，刘广海．国外渗风气流模型研究概况[J]．建筑热能通风空调，2005，24(1)：28-31
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[2] Kaiser J., Dominici F. Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in 20 U.S. cities 1987-1994[J]. New England Journal of Medicine, 2000, 343(12): 1742-1749
[3] Guo H., Lee S. C. and Li W. M. Risk assessment of exposure to volatile organic compounds in different indoor environments [J]. Environmental Research, 2004, 94(1): 57-66
[4] 魏复盛，滕恩江，吴国平，等．我国4个大城市空气PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)污染及其化学组成[J]．中国环境监测，2001，17(7)：1-6
[5] 杨复沫，马永亮，贺克斌．细微大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)及其研究概况[J]．世界环境，2000，4(1)：32-34
[6] 李红，曾凡刚，邵龙义．可吸入颗粒物对人体健康危害的研究进展[J]．环境与健康杂志，2002，19(1)：85-87
[7] 国家环境保护总局，空气和废气监测分析方法编委会．空气和废气监测分析方法[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1999：13-16
[8] Long C.M., Suh H.H. and Koutrakis P. Characterization of indoor particle sources using continuous mass and size monitors[J]. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 2001, 50(12): 1236-1250
[9] Venkataraman C. and Rao G.U.M. Emission factors of carbon monoxide and size-resolved aerosols from biofuel combustion[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2001, 35(18): 2100-2107
[10] Kleeman M.J., Schauer J.J. and Cass G.R. Size and composition distribution of fine particulate matter emitted from wood burning, meat charbroiling and cigarettes[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 1999, 33(21): 3516-3523
[11] Wallace L. Indoor particles: a review[J]. Journal of Air & Waste Management Association, 1996, 46(1): 98-126
[12] 赵厚银，邵龙义，王延斌，等．北京市冬季室内空气PM10微观形貌及粒度分布[J]．中国环境科学，2004，24(4)：505-508
[13] Baek S.O., Kim Y.S. and Perry R. Indoor Air Quality in homes, offices and restaurants in Korean urban areas indoor/outdoor relationships[J]. Atmosphere Environment, 1997, 31 (3):529-544
[14] Klepeis N.E., Apte M.G. Gundel, L.A., et al. Determining size-specific emission factors for environmental tobacco smoke particles[J]. Aerosological Science and Technology, 2003, 37(3):780-790
[15] 邹庐泉，季学李．办公室空气颗粒物的粒度分布初探[J]．上海环境科学，1999，18(5)：205-207
[16] Jones N.C., Thomton C.A. Mark D., et al. Indoor/outdoor relationships of particulate matter in domestic homes with roadside, urban and rural locations[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2000, 34(10): 2603-2612
[17] Chan A.T. Indoor-outdoor relationships of particulate matter and nitrogen oxides under different outdoor meteorological conditions[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2002, 36(8): 1543-1551
[18] Branis M., Reza'cova' P. and Domasova M. The effect of outdoor air and indoor human activity on mass concentrations of PM_(10), PM_(2.5), and PM_1 in a classroom[J]. Environmental Research, 2005, 99(2): 143-149
[19] Morawska L., He C. Hitchins J., et al. The relationship between indoor and outdoor airbome particles in the residential environment[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2001, 35(12): 3463-3473
[20] Thatcher T.L. Deposition, resuspension, and penetration of particles within a residence[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1995, 29(13): 1487-1497
[21] Monn C., Fuchs A. Kogelschatz D., et al. Comparison of indoor and outdoor concentrations of PM-10 and PM-2.5[J]. Journal of Aerosol Science, 1995, 26(S1): S515-S516
[22] Koponen I.K., Asmi A., Keronen P. Indoor air measurement campaign in Helsinki, Finland 1999-the effect of outdoor air pollution on indoor air[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2001, 35(5): 1465-1477
[23] Ekberg L.E. Outdoor air contaminants and indoor air quality under transient conditions[J]. Indoor air, 1994, 4(2): 189-196
[24] Ekberg L.E. Relationships between indoor and outdoor contaminants in mechanically ventilated buildings [J]. Indoor Air, 1996, 6(1):41-47
[25] Freijer J.I., Bloemen H.J.Th. Modeling relationships between indoor and outdoor air quality[J]. Joumal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 2000, 50(2):292-300
[26] Mosley R.B., Greenwell D.J. Sparks L.E., et al. Penetration of ambient fine particles into the indoor environment [J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2001, 34(1): 127-136
[27] Chao C.Y.H. and Thomas C.T. An empirical model for outdoor contaminant transmission into residential buildings and experimental verification[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2001, 35(6): 1585-1596
[28] Schauer J.J., Rogge W.F. Hildemann L.M., et al. Source apportionment of airborne particulate matter using organic compounds as tracers[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1996, 30(22): 3837-3855
[29] Cass G.R. Organic molecular tracers for particulate air pollution sources[J]. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 1998, 17 (6): 356-366
[30] 朱先磊，张远航，曾立民，等．北京市大气细颗粒物PM2.5的来源研究[J]．环境科学研究，2005，18(5)：1-5
[31] 吴忠标，赵伟荣．室内空气污染及净化技术[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2005：378-387
[32] 崔九思．室内空气污染监测方法[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2002：31-40
[33] 徐顺清．环境健康科学[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2004：137-141
[34] Houthuijs D., Breugelmans O. Hoek G., et al. PM10 and PM_(2.5 concentrations in Central and Eastern Europe: results from the CESAR study[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2001, 35(12): 2757-2771
[35] 钱孝琳，阚海东，宋伟民．大气细颗粒物污染与居民每日死亡关系的Meta分析[J]．环境与健康杂志，2005，22(4)：246-248
[36] 张文丽，徐东群，崔九思．空气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))污染特征及其毒性机制的研究进展[J]．中国环境监测，2002，18(1)：59-63
[37] Dockery D.W., Pope C.A. and Xu X. An association between air-pollution and mortality in 6 United States cities[J]. New England Joumal of Medicine, 2001, 329(24): 1753-1759
[38] Long C.M., Suh H.H. and Catalano, P.J. Using time- and size-resolved particulate data to quantify indoor penetration and deposition behavior, Environmental Science and Technology, 2001, 35(14): 2089-2099
[39] Thatcher T.L., Lunden M.M. and Revzan K.L. A concentration rebound method for measuring particle penetration and deposition in the indoor environment[J]. Aerosological Science and Technology, 2003, 37(8): 847-864
[40] Mosley R.B., Greenwell D.J. Sparks L.E., et al. Penetration of ambient fine particles into the indoor environment [J]. Aerosological Science and Technology, 2001,34(4): 127-136
[41] Liu D.L. and Nazaroff W.W. Particle penetration through building cracks[J]. Aerosological Science and Technology, 2003, 37(6): 565-573
[42] Liu D.L. and Nazaroff W.W. Modeling pollutant penetration across building envelopes[J]. Atmospheric Enviroment, 2001, 35(18):4451-4462
[43] Thornburg J., Ensor D.B. Rodes C.E., et al. Penetration of particles into buidings and associated physical factors[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2001, 34(4): 284-296
[44] Lai A.C.K. Particle deposition indoors: a review[J]. Indoor Air, 2002, 12(2): 211-214
[45] Thatcher T.L., Lai A.C.K., Moreno-Jack-son R., et al. Effects of room furnishings and air speed on particle deposition rates indoors[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2002, 36 (2): 157-166
[46] Nazaroff W.W. and Cass G.R. Mathematical modeling of indoor aerosol dynamics[J]. Environment Science & Technology, 1989, 23(2): 157-166
[47] Riley W. J., Mckone T. E. Lai A., et al. Indoor particulate matter of outdoor origin: importance of size-dependent removal mechanisms[J]. Environment Science & Technology, 2002, 36(2): 200-207
[48] Vette A. F, Rea A. W., Lawless P. A., et al. Characterization of indoor-outdoor aerosol concentration relationships during the Fresno PM exposure studies[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2001, 34(1): 118-126
[49] Eileen A., Helen S. Catalano P., et al. Relative contribution of outdoor and indoor particle sources to indoor concentrations [J]. Environment Science & Technology, 2000, 34(17): 3579-3587
[50] Freijer J. I. and Bloemen H. J. Modeling relationships between indoor and outdoor air quality[J]. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2000, 50(2): 292-300
[51] Holmberg S. and Li Y. Modeling of the indoor environment-particle dispersion and deposition [J]. Indoor Air, 1998, 8(1): 113-122
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