城市住区室外热环境数值模拟研究
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摘要
本文试图在前人基础上,运用CFD技术进行住区室外热环境的数值模拟研究,定量分析了不同影响因子和不同建筑布局形式对城市住区热环境的影响情况,本文重点介绍了以下几个方面：
首先,阐述本次研究的背景、目的、意义,由于城市人口的快速增长导致了住房需求的急剧膨胀,住区的建设得以快速发展,这种趋势不仅使城市大范围的热环境恶化,因此研究城市热环境对于降低小区内的热岛强度,实现小区热环境的优化,达到提高居民的热舒适度,节约建筑能耗以及将来的住区的规划等方面都具有指导作用。
其次,对住区热环境数值模拟的软件与理论进行介绍。本次研究是运用CFD技术对建筑外部的空气流动情况进行模拟和预测,具体阐述了计算流体力学的一般的求解过程,并罗列了模拟时运用的相应参数,为下面的具体操作提供理论支撑。
再次,采取垂直和水平同步观测方法,实测了2009年夏季杭州城西某高层住区的室外近地面气温、下垫面表面温度和近墙面气温状况,揭示了高层住区室外热环境的三维空间分布规律。结果表明：在静风或微风条件下高层住区在不同时段在不同方向的建筑体界面上的热环境三维分布存在明显差异。在垂直方向上,建筑体的遮阳作用是导致高层住区夏季昼间室外空气温度三维分布差异的最主要因素；在2-18层,东、南面近墙面气温约在12：00左右达到最高值,西、北面近墙面气温约在下午14：00达到最高值。在水平方向上,近地面气温和下垫面表面温度同时受不同下垫面特征与建筑体遮阳作用影响。上述规律可以为我国夏热冬冷地区高层住区的生态低碳节能的规划设计与建设提供科学依据。
最后,选取杭州城西三个现实住区为模拟区域,应用多天夏季室外水平与垂直气温观察数据及CFD技术量化模拟了夏季不同建筑布局形式住区室外热环境的三维分布规律,比较了无风与微风条件下只考虑导热、同时考虑导热和自然对流两种情形下三种不同建筑布局形式住区的室外热环境空间分布特征。结果表明,住区内部的室外热环境受住区下垫面分布、太阳辐射和建筑物表面热物理属性等诸多因素影响,同时考虑导热和自然对流条件下室外模拟温度比仅考虑导热条件更接近于现实室外热环境,即分别相差约为1～3℃。在相似的下垫面特征、太阳辐射和建筑体表面热属性情况下,通常室外热环境在水平方向上建筑间距与建筑高度比值越小,各热源之间的干扰就越多,建筑物之间空气温度越高,在垂直方向上随着高度的变化室外热环境逐步由下垫面导热的影响为主转变为太阳辐射与自然对流为主的影响,纵向气温变化约为2～2.5℃,并且同时考虑导热和自然对流条件下比仅考虑导热条件的纵向气温变化要少2℃。点式高层布局住区的室外热环境优于围合高层与行列式多层布局住区。
This paper attempts to use CFD techniques to processing fine simulation study of thermal environment of settlements in the outdoor with the previous basis, and use quantitative analysis of the relationship between the different influence factors and the form of the architectural layout and the thermal environment of urban settlements, the article focuses on the following areas:
First of all, the article explains that the background to the study, purpose, meaning, and the rapid growth of urban population has led to the rapid expansion of housing demand, and the construction of settlements gets development, this trend is not only to make a wide range deterioration of the thermal environment of the city, so the research of the urban heat environment have a guiding role to reduce the heat island intensity in the district, optimizing the thermal environment in the district. improve the thermal comfort of residents, save the building energy consumption and give future planning of settlements,.
Secondly, the article introduces numerical simulation software and theory of the thermal environment of the settlements. This study uses CFD technology to study on air flow modeling and prediction of the buildings'outside, describing the process of solving the general computational fluid dynamics in detail, and list the corresponding parameters for the use of simulation, to provide theoretical support for the following specific operations.
Thirdly, by choosing the combining method of vertical and horizontal synchronous observations, the outdoor surface temperature, underlying surface and near wall temperature were observed in a high-rise residential complex located on the west of Hangzhou in summer 2009, and three-dimensional distribution of high-rise residential outdoor thermal environment was analyzed. Results show that there is a big difference in 3D distribution regularity of outdoor thermal environment for high-rise buildings in different directions at different hours under the condition of static or breeze. In vertical direction, the near wall temperatures of eastern and southern wall peak at 12:00 from the 2nd to the 18th floor, while the western and northern near wall temperatures reach to a peak at about 14:00 pm. In a horizontal direction, the surface temperature and underlying surface temperature are not only related to the underlying characteristics, but also affected by building shade. The results could provide a scientific basis for the energy-saving planning and design and promote low-carbon and ecological high-rise residence area developing in hot summer and cold winter zone in China.
Last, using three types of urban residential in the west of Hangzhou as simulation area, this study simulated the three-dimensional distribution of the outdoor building thermal environment with horizontal and vertical outdoor observed temperature data and CFD technique. Two scenarios were considered when comparing the breeze or calm wind condition:one with the heat conductivity and the other with both heat conductivity and natural convection case. The present paper aims at using different types of settlements to examine the spatial distribution of the outdoor thermal environment. The result showed that the outdoor settlements thermal environment is influenced by settlements underlying surface distribution, solar radiation and thermo physical properties of the buildings surface and many other factors, taking into account the heat conductivity and natural convection conditions, which is closer to reality than only considering the heat conductivity conditions. In similar circumstances underlying surface distribution, solar radiation and thermo physical properties of the buildings surface, the ratio of horizontal distance buildings and building height is smaller, the interference between heat sources is more frequently and the air temperature between buildings is higher. When the height of the vertical direction changes, the factors transform from underlying surface thermal to solar radiation and natural convection effects. The point-high building construction layout of the outdoor thermal environment is better than enclosed multi-level layout and the determinant settlements.
首先,阐述本次研究的背景、目的、意义,由于城市人口的快速增长导致了住房需求的急剧膨胀,住区的建设得以快速发展,这种趋势不仅使城市大范围的热环境恶化,因此研究城市热环境对于降低小区内的热岛强度,实现小区热环境的优化,达到提高居民的热舒适度,节约建筑能耗以及将来的住区的规划等方面都具有指导作用。
其次,对住区热环境数值模拟的软件与理论进行介绍。本次研究是运用CFD技术对建筑外部的空气流动情况进行模拟和预测,具体阐述了计算流体力学的一般的求解过程,并罗列了模拟时运用的相应参数,为下面的具体操作提供理论支撑。
再次,采取垂直和水平同步观测方法,实测了2009年夏季杭州城西某高层住区的室外近地面气温、下垫面表面温度和近墙面气温状况,揭示了高层住区室外热环境的三维空间分布规律。结果表明：在静风或微风条件下高层住区在不同时段在不同方向的建筑体界面上的热环境三维分布存在明显差异。在垂直方向上,建筑体的遮阳作用是导致高层住区夏季昼间室外空气温度三维分布差异的最主要因素；在2-18层,东、南面近墙面气温约在12：00左右达到最高值,西、北面近墙面气温约在下午14：00达到最高值。在水平方向上,近地面气温和下垫面表面温度同时受不同下垫面特征与建筑体遮阳作用影响。上述规律可以为我国夏热冬冷地区高层住区的生态低碳节能的规划设计与建设提供科学依据。
最后,选取杭州城西三个现实住区为模拟区域,应用多天夏季室外水平与垂直气温观察数据及CFD技术量化模拟了夏季不同建筑布局形式住区室外热环境的三维分布规律,比较了无风与微风条件下只考虑导热、同时考虑导热和自然对流两种情形下三种不同建筑布局形式住区的室外热环境空间分布特征。结果表明,住区内部的室外热环境受住区下垫面分布、太阳辐射和建筑物表面热物理属性等诸多因素影响,同时考虑导热和自然对流条件下室外模拟温度比仅考虑导热条件更接近于现实室外热环境,即分别相差约为1～3℃。在相似的下垫面特征、太阳辐射和建筑体表面热属性情况下,通常室外热环境在水平方向上建筑间距与建筑高度比值越小,各热源之间的干扰就越多,建筑物之间空气温度越高,在垂直方向上随着高度的变化室外热环境逐步由下垫面导热的影响为主转变为太阳辐射与自然对流为主的影响,纵向气温变化约为2～2.5℃,并且同时考虑导热和自然对流条件下比仅考虑导热条件的纵向气温变化要少2℃。点式高层布局住区的室外热环境优于围合高层与行列式多层布局住区。
This paper attempts to use CFD techniques to processing fine simulation study of thermal environment of settlements in the outdoor with the previous basis, and use quantitative analysis of the relationship between the different influence factors and the form of the architectural layout and the thermal environment of urban settlements, the article focuses on the following areas:
First of all, the article explains that the background to the study, purpose, meaning, and the rapid growth of urban population has led to the rapid expansion of housing demand, and the construction of settlements gets development, this trend is not only to make a wide range deterioration of the thermal environment of the city, so the research of the urban heat environment have a guiding role to reduce the heat island intensity in the district, optimizing the thermal environment in the district. improve the thermal comfort of residents, save the building energy consumption and give future planning of settlements,.
Secondly, the article introduces numerical simulation software and theory of the thermal environment of the settlements. This study uses CFD technology to study on air flow modeling and prediction of the buildings'outside, describing the process of solving the general computational fluid dynamics in detail, and list the corresponding parameters for the use of simulation, to provide theoretical support for the following specific operations.
Thirdly, by choosing the combining method of vertical and horizontal synchronous observations, the outdoor surface temperature, underlying surface and near wall temperature were observed in a high-rise residential complex located on the west of Hangzhou in summer 2009, and three-dimensional distribution of high-rise residential outdoor thermal environment was analyzed. Results show that there is a big difference in 3D distribution regularity of outdoor thermal environment for high-rise buildings in different directions at different hours under the condition of static or breeze. In vertical direction, the near wall temperatures of eastern and southern wall peak at 12:00 from the 2nd to the 18th floor, while the western and northern near wall temperatures reach to a peak at about 14:00 pm. In a horizontal direction, the surface temperature and underlying surface temperature are not only related to the underlying characteristics, but also affected by building shade. The results could provide a scientific basis for the energy-saving planning and design and promote low-carbon and ecological high-rise residence area developing in hot summer and cold winter zone in China.
Last, using three types of urban residential in the west of Hangzhou as simulation area, this study simulated the three-dimensional distribution of the outdoor building thermal environment with horizontal and vertical outdoor observed temperature data and CFD technique. Two scenarios were considered when comparing the breeze or calm wind condition:one with the heat conductivity and the other with both heat conductivity and natural convection case. The present paper aims at using different types of settlements to examine the spatial distribution of the outdoor thermal environment. The result showed that the outdoor settlements thermal environment is influenced by settlements underlying surface distribution, solar radiation and thermo physical properties of the buildings surface and many other factors, taking into account the heat conductivity and natural convection conditions, which is closer to reality than only considering the heat conductivity conditions. In similar circumstances underlying surface distribution, solar radiation and thermo physical properties of the buildings surface, the ratio of horizontal distance buildings and building height is smaller, the interference between heat sources is more frequently and the air temperature between buildings is higher. When the height of the vertical direction changes, the factors transform from underlying surface thermal to solar radiation and natural convection effects. The point-high building construction layout of the outdoor thermal environment is better than enclosed multi-level layout and the determinant settlements.
引文
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