寒冷地区住区组团布局的微气候适应性研究
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摘要
住区组团布局与地域微气候条件关系密切,研究微气候条件下的寒冷地区住区组团的适应性,对于该地区建筑全生命周期内总能耗降低、住区使用舒适性有着实际意义。在场地规划布局阶段,以满足居住人群使用过程中动态舒适度为目标点出发,采用技术软化与技术适应性原则,通过调节室外微气候对于住区组团的综合影响,寻找合理有效的应对策略用以促进住区组团规划的合理性、目标性与适应性。
本文应用聚落地理学、建筑环境控制学、城市生态学等相关阐述与理论进行规划特征综合研究。从城市住区组团的空间形态出发,基于局地微气候的合理性的研究,从组团规划布局各要素几何特征、组团空间形态界面、组团空间填充物分布及特点等方面,研究住宅组团布局对组团居民居住心理舒适度、微气候环境所产生的正作用及局地微气候对于组团布局起到的反作用,从而得到间距、高度比等量化的规划因子评价指标体系。并考虑了寒冷地区组团布局具有地域分布特殊性、组团要素多层次性、能源利用多目标性、季节变化差异性等特点,从寒冷地区住区建筑适应微气候角度出发,研究太阳辐射利用、风环境组织、下垫面构成比等微气候调节方法,进行组团布局的综合设计。应用建筑物理学、高等传热学、城市气候学等理论,从地形和微气候热环境角度综合推导出寒冷地区可降低建筑能耗条件下的不同组团布局特征,从场地区域分析、组团方案规划、组团方案评价三个主要过程进行太阳辐射、风环境、下垫面设计研究的量化分析与确定,试图为今后该地区城市住区组团规划设计提供借鉴和热环境设计参考。
本文通过采用CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics,计算流体力学)模拟,BIM(Building Information Modeling,建筑信息模型)信息模型等处理方式,对于寒冷地区的代表性城市的若干住区组团设计进行理论数据模拟,以西安为代表的寒冷地区平原城市具体项目进行冬季、夏季以及过渡季节的定量试验,以寻找其空间布局适应性特征,并对住区居民专项调研样本数据进行分析、比对,将其结果结合模拟试验,探讨并归纳寒冷地区住区气候适应性实践过程主要因子以及实现途径,寻找量化的依据,为进一步提高寒冷地区住区组团布局合理性提供理论的支撑。
There are close relationship between microclimate and building cluster. And there have an important meaning for decrease the energy cost and sustain development in study the adaptability building cluster in cold zone.
In the urban design stage, study from dweller's comfort level, regulate the outdoors microclimate influence of the cluster, look for strategy with effectively and reasonable to push the urban layout for better.
This paper study the system application theories as the City climatology, the Settlement of geography, the architecture Environment control of the building weather learn and city ecology's etc. Live an area set the space appearance of the cluster to set out from the city, according to the research of the rationality of microclimate,the cluster is from the set up several the cluster space appearance interface of the characteristic, cluster space fill a thing to distribute and characteristics etc.,study a residence cluster layout will consume the cluster residents' comfort level, positive function and certain region microclimate produce by microclimate rises to the cluster layout of adverse effect, get thus the quantity turn of evaluation index sign system, can give the lead of cluster design and can keep on a development of the more comfort level for aftertime.
Consider the cold region cluster layout has the space microclimate obvious region special, design the cluster main factor multilayer, the energy makes use of many targets, season variety difference etc. characteristics,this text lived an area building to adapt microclimate angle to set out from the cold region and mainly radiated from the sun of exploitation, breeze environment organization etc. certain region the microclimate regulate of method, carry on the comprehensive design that a set of cluster set up.
This application building physical, highly transmits,the theories of the climatology, comprehensive consideration geography and weather of check and supervision, deduce a cold region set cluster set up of each single building be apart from calculation formula and build up different cluster model to descend the sun radiation and environment of physical model, set up mode to make use of the sun radiation and reasonable to organize wind environment to put forward a metered basis for the different cluster. Finally take Xi'an as an example, put forward the three processes, it include urban plan analysis in the site district, cluster layout and cluster project evaluate.
The main methods be used in this text include simulation of CFD, BIM information model etc. representative's city of the cold region carry on a theories data emulation, and take Xi'an as a representative of cold region parts of items in of the typical model set up a way carry on winter, in summer and transition season of the fixed amount of the space wind field, sunshine, temperature, degree of humidity, get a dissimilarity live an area set cluster space layout the certain region produce microclimate with look for its space cluster adaptability, and pass area residents of particularly item investigation the sample data carry on analysis, research ratio to, pass analysis emulation of result study and induced cold region live area weather the fulfillment process of the adaptability and carry out path, look for the quantity turn of basis, for further raise cold region live an area set cluster layout the rationality provide theories of prop up.
本文应用聚落地理学、建筑环境控制学、城市生态学等相关阐述与理论进行规划特征综合研究。从城市住区组团的空间形态出发,基于局地微气候的合理性的研究,从组团规划布局各要素几何特征、组团空间形态界面、组团空间填充物分布及特点等方面,研究住宅组团布局对组团居民居住心理舒适度、微气候环境所产生的正作用及局地微气候对于组团布局起到的反作用,从而得到间距、高度比等量化的规划因子评价指标体系。并考虑了寒冷地区组团布局具有地域分布特殊性、组团要素多层次性、能源利用多目标性、季节变化差异性等特点,从寒冷地区住区建筑适应微气候角度出发,研究太阳辐射利用、风环境组织、下垫面构成比等微气候调节方法,进行组团布局的综合设计。应用建筑物理学、高等传热学、城市气候学等理论,从地形和微气候热环境角度综合推导出寒冷地区可降低建筑能耗条件下的不同组团布局特征,从场地区域分析、组团方案规划、组团方案评价三个主要过程进行太阳辐射、风环境、下垫面设计研究的量化分析与确定,试图为今后该地区城市住区组团规划设计提供借鉴和热环境设计参考。
本文通过采用CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics,计算流体力学)模拟,BIM(Building Information Modeling,建筑信息模型)信息模型等处理方式,对于寒冷地区的代表性城市的若干住区组团设计进行理论数据模拟,以西安为代表的寒冷地区平原城市具体项目进行冬季、夏季以及过渡季节的定量试验,以寻找其空间布局适应性特征,并对住区居民专项调研样本数据进行分析、比对,将其结果结合模拟试验,探讨并归纳寒冷地区住区气候适应性实践过程主要因子以及实现途径,寻找量化的依据,为进一步提高寒冷地区住区组团布局合理性提供理论的支撑。
There are close relationship between microclimate and building cluster. And there have an important meaning for decrease the energy cost and sustain development in study the adaptability building cluster in cold zone.
In the urban design stage, study from dweller's comfort level, regulate the outdoors microclimate influence of the cluster, look for strategy with effectively and reasonable to push the urban layout for better.
This paper study the system application theories as the City climatology, the Settlement of geography, the architecture Environment control of the building weather learn and city ecology's etc. Live an area set the space appearance of the cluster to set out from the city, according to the research of the rationality of microclimate,the cluster is from the set up several the cluster space appearance interface of the characteristic, cluster space fill a thing to distribute and characteristics etc.,study a residence cluster layout will consume the cluster residents' comfort level, positive function and certain region microclimate produce by microclimate rises to the cluster layout of adverse effect, get thus the quantity turn of evaluation index sign system, can give the lead of cluster design and can keep on a development of the more comfort level for aftertime.
Consider the cold region cluster layout has the space microclimate obvious region special, design the cluster main factor multilayer, the energy makes use of many targets, season variety difference etc. characteristics,this text lived an area building to adapt microclimate angle to set out from the cold region and mainly radiated from the sun of exploitation, breeze environment organization etc. certain region the microclimate regulate of method, carry on the comprehensive design that a set of cluster set up.
This application building physical, highly transmits,the theories of the climatology, comprehensive consideration geography and weather of check and supervision, deduce a cold region set cluster set up of each single building be apart from calculation formula and build up different cluster model to descend the sun radiation and environment of physical model, set up mode to make use of the sun radiation and reasonable to organize wind environment to put forward a metered basis for the different cluster. Finally take Xi'an as an example, put forward the three processes, it include urban plan analysis in the site district, cluster layout and cluster project evaluate.
The main methods be used in this text include simulation of CFD, BIM information model etc. representative's city of the cold region carry on a theories data emulation, and take Xi'an as a representative of cold region parts of items in of the typical model set up a way carry on winter, in summer and transition season of the fixed amount of the space wind field, sunshine, temperature, degree of humidity, get a dissimilarity live an area set cluster space layout the certain region produce microclimate with look for its space cluster adaptability, and pass area residents of particularly item investigation the sample data carry on analysis, research ratio to, pass analysis emulation of result study and induced cold region live area weather the fulfillment process of the adaptability and carry out path, look for the quantity turn of basis, for further raise cold region live an area set cluster layout the rationality provide theories of prop up.
引文
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①联合国人类住区规划署编撰《世界城市状况报告(2008/2009)》
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①城市居住区规划设计规范GB 50180—93,2002年版
②民用建筑热工设计规范GB50176-93
①西安市招商引资网http_www.xainvest.gov.cn_ziyuan_zy.htm
①刘念雄,秦佑国,建筑热环境.北京：清华大学出版社,2009.
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①聚落地理学http://baike.baidu.com/view/25725.htm
①西安建筑科技大学绿色建筑研究中心.绿色建筑.北京：中国计划出版社1999.6
①联合国人类住区规划署编撰《世界城市状况报告(2008/2009)》
②出房率：是指住宅净使用面积占销售面积的百分比。
①Alberti,L.B.,Ten Books of Architecture,translated into Italian by C.Bartoli and from Italian into Enlish by J.Leoni,facsimile of 1755 edition (Rykwert,J,ed.).Tiranti,London,1955,book I,Chap.2
①王其亨,风水理论研究[M].天津:天津大学出版社,2003.
①段进《城市空间发展论》p55
②勃罗德彭特.建筑设计与人文科学[M].张伟译。北京：中国建筑工业出版社1990；27-39
①城市居住区规划设计规范GB 50180—93,2002年版
②民用建筑热工设计规范GB50176-93
①西安市招商引资网http_www.xainvest.gov.cn_ziyuan_zy.htm
①刘念雄,秦佑国,建筑热环境.北京：清华大学出版社,2009.
①Climate in a small area:an introduction to local meteorology/Masatoshi M. Yoshino.
②龙惟定,建筑节能技术,中国建筑工业出版社。2009年,P26
①《建筑设计资料集》编委会。建筑设计资料集3[S].1994
①城市居住区规划设计规范GB 50180—93(2002年版)
①布宁《城市建设艺术史：20世纪资本主义国家的城市建设》p53
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