重型商用车驱动桥振动噪声预测研究
摘要
驱动桥是汽车底盘上主要的振动和噪声源,驱动桥主减速器等齿轮结构在啮合中产生的冲击载荷通过半轴和连接轴承传递到驱动桥壳上,从而产生桥壳的振动与噪声。
本文利用有限元和边界元技术,对某重型商用汽车驱动桥总成进行了振动噪声预测分析,根据分析结果提出结构进行方案并验证改进效果。文中首先建立了驱动桥三维模型,包括主减速器、差速器、轮边减速器等,并在三维软件平台上进行虚拟组装,然后根据分析要求,在有限元前处理软件Hypermesh中建立了有限元模型。在此基础上首先分析了驱动桥壳约束模态,得出了在2000Hz以内的振型及固有频率;驱动桥壳固有频率较高,第一阶达到288Hz,然后在Ls-dyna中对主减速器齿轮啮合进行了瞬态响应分析,得到主减速器连接轴承对驱动桥壳振动激励载荷时域数据,并利用FFT变换将该时域信号转换为频域信号,根据瞬态分析和模态分析,找出有可能会产生较大振动和噪声的频率值;并根据分析得出的频率,对驱动桥桥壳进行振动频率响应分析和噪声分析,找出桥壳主要的振动噪声源。并对驱动桥壳的噪声辐射做出准确预测,最后对驱动桥在不同车速下的振动噪声进行仿真,进一步分析总结了驱动桥振动噪声规律。
根据噪声振动的分析结果,对驱动桥壳进行了结构修改方案,即通过在振动噪声源壳体表面加加强筋的方法来减振降噪。振动及辐射噪声仿真分析验证表明,采用该方法能够有效控制桥壳主要噪声辐射源的辐射噪声。
The rear axle is the one of the main vibration and noise resources in transmitting mechanism. According to previous studies, the noise stem from the impact on axle housing which is produced by the gears joggling. Moreover, the rear axle is sustained by suspension in the vehicle, which will absolutely lead to the rear axle’s flexural vibration. Especially, when resonance vibration happens, the SPL of noise appears extremely high, destructing mechanism reliability seriously and making passenger uncomfortable.
It makes full use of FEM and BEM technology in this paper to analyze the noise and vibration of axle, which provides reasonable suggestion in coping with the NVH issue of the rear axle. The main jobs of this paper are as follow:
Firstly, the 3D model and FE model of the rear axle were established under CATIA and HYPERMESH platform respectively, which is the basic step for the next analysis. Secondly, the constraint modal analysis of the rear axle housing was carried out in order to attain the natural frequency and vibration shape of the rear axle housing within 2000Hz. It shows that the 1st natural frequency is 288Hz, which is much higher than road disturbance frequency. Thirdly, with the accurate gear models and assembled relationship, the transient response was measured to get vibration time-domain data of the nodes on the exterior surface of axletrees and frequency-domain data was obtained by means of taking advantage of FFT technology. Then, the frequency and noise analysis was carried out which focused on the frequency where was supposed to produce higher vibration and noise According to constraint modal and transient response analysis ,the results indicated that the main noise radiation resources are the axle’s rear cover, The method to reduce the noise is to reduce the vibration of axle.
Finally, the main noise radiation resources of the rear axle was modified by means of adding groove shank to axle’s rear cover ,which turn out to be good effect.
本文利用有限元和边界元技术,对某重型商用汽车驱动桥总成进行了振动噪声预测分析,根据分析结果提出结构进行方案并验证改进效果。文中首先建立了驱动桥三维模型,包括主减速器、差速器、轮边减速器等,并在三维软件平台上进行虚拟组装,然后根据分析要求,在有限元前处理软件Hypermesh中建立了有限元模型。在此基础上首先分析了驱动桥壳约束模态,得出了在2000Hz以内的振型及固有频率;驱动桥壳固有频率较高,第一阶达到288Hz,然后在Ls-dyna中对主减速器齿轮啮合进行了瞬态响应分析,得到主减速器连接轴承对驱动桥壳振动激励载荷时域数据,并利用FFT变换将该时域信号转换为频域信号,根据瞬态分析和模态分析,找出有可能会产生较大振动和噪声的频率值;并根据分析得出的频率,对驱动桥桥壳进行振动频率响应分析和噪声分析,找出桥壳主要的振动噪声源。并对驱动桥壳的噪声辐射做出准确预测,最后对驱动桥在不同车速下的振动噪声进行仿真,进一步分析总结了驱动桥振动噪声规律。
根据噪声振动的分析结果,对驱动桥壳进行了结构修改方案,即通过在振动噪声源壳体表面加加强筋的方法来减振降噪。振动及辐射噪声仿真分析验证表明,采用该方法能够有效控制桥壳主要噪声辐射源的辐射噪声。
The rear axle is the one of the main vibration and noise resources in transmitting mechanism. According to previous studies, the noise stem from the impact on axle housing which is produced by the gears joggling. Moreover, the rear axle is sustained by suspension in the vehicle, which will absolutely lead to the rear axle’s flexural vibration. Especially, when resonance vibration happens, the SPL of noise appears extremely high, destructing mechanism reliability seriously and making passenger uncomfortable.
It makes full use of FEM and BEM technology in this paper to analyze the noise and vibration of axle, which provides reasonable suggestion in coping with the NVH issue of the rear axle. The main jobs of this paper are as follow:
Firstly, the 3D model and FE model of the rear axle were established under CATIA and HYPERMESH platform respectively, which is the basic step for the next analysis. Secondly, the constraint modal analysis of the rear axle housing was carried out in order to attain the natural frequency and vibration shape of the rear axle housing within 2000Hz. It shows that the 1st natural frequency is 288Hz, which is much higher than road disturbance frequency. Thirdly, with the accurate gear models and assembled relationship, the transient response was measured to get vibration time-domain data of the nodes on the exterior surface of axletrees and frequency-domain data was obtained by means of taking advantage of FFT technology. Then, the frequency and noise analysis was carried out which focused on the frequency where was supposed to produce higher vibration and noise According to constraint modal and transient response analysis ,the results indicated that the main noise radiation resources are the axle’s rear cover, The method to reduce the noise is to reduce the vibration of axle.
Finally, the main noise radiation resources of the rear axle was modified by means of adding groove shank to axle’s rear cover ,which turn out to be good effect.
引文
[1]何渝生,汽车噪声控制,北京:机械工业出版社,1995.
[2]孟庆华,周晓军,庞茂.车辆驱动桥噪声分析及试验研究.振动与冲击,2006,25(1):136-139.
[3]周涌麟,李树珉,汽车噪声原理?检测与控制,北京:中国环境科学出版社,1992
[4]苏恩生.汽车驱动桥壳的有限元建模和分析[D].吉林:吉林大学,2005.04.
[5]卢天祥,重型车桥焊接式整体驱动桥壳的有限元分析及优化设计.重庆:重庆大学.2007.05
[6]陈应津,王吉.HR601驱动桥模态分析.噪声与振动控制.2008,6(3):32-34.
[7]王斌.汽车驱动桥桥壳结构强度和与模态的有限元分析[D].合肥:合肥工业大学,2007.12.
[8]王亮.汽车驱动桥壳优化设计[D].天津:河北工业大学,2006.03.
[9]王革新.某车型汽车驱动桥壳的力学分析[D].沈阳:东北大学,2006.03.
[10]龚培康.汽车拖拉机有限元法基础.机械工业出版社.1995
[11]苏恩生.汽车驱动桥壳的有限元建模和分析[D].吉林:吉林大学,2005.04.
[12]朱起定.有限元的预处理和后处理理论.上海科学技术出版社.1994.
[13]王勖成,邵敏.有限单元法基本原理和数值方法.清华大学出版社.1997.
[14]陈应津,王吉.HR601驱动桥模态分析.噪声与振动控制.2008,6(3):32-34.
[15] Burnett,David S.Finite element analysis.Addison-Wesley Pub.1987.
[16]史监凯维奇OC.有限元法.北京:科学出版社,1985.
[17]胡磊,付畅.汽车驱动桥噪声分析及控制研究[J].公路与汽运,2007,123(6):12-14.
[18] D.J.Nefske,S.H.Sungand A.E.Duncan.Application of Finite E1ement Methods to Vehicle Interior Acoustic Design. SAE Paper840743.1984:110~115.
[19] Howard E.Fonda,Donald E.Wente,Rear axle noise quality inspection method,SAE Paper No.710115.
[20]韩愈琪.基于ADAMS的路面激励下矿用汽车驱动桥动载荷分析.矿山机械,2005,12(33):34-38.
[21]白胜勇,轿车车内噪声动态分析及其优化设计研究,同济大学博士学位论文,2000
[22]李欣.重型货车驱动桥桥壳结构分析及其轻量化研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2006.04.
[23]唐善政.汽车驱动桥的试验研究及控制[J].汽车科技,2000,156(3):14-21.
[24]仪垂杰等,汽车驱动桥噪声的分析与试验研究,汽车工程,1994,第5期.
[25]宫燃,周晓军,张志刚等.声传递向量法在汽车驱动桥声辐射中的应用.中国公路学报2008,21(1):116-121.
[26]吴卫国,王贵成,王志等.振动板辐射噪声的结果主动控制.振动与冲击.2006,25(5):10-16.
[27] Fuller CR,Hansen CH.Active of sound radiation from a vibrating rectangular panel by sound sources and vibration inputs:an experimental comparison.J.Sound Vib.1991,145(2):195-215.
[28] Elliott S J.Radiation modes and the active control of sound power.J.Acoustic.Soc.Am,1993,94(4):2194-2204.
[29] Borgiotti GV.The Power Radiated by a Vibrating Body in an Acoustic Fluid and its Determination from Boundary Measurements.J.Acoustic.Soc.Am.,1990,88(4):1884-1893.
[30]龙驭球.有限元法概论[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1979,5-33.
[31]周昌玉,贺小华.有限元分析的基本方法及工程应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2006,3-9.
[32]谭继锦.汽车有限元法[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2005,1-4
[33]仪垂杰等,汽车驱动桥噪声控制技术的研究与降噪效果,应用科学学报,1995,第4期.
[34]刘惟信.汽车车桥设计?北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
[35]赵海鸥.LS-DYNA动力分析指南.兵器工业出版社.2003.
[36] Jim Day.LS-DYNA Advanced Solution Technology.2003.
[37]余志生.汽车理论[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2009.
[38]朱加铭,欧贵宝,何蕴增,有限元与边界元法.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学出版社,2002.1-9.
[39] Dong J,Choi K K,Kim N H.Design optimization for structural-acoustic problem using FEA-BEA with Adjoint variable method[J].ASME Journal of Mechanical Design,2004,126(3):527—533.
[40]冯大奎,叶恒奎,张志国等.直接边界元法三维自由面兴波时域模拟[J].应用力学学报.2009,26(2):356-359.
[41] Dong Jun,Choi Kyung K,Wang Aimin,etal.Parametric design sensitivity analysis of high-frequency structural-acoustic problem using energy finite element method[J].International Journal for Numerical Method sin Engineering,2005,62:83—121.
[42] WANGTQ YANGZG.Scattering of plane wave from moving body under water with finite impedance surface[J].Journal of Sound and Vibration,2004,273(4):969-987.
[43]崔喆，黄协清．结构声辐射的虚边界元最小二乘法及仿真研究[J].系统仿真学报.2004,16(10):2169-2172.
[44]黎胜,赵德有.用边界元法计算结构振动辐射声场[J].大连理工学报.2000,40(4):391-394.
[45] MiaoQM,AllenT.Chwang.Ship Waves by Direct Boundary Element Method[J].Journal ofShip Mechanics,2003,7(6):27-36.
[46] SUZUKIS,MARUYAMAS,IDOH.Boundary element analysis of cavity noise problems with complicated boundary conditions[J].J Sound Vib,1989,130(1):79-91.
[47] QC/T533—1999.汽车驱动桥台架试验方法——第一部分:一般要求.
[48]张健.汽车驱动桥振动噪声研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2005.
[2]孟庆华,周晓军,庞茂.车辆驱动桥噪声分析及试验研究.振动与冲击,2006,25(1):136-139.
[3]周涌麟,李树珉,汽车噪声原理?检测与控制,北京:中国环境科学出版社,1992
[4]苏恩生.汽车驱动桥壳的有限元建模和分析[D].吉林:吉林大学,2005.04.
[5]卢天祥,重型车桥焊接式整体驱动桥壳的有限元分析及优化设计.重庆:重庆大学.2007.05
[6]陈应津,王吉.HR601驱动桥模态分析.噪声与振动控制.2008,6(3):32-34.
[7]王斌.汽车驱动桥桥壳结构强度和与模态的有限元分析[D].合肥:合肥工业大学,2007.12.
[8]王亮.汽车驱动桥壳优化设计[D].天津:河北工业大学,2006.03.
[9]王革新.某车型汽车驱动桥壳的力学分析[D].沈阳:东北大学,2006.03.
[10]龚培康.汽车拖拉机有限元法基础.机械工业出版社.1995
[11]苏恩生.汽车驱动桥壳的有限元建模和分析[D].吉林:吉林大学,2005.04.
[12]朱起定.有限元的预处理和后处理理论.上海科学技术出版社.1994.
[13]王勖成,邵敏.有限单元法基本原理和数值方法.清华大学出版社.1997.
[14]陈应津,王吉.HR601驱动桥模态分析.噪声与振动控制.2008,6(3):32-34.
[15] Burnett,David S.Finite element analysis.Addison-Wesley Pub.1987.
[16]史监凯维奇OC.有限元法.北京:科学出版社,1985.
[17]胡磊,付畅.汽车驱动桥噪声分析及控制研究[J].公路与汽运,2007,123(6):12-14.
[18] D.J.Nefske,S.H.Sungand A.E.Duncan.Application of Finite E1ement Methods to Vehicle Interior Acoustic Design. SAE Paper840743.1984:110~115.
[19] Howard E.Fonda,Donald E.Wente,Rear axle noise quality inspection method,SAE Paper No.710115.
[20]韩愈琪.基于ADAMS的路面激励下矿用汽车驱动桥动载荷分析.矿山机械,2005,12(33):34-38.
[21]白胜勇,轿车车内噪声动态分析及其优化设计研究,同济大学博士学位论文,2000
[22]李欣.重型货车驱动桥桥壳结构分析及其轻量化研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2006.04.
[23]唐善政.汽车驱动桥的试验研究及控制[J].汽车科技,2000,156(3):14-21.
[24]仪垂杰等,汽车驱动桥噪声的分析与试验研究,汽车工程,1994,第5期.
[25]宫燃,周晓军,张志刚等.声传递向量法在汽车驱动桥声辐射中的应用.中国公路学报2008,21(1):116-121.
[26]吴卫国,王贵成,王志等.振动板辐射噪声的结果主动控制.振动与冲击.2006,25(5):10-16.
[27] Fuller CR,Hansen CH.Active of sound radiation from a vibrating rectangular panel by sound sources and vibration inputs:an experimental comparison.J.Sound Vib.1991,145(2):195-215.
[28] Elliott S J.Radiation modes and the active control of sound power.J.Acoustic.Soc.Am,1993,94(4):2194-2204.
[29] Borgiotti GV.The Power Radiated by a Vibrating Body in an Acoustic Fluid and its Determination from Boundary Measurements.J.Acoustic.Soc.Am.,1990,88(4):1884-1893.
[30]龙驭球.有限元法概论[M].北京:人民教育出版社,1979,5-33.
[31]周昌玉,贺小华.有限元分析的基本方法及工程应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2006,3-9.
[32]谭继锦.汽车有限元法[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2005,1-4
[33]仪垂杰等,汽车驱动桥噪声控制技术的研究与降噪效果,应用科学学报,1995,第4期.
[34]刘惟信.汽车车桥设计?北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
[35]赵海鸥.LS-DYNA动力分析指南.兵器工业出版社.2003.
[36] Jim Day.LS-DYNA Advanced Solution Technology.2003.
[37]余志生.汽车理论[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2009.
[38]朱加铭,欧贵宝,何蕴增,有限元与边界元法.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学出版社,2002.1-9.
[39] Dong J,Choi K K,Kim N H.Design optimization for structural-acoustic problem using FEA-BEA with Adjoint variable method[J].ASME Journal of Mechanical Design,2004,126(3):527—533.
[40]冯大奎,叶恒奎,张志国等.直接边界元法三维自由面兴波时域模拟[J].应用力学学报.2009,26(2):356-359.
[41] Dong Jun,Choi Kyung K,Wang Aimin,etal.Parametric design sensitivity analysis of high-frequency structural-acoustic problem using energy finite element method[J].International Journal for Numerical Method sin Engineering,2005,62:83—121.
[42] WANGTQ YANGZG.Scattering of plane wave from moving body under water with finite impedance surface[J].Journal of Sound and Vibration,2004,273(4):969-987.
[43]崔喆，黄协清．结构声辐射的虚边界元最小二乘法及仿真研究[J].系统仿真学报.2004,16(10):2169-2172.
[44]黎胜,赵德有.用边界元法计算结构振动辐射声场[J].大连理工学报.2000,40(4):391-394.
[45] MiaoQM,AllenT.Chwang.Ship Waves by Direct Boundary Element Method[J].Journal ofShip Mechanics,2003,7(6):27-36.
[46] SUZUKIS,MARUYAMAS,IDOH.Boundary element analysis of cavity noise problems with complicated boundary conditions[J].J Sound Vib,1989,130(1):79-91.
[47] QC/T533—1999.汽车驱动桥台架试验方法——第一部分:一般要求.
[48]张健.汽车驱动桥振动噪声研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2005.