企业人力资源管理者职业倦怠探究
摘要
社会的变革、技术的进步、管理的创新给新时期的企业人力资源管理带来了全新的变革。这一切都冲破了以往对企业人力资源管理者的角色期待,而代之以更大的压力和挑战。在回应压力和面对挑战的过程中,引发了企业人力资源管理者的诸多心理问题,而职业倦怠感便是其中之一。
企业人力资源管理者的职业倦怠及其表现严重影响了企业人力资源管理的质量,这不仅阻碍员工和企业的发展,而且也影响了人力资源管理者个体的身心健康。国内外关于职业倦怠的研究已经积累了不少的理论成果,但其研究主要集中在教师、医生行业等助人行业,没有对人力资源从管理者的职业倦怠有所关注和研究。为了了解企业人力资源管理者职业倦怠的一般状况、其职业倦怠同各相关变量如性别、年龄、学历等因素的关系,本研究对162名企业人力资源管理者进行了问卷调查,并利用SPSS11.5进行数据分析,有助于提供我国企业人力资源管理者职业倦怠的原始数据,并在此基础上探讨防御与缓解职业倦怠的对策等一系列问题。
文章主要结构如下:
第一部分,概述了文章的研究背景,提出了研究意义和研究目标,介绍了本文采用的主要研究方法。
第二部分,通过对已有文献的研究归纳,对职业倦怠的理论和企业人力资源管理者的界定等进行了理论综述。
第三部分,介绍了企业人力资源管理者职业倦怠问卷的编制、信度效度检验以及调研数据的统计分析。得出主要结论有:第一,绝大多数企业人力资源管理者存在较为严重的职业倦怠问题;第二,在职业倦怠三维度中,企业人力资源管理者情绪衰竭程度比较严重,去个性化程度一般,成就感比较高;第三,性别、婚姻状况、年龄、学历、专业背景、职务级别、工作年限等人口统计学变量对企业人力资源管理者职业倦怠水平及各维度均有较为显著的差异性影响。
第四部分,根据调研结论,从人力资源管理角度提出了预防和缓解企业人力资源管理者职业倦怠的建议和对策。总结了本研究的不足及后续研究的建议。
本研究扩大了职业倦怠的研究范围,探寻具有助人服务特征的企业人力资源管理者的职业倦怠状况,对实证结果进行了原因分析,以期对今后的研究提供一定的支持。
Social transformation, technical progress and management innovation bring new changes with Human Resource Management of enterprises in new era. All of them break the previous role expectations of human resource managers, and replaced them with great pressure and challenges. In response to the stress and challenges, human resource managers of enterprises get many psychological problems, but "professional burnout" is one of the typical problems.
The human resource managers' professional burnout and its expressions have bad effect on quality of Human Resource Management of enterprises. They not only hinder the growth of the enterprises and employees but also influence the development of the human resource managers' mental and physical health. In order to understand the general situation of the human resource managers of enterprises and the relationship between job burnout and some other variables such as sex, age, work experience and so on, the study takes 162 human resource managers as examples and take the questionnaire to research. At last, according to these research results author puts forward some suggestions to reduce job burnout in human resource management.
The thesis mainly consists of following parts:
PartⅠsummarizes the background, puts forward the significance and target of this research, and introduces main approaches adopted.
PartⅡby summarizing and researching literature, sums up the researches on job burnout and definition for the human resource managers of enterprises.
PartⅢintroduces the compiling, reliability and validity assessment and statistical of the survey paper on human resource managers of enterprises. Following conclusions are drawn: Firstly, most of the surveyed human resource managers represent serious job burnout. Secondly, the level of the emotional exhaustion of the human resource managers of enterprises is serious, disintegrated personality is ordinary and the sense of success is high. Thirdly, variables, as gender, marital status, age, education, professional background, position, age of working, assert great differential influences on the level and dimensions of human resource managers' job burnout.
PartⅣaccording to research conclusion, puts forward some suggestions to reduce job burnout in human resource management. At last, it described as the main limitations of this study and follow-up research.
This study expanded the scope of job burnout, explored the job burnout situation of the enterprise human resource managers. This thesis carried on the reason analysis to empirical result, in order to provide some support for the future research.
企业人力资源管理者的职业倦怠及其表现严重影响了企业人力资源管理的质量,这不仅阻碍员工和企业的发展,而且也影响了人力资源管理者个体的身心健康。国内外关于职业倦怠的研究已经积累了不少的理论成果,但其研究主要集中在教师、医生行业等助人行业,没有对人力资源从管理者的职业倦怠有所关注和研究。为了了解企业人力资源管理者职业倦怠的一般状况、其职业倦怠同各相关变量如性别、年龄、学历等因素的关系,本研究对162名企业人力资源管理者进行了问卷调查,并利用SPSS11.5进行数据分析,有助于提供我国企业人力资源管理者职业倦怠的原始数据,并在此基础上探讨防御与缓解职业倦怠的对策等一系列问题。
文章主要结构如下:
第一部分,概述了文章的研究背景,提出了研究意义和研究目标,介绍了本文采用的主要研究方法。
第二部分,通过对已有文献的研究归纳,对职业倦怠的理论和企业人力资源管理者的界定等进行了理论综述。
第三部分,介绍了企业人力资源管理者职业倦怠问卷的编制、信度效度检验以及调研数据的统计分析。得出主要结论有:第一,绝大多数企业人力资源管理者存在较为严重的职业倦怠问题;第二,在职业倦怠三维度中,企业人力资源管理者情绪衰竭程度比较严重,去个性化程度一般,成就感比较高;第三,性别、婚姻状况、年龄、学历、专业背景、职务级别、工作年限等人口统计学变量对企业人力资源管理者职业倦怠水平及各维度均有较为显著的差异性影响。
第四部分,根据调研结论,从人力资源管理角度提出了预防和缓解企业人力资源管理者职业倦怠的建议和对策。总结了本研究的不足及后续研究的建议。
本研究扩大了职业倦怠的研究范围,探寻具有助人服务特征的企业人力资源管理者的职业倦怠状况,对实证结果进行了原因分析,以期对今后的研究提供一定的支持。
Social transformation, technical progress and management innovation bring new changes with Human Resource Management of enterprises in new era. All of them break the previous role expectations of human resource managers, and replaced them with great pressure and challenges. In response to the stress and challenges, human resource managers of enterprises get many psychological problems, but "professional burnout" is one of the typical problems.
The human resource managers' professional burnout and its expressions have bad effect on quality of Human Resource Management of enterprises. They not only hinder the growth of the enterprises and employees but also influence the development of the human resource managers' mental and physical health. In order to understand the general situation of the human resource managers of enterprises and the relationship between job burnout and some other variables such as sex, age, work experience and so on, the study takes 162 human resource managers as examples and take the questionnaire to research. At last, according to these research results author puts forward some suggestions to reduce job burnout in human resource management.
The thesis mainly consists of following parts:
PartⅠsummarizes the background, puts forward the significance and target of this research, and introduces main approaches adopted.
PartⅡby summarizing and researching literature, sums up the researches on job burnout and definition for the human resource managers of enterprises.
PartⅢintroduces the compiling, reliability and validity assessment and statistical of the survey paper on human resource managers of enterprises. Following conclusions are drawn: Firstly, most of the surveyed human resource managers represent serious job burnout. Secondly, the level of the emotional exhaustion of the human resource managers of enterprises is serious, disintegrated personality is ordinary and the sense of success is high. Thirdly, variables, as gender, marital status, age, education, professional background, position, age of working, assert great differential influences on the level and dimensions of human resource managers' job burnout.
PartⅣaccording to research conclusion, puts forward some suggestions to reduce job burnout in human resource management. At last, it described as the main limitations of this study and follow-up research.
This study expanded the scope of job burnout, explored the job burnout situation of the enterprise human resource managers. This thesis carried on the reason analysis to empirical result, in order to provide some support for the future research.
引文
1 刘祥亚.职业倦怠自治手册.2005年8月:6-9
2 “工作倦怠指数”调查报告.http://www.chinahrd.net/img/jlr/zt/20041206/index.asp
3 罗闹闹.中国员工进入“职业枯竭”高发期.人力资源开发与管理,2006年10月:第13页
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3 http://blog.voc.com.cn/sp1/dengjie/131706303935.shtml
1 Maslach C,Jackson SE.Maslach burnout inventory manual(2nd ed.)[M].Pale Alto,CA:Consulting Psychologists Press.1986
2 Schaufeli WB,Greenglass ER.Introduction to special issue on burnout and health,Psychology and Health,2001,1(16):501-510
3 Bakker AB,Sehaufeli WB,DEmerout I E,Janssen PP,Vader Huslst R and Brouwer J.Using equity theory to examine the difference between burnout and depression,Anxiety,Stress and Ciping,2000,13:247-268
4 Cordes CL and Dougherty TW.A review and an integration of research on job burnout.Academy of Management Review,1993,18(4):621-656
1 http://linyuner33.blog.163.com/blog/static/43140962200772883723660/
2 杨永妙,王元元.全球人才开跑.人大复印资料,2006年11月:第16页
1 王晓春,甘怡群.关于国外工作倦怠研究的现状述评.心理科学进展,2003年第五期:567-572
1 Barry A.Father.2000 Treatment Strategies for Different Types of Teacher Burnout.Psychotherapy in Practice.675-689
2 Maslach,C.(1982).Understanding burnout:definitional issues in analyzing a complex phenomenon.In Paine,W.S.(Eds.),Job Stress and Burnout Beverly Hills,CA:SAGE Publication.
1 Maslach C,Jackson SE,measurement of experienced burunout{J}.Journal of Occupational Behavior,1981,2:99-115
1 Maslach C,Jackson SE.Maslach burnout inventory manual(2nd ed.)[M].Palo Alto,CA:Consulting Psychologists Press.1986
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1 Maslach C,Leiter MP.Burnout and quality in a step-up world.Journal for Quality& Participation.2001:48-51
1 卞冉,龙立荣.工作倦怠的理论研究及其进展.中国临床心理学杂志,2003年第11卷第4期:317-320
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3 卞冉,龙立荣.工作倦怠的理论研究及其进展.中国临床心理学杂志,2003年第11卷第4期:317-320
4 Moore JE.Why is this happening? A causal attribution approach to work exhaustion consequences.Academy of Management Review,2000,25(2):335-349
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1 Maslach C,Schaufeli WB,Leiter M P.Job Burnout.Annual Review of Psychology.2001,52:397-422
1 Moore J E.One road turnover:An examination of work exhaustion in technology professionals.MIS Quarterly,2000,24(1):141-175
2 Harden R M.Stress,pressure and burnout in teachers:Is the swan exhausted? Medical Teacher,1999,21(3):245-247
3 Maslach C,Schaufeli W B,Leiter M P.Job Burnout.Annual Review of Psychology,,2001,52:397-422
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[1]Maslach C, Jackson SE. Maslach burnout inventory manual (2nd ed.)[M]. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. 1986
[2]Schaufeli WB, Greenglass ER. Introduction to special issue on burnout and health, Psychology and Health, 2001,1(16): 501-510
[3]Bakker AB, Schaufeli WB, DEmerout I E, Janssen PP, Vader Huslst R and Brouwer J. Using equity theory to examine the difference between burnout and depression, Anxiety, Stress and Ciping, 2000,13:247-268
[4]Cordes CL and Dougherty TW. A review and an integration of research on job burnout. Academy of Management Review, 1993,18(4):621-656
[5]Barry A .Farber. 2000 Treatment Strategies for Different Types of Teacher Burnout. Psychotherapy in Practice. 675-689
[6]Maslach, C. (1982). Understanding burnout: definitional issues in analyzing a complex phenomenon. In Paine, W.S.(Eds.), Job Stress and Burnout Beverly Hills, CA:SAGE Publication.
[7]Maslach C, Jackson SE, measurement of experienced burnout{J}. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 1981, 2: 99-115
[8]Maslach C, Schaufeli WB, Leiter MP. Job burnout [J]. Annual Reviews of Psychology. 2001, 52: 397-422
[9]Maslach C, Leiter MP. Burnout and quality in a step-up world. Journal for Quality& Participation. 2001:48-51
[10]Densten L. Re-thinking burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 2001,22:833-847
[11] Moore JE. Why is this happening? A causal attribution approach to work exhaustion consequences. Academy of Management Review,2000,25(2):335-349
[12]Hobfoll SE. The influence of culture, community, and the nested self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. App lied Psychology: A n International Review, 2001, 50:337- 370
[13]Bakker AB, Demerouti E, Toon W, et al. A mutiny group analysis of the job demands-Re1 sources model in four home care organizations. International Journal of Stress Management, 2003,10 (1): 16-38
[14] Moore J E. One road turnover: An examination of work exhaustion in technology professionals. MIS Quarterly,2000,24(1): 141-175
[15] Harden R M. Stress, pressure and burnout in teachers: Is the swan exhausted? Medical Teacher, 1999,21 (3):245-247
[16] Leonard B. Can service with a smile lead to job burnout? HRMagazine,2000,45(4) :27
[17] Schaufeli WB, Enzmann D. The burnout companion to study and practice: A critical analysis. London: Taylor and Francis, 1998
[18]Lee, R. & Ashforth, B. On the meaning of Maslach's three dimensions of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1990,75:743-747
[19] Evans, B. & Fischer, D. The nature of burnout: A study of the three-factor models of burnout in human service and non-human service samples. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 1993,66: 29-38
[20]Taris TW, Schreurs G, Schaufeli WB. Construct validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey: a two-sample examination of its factor structure and correlates. Work&Stress, 1999,13(3):223-237
[21]Schutte N, Toppinen S, &Kalimo R,et al. The factorial validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey across occupational groups and nations. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,2000,73:53-66
[22]Schaufeli WB , Leiter MP, Maslach C, et al. MBI manual (3~(rd) Edn.)[M].Palo Alto,CA: Consulting Psychologist Press 1996:67-102
[23]Pines A. Burnout. In: Goldberger L, Breznitz S. Handbook of stress. New York: The Free Press,1993,386-403
[24]PinesA M, &Aronson E. Career burnout: Cause and cures[M]. New York: Fress, 1981:156-180
[25]Breminkmeijer V, Van Yperen NW, Buunk B P. Burnout and depression are not identical twins: Is superiority a distinguishing feature [J].Personality and Individual Differences, 2001,30:873-880
[26]Bideau G. Certaine aspects cultures, diagnostiqueset juridiques de burnout[M]. Montreat: Confederation de Syndicats Nationaux, 1989:73-78
[27]Leonard B. Can service with a smile lead to job burnout? 2000,45(4):27
[28]Schaufeli WB,Enzmann D.The burnout companion to study and practice:A critical analysis.London:Taylor and Francis,1998
[29]Dessler G..Personnel/Human Resource Management,5thed,Pentice Hall Inc Editions,1991,2-8
[30]Schaufeli W B.The evaluation of a burnout workshop for community nurses.Journal of Health and Human Resources Administration,1995,18:11-40
[31]刘祥亚.职业倦怠自治手册.2005年8月:6-9
[32]刘兴阳.中国人力资源管理的十大问题与对策.人力资源开发与管理,2007年01期:20-28
[33]罗闹闹.中国员工进入“职业枯竭”高发期.人力资源开发与管理,2006年10月:第13页
[34]杨永妙,王元元.全球人才开跑.人大复印资料,2006年11月:第16页
[35]王晓春,甘怡群.关于国外工作倦怠研究的现状述评.心理科学进展,2003年第五期:567-572
[36]卞冉,龙立荣.工作倦怠的理论研究及其进展.中国临床心理学杂志,2003年第11卷第4期:317-320
[37]李超平,时勘.分配公平与程序公平对工作倦怠的影响.心理学报,2003,35(5):677-684
[38]李超平,时勘,罗正学等.医护人员工作家庭冲突与工作倦怠的关系.中国心理卫生杂志,2003,17(12):807-809
[39]张燕,马剑虹.工作倦怠理论模型和相应干预措施.中国健康心理学,2006年第14卷第3期
[40]李永鑫.工作倦怠及其测量.心理科学,2003年第3期:556-557
[41]李永鑫,孟慧.工作倦怠结构研究进展.心理科学,2004,27(2):474-476
[42]李永鑫,白杨,李慧民.工作倦怠的测量与诊断.河南职工医学院学报,2004,16(4):386-389
[43]李永鑫,吴明证.工作倦怠的结构研究.心理科学,2005,28(2):454-457
[44]李培忠.辽宁师专学报社会科学版.2005年第一期:第27页[45]程刚.我国劳动法实施存在重大问题州].中国青年报,2005.12.19
[46]王娇萍.总工会称“过劳死”呈现向白领蔓延趋势[R].中新网,2006-06-22
[47]陈维政.工作分享对促进工作-生活平衡的作用研究.中国工业经济,2007年6月第6期:第5页
[48]郭思,钟建安.职业倦怠的干预研究述评.心理科学,2004,27(4):931-933
[49]岳红,张剑.情绪智力及其与工作绩效的关系.科学学研究,2006年12月增刊:第536页
[50]蒋南乔.“工作激情哪里去了”调查报告.人力资源开发与管理,2007年12月:36-39
[51]http://www.chinahrd.net/img/jlr/zt/20041206/index.asp
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[56]http://www.cnki.net
[57]http://www.hrdm.net/yjxx/digest/20493464.htm
[58]http://www.hrdm.net/yjxx/digest/chongxinrenshi.htm
[59]http://www.sinohrm.com/
2 “工作倦怠指数”调查报告.http://www.chinahrd.net/img/jlr/zt/20041206/index.asp
3 罗闹闹.中国员工进入“职业枯竭”高发期.人力资源开发与管理,2006年10月:第13页
4 蒋南乔.“工作激情哪里去了”调查报告.人力资源开发与管理,2007年12月:36-39
5 许燕.现代人的职业枯竭与心理健康,新民晚报,2004.年8月24,文章来源:http://www.whb.com.cn/pdjx/t20040823 186197.html
1 邓婕.中国企业人力资源管理的十大误区.文章来源:http://blog.voc.com.cn/spl/dengjie/131706303935.shtml
2 刘兴阳.中国人力资源管理的十大问题与对策.人力资源开发与管理,2007年01期:20-28
3 http://blog.voc.com.cn/sp1/dengjie/131706303935.shtml
1 Maslach C,Jackson SE.Maslach burnout inventory manual(2nd ed.)[M].Pale Alto,CA:Consulting Psychologists Press.1986
2 Schaufeli WB,Greenglass ER.Introduction to special issue on burnout and health,Psychology and Health,2001,1(16):501-510
3 Bakker AB,Sehaufeli WB,DEmerout I E,Janssen PP,Vader Huslst R and Brouwer J.Using equity theory to examine the difference between burnout and depression,Anxiety,Stress and Ciping,2000,13:247-268
4 Cordes CL and Dougherty TW.A review and an integration of research on job burnout.Academy of Management Review,1993,18(4):621-656
1 http://linyuner33.blog.163.com/blog/static/43140962200772883723660/
2 杨永妙,王元元.全球人才开跑.人大复印资料,2006年11月:第16页
1 王晓春,甘怡群.关于国外工作倦怠研究的现状述评.心理科学进展,2003年第五期:567-572
1 Barry A.Father.2000 Treatment Strategies for Different Types of Teacher Burnout.Psychotherapy in Practice.675-689
2 Maslach,C.(1982).Understanding burnout:definitional issues in analyzing a complex phenomenon.In Paine,W.S.(Eds.),Job Stress and Burnout Beverly Hills,CA:SAGE Publication.
1 Maslach C,Jackson SE,measurement of experienced burunout{J}.Journal of Occupational Behavior,1981,2:99-115
1 Maslach C,Jackson SE.Maslach burnout inventory manual(2nd ed.)[M].Palo Alto,CA:Consulting Psychologists Press.1986
1 Maslach C,Schaufeli WB,Leiter ME Job burnout[J].Annual Reviews of Psychology.2001,52:397-422
1 Maslach C,Leiter MP.Burnout and quality in a step-up world.Journal for Quality& Participation.2001:48-51
1 卞冉,龙立荣.工作倦怠的理论研究及其进展.中国临床心理学杂志,2003年第11卷第4期:317-320
2 Densten L.Re-thinking burnout.Journal of Organizational Behavior.2001,22:833-847
3 卞冉,龙立荣.工作倦怠的理论研究及其进展.中国临床心理学杂志,2003年第11卷第4期:317-320
4 Moore JE.Why is this happening? A causal attribution approach to work exhaustion consequences.Academy of Management Review,2000,25(2):335-349
1 卞冉,龙立荣.工作倦怠的理论研究及其进展.中国临床心理学杂志,2003年第11卷第4期:317-320
2 李超平,时勘.分配公平与程序公平对工作倦怠的影响.心理学报,2003,35(5):677-684
1 李超平,时勘.罗正学等.医护人员工作家庭冲突与工作倦怠的关系.中国心理卫生杂志,2003,17(12):807-809
2 李怀玉.警惕隐形杀手:职业倦怠症.http://www.cnki.net
1 Hobfoll SE.The influence of culture,community,and the nested self in the stress process:Advancing conservation of resources theory.App lied Psychology:A n International Review,2001,50:337-370
2 张燕,马剑虹.工作倦怠理论模型和相应干预措施.中国健康心理学,2006年第14卷第3期
1 Bakker AB,Dememuti E,ToonW,et al.A multigroup analysis of the job demands-Rel sources model in four home care organizations.International Journal of Stress Management,2003,10(1):16-38
2 张燕,马剑虹.工作倦怠理论模型和相应干预措施.中国健康心理学,2006年第14卷第3期
1 Maslach C,Schaufeli WB,Leiter M P.Job Burnout.Annual Review of Psychology.2001,52:397-422
1 Moore J E.One road turnover:An examination of work exhaustion in technology professionals.MIS Quarterly,2000,24(1):141-175
2 Harden R M.Stress,pressure and burnout in teachers:Is the swan exhausted? Medical Teacher,1999,21(3):245-247
3 Maslach C,Schaufeli W B,Leiter M P.Job Burnout.Annual Review of Psychology,,2001,52:397-422
1 Maslach C,Schaufeli W B,Leiter M P.Job Burnout.Annual Review of Psychology,2001,52:397-422
2 Leonard B.Can service with a smile lead to job burnout? HRMagazine,2000,45(4):27
1 李永鑫.工作倦怠及其测量.心理科学.,2003年第3期:556-557
1 Schaufeli WB,Enzmann D.The burnout companion to study and practice:A critical analysis.London:Taylor and Francis,1998
2 李永鑫,孟慧.工作倦怠结构研究进展.心理科学,2004,27(2):474-476
3 李永鑫,孟慧.工作倦怠结构研究进展.心理科学,2004,27(2):474-476
1 Lee,R.& Ashforth,B.On the meaning of Maslach's three dimensions of burnout.Journal of Applied Psychology,1990,75:743-747
2 Evans,B.& Fischer,D.The nature of burnout:A study of the three-factor models of burnout in human service and non-human service samples.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,1993,66:29-38
1 Tails TW,Schreurs G,Schaufeli WB.Construct validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey:a two-samplc examination of its factor structure and correlates.Work&Stress,1999,13(3):223-237
2 Schutte N,Toppinen S,&Kalimo R,et al.The factorial validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey across occupational groups and nations.Journal of Occupational andOrganizational Psychology,2000,73:53-66
3 李永鑫,白杨,李慧民.工作倦怠的测量与诊断.河南职工医学院学报,2004,16(4):386-389
4 李永鑫,吴明证.工作倦怠的结构研究.心理科学,2005,28(2):454-457
1 李培忠.辽宁师专学报社会科学版.2005年第一期:第27页
2 李永鑫,白杨,李慧民.工作倦怠的测量与诊断.河南职工医学院学报,2004,16(4):386-389
3 Schaufcli WB,Leiter MP,Maslach C,et al.MBI manual(3~(rd) Edn.)[M].Palo Alto,CA:Consulting Psychologist Press 1996:67-102
1 李永鑫,白杨,李慧民.工作倦怠的测量与诊断.河南职工医学院学报,2004,16(4):386-389
2 Pines A.Burnout.In:Goidberger L,Breznitz S.Handbook of stress.New York:The Free Press,1993,386-403
1 李永鑫,白杨,李慧民.工作倦怠的测量与诊断.河南职工医学院学报,2004,16(4):386-389
1 PinesA M,&Aronson E.Career burnout:Cause and cures[M].New York:Fress,1981:156-180
2 Breminkmeijer V,Van Yperen NW,Buunk B P.Burnout and depression are not identical twins:Is superiority a distinguishing feature[J].Personality and Individal Differences,2001,30:873-880
3 Bideau G.Certaine aspects euiturels,diagnostiqueset juridiques de burnout[M].Montreat:Confederation de Syndicats Nationaux,1989:73-78
1 Jeffery Preffer.Competitive Advantage Through People[M].Boston:Harvard School Press,1994
2 Anonymous.HR:customer-service laggard.Training,1994,31(6):10
3 Armsrong,M.A handbook of human resource management practice.London:Kogan Page,2001
1 Dessler G..Personnel/Human Resource Management,5thed,Pentice Hall Inc Editions,1991,2-8
2 http://www.hrdm.net/yjxx/digest/20493464.htm
1 http://www.hrdm.net/yjxx/digest/chongxinrenshi.htm
2 http://www.sinohrm.com/
1 Maslach C,Schaufeli W B,Leiter M P.Job burnout.Annual Review Psychology,2001,52:397-442
2 Schaufeli W B.The evaluation of a burnout workshop for community nurses.Journal of Health and Human Resources Administration,1995,18:11-40
1 蒋南乔.“工作激情哪里去了”调查报告.人力资源开发与管理,2007年12月:36-39
2 程刚.我国劳动法实施存在重大问题[N].中国青年报,2005-12-19
1 王娇萍.总工会称“过劳死”呈现向白领蔓延趋势[R].中新网,.2006-06-22
2 陈维政.工作分享对促进工作-生活平衡的作用研究.中国工业经济,2007年6月第6期:第5页
郭思,钟建安.职业倦怠的干预研究述评.心理科学,2004,27(4):931-933
2 McMillian R.Customer Satisfaction and Organizational Support for Service Providers [J].Doctoral Dissertation,University of Florida,1997,211-23
1 岳红,张剑.情绪智力及其与工作绩效的关系.科学学研究,2006年12月增刊:第536页
1 Sandberg,Jorgen.Understanding Human Competence at Work:An Interpretative Approach[J].Academy of Management Journal,2000,43(1):9-25
2 蒋南乔.“工作激情哪里去了”调查报告.人力资源开发与管理,2007年12月:36-39
[1]Maslach C, Jackson SE. Maslach burnout inventory manual (2nd ed.)[M]. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. 1986
[2]Schaufeli WB, Greenglass ER. Introduction to special issue on burnout and health, Psychology and Health, 2001,1(16): 501-510
[3]Bakker AB, Schaufeli WB, DEmerout I E, Janssen PP, Vader Huslst R and Brouwer J. Using equity theory to examine the difference between burnout and depression, Anxiety, Stress and Ciping, 2000,13:247-268
[4]Cordes CL and Dougherty TW. A review and an integration of research on job burnout. Academy of Management Review, 1993,18(4):621-656
[5]Barry A .Farber. 2000 Treatment Strategies for Different Types of Teacher Burnout. Psychotherapy in Practice. 675-689
[6]Maslach, C. (1982). Understanding burnout: definitional issues in analyzing a complex phenomenon. In Paine, W.S.(Eds.), Job Stress and Burnout Beverly Hills, CA:SAGE Publication.
[7]Maslach C, Jackson SE, measurement of experienced burnout{J}. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 1981, 2: 99-115
[8]Maslach C, Schaufeli WB, Leiter MP. Job burnout [J]. Annual Reviews of Psychology. 2001, 52: 397-422
[9]Maslach C, Leiter MP. Burnout and quality in a step-up world. Journal for Quality& Participation. 2001:48-51
[10]Densten L. Re-thinking burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 2001,22:833-847
[11] Moore JE. Why is this happening? A causal attribution approach to work exhaustion consequences. Academy of Management Review,2000,25(2):335-349
[12]Hobfoll SE. The influence of culture, community, and the nested self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. App lied Psychology: A n International Review, 2001, 50:337- 370
[13]Bakker AB, Demerouti E, Toon W, et al. A mutiny group analysis of the job demands-Re1 sources model in four home care organizations. International Journal of Stress Management, 2003,10 (1): 16-38
[14] Moore J E. One road turnover: An examination of work exhaustion in technology professionals. MIS Quarterly,2000,24(1): 141-175
[15] Harden R M. Stress, pressure and burnout in teachers: Is the swan exhausted? Medical Teacher, 1999,21 (3):245-247
[16] Leonard B. Can service with a smile lead to job burnout? HRMagazine,2000,45(4) :27
[17] Schaufeli WB, Enzmann D. The burnout companion to study and practice: A critical analysis. London: Taylor and Francis, 1998
[18]Lee, R. & Ashforth, B. On the meaning of Maslach's three dimensions of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1990,75:743-747
[19] Evans, B. & Fischer, D. The nature of burnout: A study of the three-factor models of burnout in human service and non-human service samples. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 1993,66: 29-38
[20]Taris TW, Schreurs G, Schaufeli WB. Construct validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey: a two-sample examination of its factor structure and correlates. Work&Stress, 1999,13(3):223-237
[21]Schutte N, Toppinen S, &Kalimo R,et al. The factorial validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey across occupational groups and nations. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,2000,73:53-66
[22]Schaufeli WB , Leiter MP, Maslach C, et al. MBI manual (3~(rd) Edn.)[M].Palo Alto,CA: Consulting Psychologist Press 1996:67-102
[23]Pines A. Burnout. In: Goldberger L, Breznitz S. Handbook of stress. New York: The Free Press,1993,386-403
[24]PinesA M, &Aronson E. Career burnout: Cause and cures[M]. New York: Fress, 1981:156-180
[25]Breminkmeijer V, Van Yperen NW, Buunk B P. Burnout and depression are not identical twins: Is superiority a distinguishing feature [J].Personality and Individual Differences, 2001,30:873-880
[26]Bideau G. Certaine aspects cultures, diagnostiqueset juridiques de burnout[M]. Montreat: Confederation de Syndicats Nationaux, 1989:73-78
[27]Leonard B. Can service with a smile lead to job burnout? 2000,45(4):27
[28]Schaufeli WB,Enzmann D.The burnout companion to study and practice:A critical analysis.London:Taylor and Francis,1998
[29]Dessler G..Personnel/Human Resource Management,5thed,Pentice Hall Inc Editions,1991,2-8
[30]Schaufeli W B.The evaluation of a burnout workshop for community nurses.Journal of Health and Human Resources Administration,1995,18:11-40
[31]刘祥亚.职业倦怠自治手册.2005年8月:6-9
[32]刘兴阳.中国人力资源管理的十大问题与对策.人力资源开发与管理,2007年01期:20-28
[33]罗闹闹.中国员工进入“职业枯竭”高发期.人力资源开发与管理,2006年10月:第13页
[34]杨永妙,王元元.全球人才开跑.人大复印资料,2006年11月:第16页
[35]王晓春,甘怡群.关于国外工作倦怠研究的现状述评.心理科学进展,2003年第五期:567-572
[36]卞冉,龙立荣.工作倦怠的理论研究及其进展.中国临床心理学杂志,2003年第11卷第4期:317-320
[37]李超平,时勘.分配公平与程序公平对工作倦怠的影响.心理学报,2003,35(5):677-684
[38]李超平,时勘,罗正学等.医护人员工作家庭冲突与工作倦怠的关系.中国心理卫生杂志,2003,17(12):807-809
[39]张燕,马剑虹.工作倦怠理论模型和相应干预措施.中国健康心理学,2006年第14卷第3期
[40]李永鑫.工作倦怠及其测量.心理科学,2003年第3期:556-557
[41]李永鑫,孟慧.工作倦怠结构研究进展.心理科学,2004,27(2):474-476
[42]李永鑫,白杨,李慧民.工作倦怠的测量与诊断.河南职工医学院学报,2004,16(4):386-389
[43]李永鑫,吴明证.工作倦怠的结构研究.心理科学,2005,28(2):454-457
[44]李培忠.辽宁师专学报社会科学版.2005年第一期:第27页[45]程刚.我国劳动法实施存在重大问题州].中国青年报,2005.12.19
[46]王娇萍.总工会称“过劳死”呈现向白领蔓延趋势[R].中新网,2006-06-22
[47]陈维政.工作分享对促进工作-生活平衡的作用研究.中国工业经济,2007年6月第6期:第5页
[48]郭思,钟建安.职业倦怠的干预研究述评.心理科学,2004,27(4):931-933
[49]岳红,张剑.情绪智力及其与工作绩效的关系.科学学研究,2006年12月增刊:第536页
[50]蒋南乔.“工作激情哪里去了”调查报告.人力资源开发与管理,2007年12月:36-39
[51]http://www.chinahrd.net/img/jlr/zt/20041206/index.asp
[52]http://www.whb.com.cn/pdjx/t20040823 186197.html
[53]http://blog.voc.com.cn/sp1/dengjie/131706303935.shtml
[54]http://blog.voc.com.cn/spl/dengjie/131706303935.shtml
[55]http://linyuner33.biog.163.com/blog/statie/43140962200772883723660/
[56]http://www.cnki.net
[57]http://www.hrdm.net/yjxx/digest/20493464.htm
[58]http://www.hrdm.net/yjxx/digest/chongxinrenshi.htm
[59]http://www.sinohrm.com/