公司职业女性工作压力与工作绩效的关系研究
|
摘要
由于职业女性多重角色的特殊性,其在工作和生活上承受着巨大的压力。本研究在工作压力和工作绩效文献资料研究的基础上,通过职业女性工作压力与工作绩效的关系分析,从中发现职业女性工作压力现状、工作压力源及工作压力和工作绩效之间的影响关系、个人统计变量对他们的影响分析。本研究还把社会支持程度和工作家庭冲突作为调节变量,研究其对两者关系的影响。文章最后部分提出一些职业女性缓解工作压力的建议。
经过理论和实证研究,本文得出如下研究结果:
一、职业女性工作压力源为:职业发展与工作可控性、角色冲突、工作超载、角色模糊、工作条件与氛围五类。总体上职业女性工作压力并不太大,其中前四类是职业女性感受到的最主要压力。并且在婚姻状况、教育程度和服务年限上存在显著性差异。
二、被调查企业职业女性的工作压力与工作绩效之间存在显著的正相关关系。五类工作压力中,职业发展与工作可控性、角色冲突、角色模糊、工作条件与氛围和工作绩效存在负相关关系。而工作超载与工作绩效存在正相关关系,其中工作超载对工作绩效的影响最大。
在工作绩效的两方面中,工作压力中的工作超载与任务绩效达到了显著性水平;而角色冲突、工作超载和情景绩效达到了显著性水平。
在本研究中所涉及到的婚姻、教育程度、工作职务三类个人统计变量上,对职业女性工作压力与工作绩效的相关性存在不同程度的差别,表明个人统计变量对于压力与绩效二者的相关性存在一定影响。
三、社会支持程度和工作家庭冲突作为调节变量的调节作用主要集中在工作超载与工作绩效的关系上。
Because of the specialty of career women's multiple roles,they endure large stress both job and living.This thesis is based on the literature research of job stress and job performance,through the relation analyze of career women's job stress and job performance to find the actuality of career women's job stress,the reasons of job stress and the influencing relationship of job stress and job performance、the influence of individual statistical variables.The thesis also uses social support and work-family conflict as medi-variables to find the influence for relationship of job stress and job performance.The last part of the thesis advances some suggestions about relaxing job stress.
By the study of theory and demonstration,the thesis concludes these results:
First,the reasons of job stress for career women contain career development and job controllability、role conflict、job over loading、role illegibility、work condition and atmosphere.As a whole,the job stress of career women is not too large,the former four kinds are the mainly stress for career women.There exit observably difference on marrage、education level and work time.
Second,job stress and job performance have obvious positive mutuality by the surveyed career women.Among five kinds of job stresses,career development and job controllability、role conflict、role illegibility、work condition and atmosphere have infirmness mutuality with job performance.Butjob over loading have positive mutuality with job performance.Job over loading has the largest impact to job performance.
Between the two aspects of job performance,role conflict、job over loading have obviously relationship with task performance;role conflict、job over loading exit obviously relationship with scene performance.
The individual statistical variable of marriage、education level and work duty have difference on the mutuality between career women's job stress and job performance.It means that individual statistical variable exit influence on the mutuality between career women's job stress and job performance.
Third,the interference effect of social support and work-family conflict as medi-variables mainly focus on the relation between job over loading and job performance.
经过理论和实证研究,本文得出如下研究结果:
一、职业女性工作压力源为:职业发展与工作可控性、角色冲突、工作超载、角色模糊、工作条件与氛围五类。总体上职业女性工作压力并不太大,其中前四类是职业女性感受到的最主要压力。并且在婚姻状况、教育程度和服务年限上存在显著性差异。
二、被调查企业职业女性的工作压力与工作绩效之间存在显著的正相关关系。五类工作压力中,职业发展与工作可控性、角色冲突、角色模糊、工作条件与氛围和工作绩效存在负相关关系。而工作超载与工作绩效存在正相关关系,其中工作超载对工作绩效的影响最大。
在工作绩效的两方面中,工作压力中的工作超载与任务绩效达到了显著性水平;而角色冲突、工作超载和情景绩效达到了显著性水平。
在本研究中所涉及到的婚姻、教育程度、工作职务三类个人统计变量上,对职业女性工作压力与工作绩效的相关性存在不同程度的差别,表明个人统计变量对于压力与绩效二者的相关性存在一定影响。
三、社会支持程度和工作家庭冲突作为调节变量的调节作用主要集中在工作超载与工作绩效的关系上。
Because of the specialty of career women's multiple roles,they endure large stress both job and living.This thesis is based on the literature research of job stress and job performance,through the relation analyze of career women's job stress and job performance to find the actuality of career women's job stress,the reasons of job stress and the influencing relationship of job stress and job performance、the influence of individual statistical variables.The thesis also uses social support and work-family conflict as medi-variables to find the influence for relationship of job stress and job performance.The last part of the thesis advances some suggestions about relaxing job stress.
By the study of theory and demonstration,the thesis concludes these results:
First,the reasons of job stress for career women contain career development and job controllability、role conflict、job over loading、role illegibility、work condition and atmosphere.As a whole,the job stress of career women is not too large,the former four kinds are the mainly stress for career women.There exit observably difference on marrage、education level and work time.
Second,job stress and job performance have obvious positive mutuality by the surveyed career women.Among five kinds of job stresses,career development and job controllability、role conflict、role illegibility、work condition and atmosphere have infirmness mutuality with job performance.Butjob over loading have positive mutuality with job performance.Job over loading has the largest impact to job performance.
Between the two aspects of job performance,role conflict、job over loading have obviously relationship with task performance;role conflict、job over loading exit obviously relationship with scene performance.
The individual statistical variable of marriage、education level and work duty have difference on the mutuality between career women's job stress and job performance.It means that individual statistical variable exit influence on the mutuality between career women's job stress and job performance.
Third,the interference effect of social support and work-family conflict as medi-variables mainly focus on the relation between job over loading and job performance.
引文
[1]杰勒德.哈格里斯夫.压力管理[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社.
[2]卢纹岱主编.SPSS for Windows统计分析[M].北京:电子工业出版社.2002.
[3]石林.职业压力与应对[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社.2005.
[4]斯蒂芬·P·罗宾斯.组织行为学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社.2005.
[5]王垒,姚宏,廖芳怡.实用人事测量[M].北京:经济科学出版社.1999.
[6]徐世勇.压力管理[M].北京:企业管理出版社.2003.
[7]徐小东,孟晓斌.工作压力应对与管理[M].北京:航空工业出版社.2004.
[8]宇传华.SPSS与统计分析[M].北京:电子工业大学出版社.2007.
[9]赵树勤.女性文化学[M].桂林:广西示范大学出版社.2006.
[1]丛志杰.对我国社会转型时期职业女性角色冲突问题的几点思考[J].内蒙古大学学报,2001,33(6):37-40.
[2]陈杨.浅谈女性就业现状存在的问题及相关的对策[J].天津市政法管理干部学院学报,2003,78(4):33-35.
[3]丁辉,韩历丽,齐庆青,余善法,刘筱娴.北京市职业女性工作紧张的研究[J].中国医学理论与实践,2004(5).
[4]盖笑松,张向葵,韩非,田淑梅.知识女性工作压力归因特点及相关研究[J].宁波大学学报,2002,23(1):18-20.
[5]李丽.职业女性面临的工作压力[J].中国人力资源开发.2005:53-55.
[6]刘秋玲.职业女性心理健康的现状调查研究[J].中国民康医学.2007,19(3):218-220.
[7]陆佳芳,时勘,JOHN J.LAWLE.工作家庭冲突的初步研究[J].应用心理学,2002,8(2):45-50.
[8]姜文锐,马剑虹.工作压力的要求-控制模型[J].心理科学进展,2003,11(2):209-213.
[9]马可一.工作情景中认知资源与职业锚关系的研究[J].浙江大学学报,2000,30(6):21-25
[10]谭琳,李军峰.婚姻和就业对女性意味着什么?-基于社会性别和社会资本观点的分析[J].妇女研究论从.2002,47(4):5-11.
[11]邵昕.有关压力研究综述[J].合作经济与科技,2007(3):37-38.
[12]石林.工作压力理论及其在研究中的重要性[J].心理科学进展2002,10(4):433-438.
[13]石林.工作压力的研究现状与方向[J].心理科学2003,3(26):494-497.
[14]舒晓兵,廖建桥.工作压力研究:一个分析的框架--国外有关工作压力的理论综述[J].华中科技大学学报.2002(5):121-124.
[15]舒晓兵,廖建桥.工作压力与工作效率理论研究述评[J].南开管理评论2002(3):20-23.
[16]汪莉.现代职业女性双重角色的冲突问题及对策分析[J].安徽广播电视大学学报.2004(3):96-99.
[17]温忠麟,侯杰泰,张雷.调节效应与中介效应的比较和应用[J].心理学报,2005,37(2):268-274.
[18]吴谅谅,冯颖,范巍.职业女性工作家庭冲突的压力源研究[J].应用心理学2003,9(1):43-46.
[19]徐长江.工作压力系统研究:机制、应付与管理[J].浙江师大学报.1999(5):69-73.
[20]徐群,蔡宁伟,龚毅,曾飞.企业员工压力来源研究综述[J].企业技术开发.2006,25(7):115-118.
[21]伊庆春.已婚职业妇女职业取向、工作状况、工作满意和子女照顾方式之研究[J].中国社会学刊.1987(11).
[22]禹建湘.家庭与社会:女性角色定位[J].湖南人文科技学院学报.2006,91(4);75-78.
[23]于文宏,李焰.工作压力研究综述[J].沈阳教育学院学报.2006,8(1):67-70.
[24]张亦辉,亓莱滨,郑有增.调查问卷的信度、效度分析[J].当代教育科学.2003(22):53-54.
[25]周毅.辉煌与呐喊--现代女性面临的压力[J].理论学习月刊.1997(2).
[26]周跃萍,周莲英.不同职业人员工作压力源基亚里反应的比较研究[J].心理学探新.2004(18).
[27]AHMAD,AMINAH.Work-family conflict among married professional women in Malaysia[J].The Journalof Social Psychology,1996,136.
[28]ANONYMOUS.Study pinpoints the causes of stress for working women[J].HR Focus 1993,170.
[29]ANONYMOUS.Job strain and women's health[J].The Worklife Report,2000,12.
[30]ARNE EVERS,MICHAEL FRESE,CARY L COOPER.Revisions and further developments of the occupational stress indicator:LISREL results from four Dutch studies[J].Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,2000,73.
[31]ANONYMOUS.Anxiety disorders;anxiety disorders association of America survey finds Americans report stress,anxiety[J].Mental Health Business Week,2006.
[34]CAPOWSKI,GENEVIEVE SOTER.Stress and the working woman[J].Management Review,1993,82.
[32]COOPER CL,MARSHALL J.Understanding executive sterss[J].Macmilan Press,1978.
[33]CYNTHIAK RIEMENSCHNEIDER,DEBORH J ARMSTRONG,MYRIA W ALLEN,MARGARET F REID.Barriers facing women in the IT work force[J].Database for Advances in Information Systems,2006,37..
[34]IVANCEVICH JM,MATTESON MT.Stress and work:a managerial perspective[J].Foreman and Company,1980.
[35]JEAN LEE SIEW KIM,CHOO SEOW LING.Work-family conflict of women entrepreneurs in Singapore[J].Women in Management Review,2001,16.
[36]MC GRATH JE.Stress and behavior in otganizations[J].Handbook of Industrialan do rganizationalps ychology,1976.
[37]MOTOWIDLO,S.J,VAN SCOTER,J.R.Evidence that task performance should be distinguished from contextual performance[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,1994.
[38]SELYE,H.The stress of life,1956.
[39]SUE SHAW,MARY TAYLOR,IRENE HARRIS.Jobs for the girls[J].International Journal of Manpower,1999,20.
[40]VIVIEN K G LIM,THOMPPSON S H TEO.Gender differences in occupational stress and coping strategies amont IT personnel[J].Women in Management Review,1996,11.
[41]WEINSTOCK,MATTHEW P.How safe are women in the workplace?[J].Occupational Hazards,1994,56.
[42]WILLIAM J LYNOTT.Is workplace stress hurting your practice?[J].Ophthalmology Times,2006,31.
[1]沈捷.知识型员工工作压力及其与工作满意度、工作绩效的关系研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2003.
[2]舒晓兵.企业管理人员工作压力与工作效率研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2003.
[3]汪京.企业员工工作压力与工作态度的关系研究[D].北京:首都经济贸易大学,2006.
[4]张继红.航天科技人员工作压力与绩效的相关性分析[D].北京:首都经济贸易大学,2005.
[2]卢纹岱主编.SPSS for Windows统计分析[M].北京:电子工业出版社.2002.
[3]石林.职业压力与应对[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社.2005.
[4]斯蒂芬·P·罗宾斯.组织行为学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社.2005.
[5]王垒,姚宏,廖芳怡.实用人事测量[M].北京:经济科学出版社.1999.
[6]徐世勇.压力管理[M].北京:企业管理出版社.2003.
[7]徐小东,孟晓斌.工作压力应对与管理[M].北京:航空工业出版社.2004.
[8]宇传华.SPSS与统计分析[M].北京:电子工业大学出版社.2007.
[9]赵树勤.女性文化学[M].桂林:广西示范大学出版社.2006.
[1]丛志杰.对我国社会转型时期职业女性角色冲突问题的几点思考[J].内蒙古大学学报,2001,33(6):37-40.
[2]陈杨.浅谈女性就业现状存在的问题及相关的对策[J].天津市政法管理干部学院学报,2003,78(4):33-35.
[3]丁辉,韩历丽,齐庆青,余善法,刘筱娴.北京市职业女性工作紧张的研究[J].中国医学理论与实践,2004(5).
[4]盖笑松,张向葵,韩非,田淑梅.知识女性工作压力归因特点及相关研究[J].宁波大学学报,2002,23(1):18-20.
[5]李丽.职业女性面临的工作压力[J].中国人力资源开发.2005:53-55.
[6]刘秋玲.职业女性心理健康的现状调查研究[J].中国民康医学.2007,19(3):218-220.
[7]陆佳芳,时勘,JOHN J.LAWLE.工作家庭冲突的初步研究[J].应用心理学,2002,8(2):45-50.
[8]姜文锐,马剑虹.工作压力的要求-控制模型[J].心理科学进展,2003,11(2):209-213.
[9]马可一.工作情景中认知资源与职业锚关系的研究[J].浙江大学学报,2000,30(6):21-25
[10]谭琳,李军峰.婚姻和就业对女性意味着什么?-基于社会性别和社会资本观点的分析[J].妇女研究论从.2002,47(4):5-11.
[11]邵昕.有关压力研究综述[J].合作经济与科技,2007(3):37-38.
[12]石林.工作压力理论及其在研究中的重要性[J].心理科学进展2002,10(4):433-438.
[13]石林.工作压力的研究现状与方向[J].心理科学2003,3(26):494-497.
[14]舒晓兵,廖建桥.工作压力研究:一个分析的框架--国外有关工作压力的理论综述[J].华中科技大学学报.2002(5):121-124.
[15]舒晓兵,廖建桥.工作压力与工作效率理论研究述评[J].南开管理评论2002(3):20-23.
[16]汪莉.现代职业女性双重角色的冲突问题及对策分析[J].安徽广播电视大学学报.2004(3):96-99.
[17]温忠麟,侯杰泰,张雷.调节效应与中介效应的比较和应用[J].心理学报,2005,37(2):268-274.
[18]吴谅谅,冯颖,范巍.职业女性工作家庭冲突的压力源研究[J].应用心理学2003,9(1):43-46.
[19]徐长江.工作压力系统研究:机制、应付与管理[J].浙江师大学报.1999(5):69-73.
[20]徐群,蔡宁伟,龚毅,曾飞.企业员工压力来源研究综述[J].企业技术开发.2006,25(7):115-118.
[21]伊庆春.已婚职业妇女职业取向、工作状况、工作满意和子女照顾方式之研究[J].中国社会学刊.1987(11).
[22]禹建湘.家庭与社会:女性角色定位[J].湖南人文科技学院学报.2006,91(4);75-78.
[23]于文宏,李焰.工作压力研究综述[J].沈阳教育学院学报.2006,8(1):67-70.
[24]张亦辉,亓莱滨,郑有增.调查问卷的信度、效度分析[J].当代教育科学.2003(22):53-54.
[25]周毅.辉煌与呐喊--现代女性面临的压力[J].理论学习月刊.1997(2).
[26]周跃萍,周莲英.不同职业人员工作压力源基亚里反应的比较研究[J].心理学探新.2004(18).
[27]AHMAD,AMINAH.Work-family conflict among married professional women in Malaysia[J].The Journalof Social Psychology,1996,136.
[28]ANONYMOUS.Study pinpoints the causes of stress for working women[J].HR Focus 1993,170.
[29]ANONYMOUS.Job strain and women's health[J].The Worklife Report,2000,12.
[30]ARNE EVERS,MICHAEL FRESE,CARY L COOPER.Revisions and further developments of the occupational stress indicator:LISREL results from four Dutch studies[J].Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,2000,73.
[31]ANONYMOUS.Anxiety disorders;anxiety disorders association of America survey finds Americans report stress,anxiety[J].Mental Health Business Week,2006.
[34]CAPOWSKI,GENEVIEVE SOTER.Stress and the working woman[J].Management Review,1993,82.
[32]COOPER CL,MARSHALL J.Understanding executive sterss[J].Macmilan Press,1978.
[33]CYNTHIAK RIEMENSCHNEIDER,DEBORH J ARMSTRONG,MYRIA W ALLEN,MARGARET F REID.Barriers facing women in the IT work force[J].Database for Advances in Information Systems,2006,37..
[34]IVANCEVICH JM,MATTESON MT.Stress and work:a managerial perspective[J].Foreman and Company,1980.
[35]JEAN LEE SIEW KIM,CHOO SEOW LING.Work-family conflict of women entrepreneurs in Singapore[J].Women in Management Review,2001,16.
[36]MC GRATH JE.Stress and behavior in otganizations[J].Handbook of Industrialan do rganizationalps ychology,1976.
[37]MOTOWIDLO,S.J,VAN SCOTER,J.R.Evidence that task performance should be distinguished from contextual performance[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,1994.
[38]SELYE,H.The stress of life,1956.
[39]SUE SHAW,MARY TAYLOR,IRENE HARRIS.Jobs for the girls[J].International Journal of Manpower,1999,20.
[40]VIVIEN K G LIM,THOMPPSON S H TEO.Gender differences in occupational stress and coping strategies amont IT personnel[J].Women in Management Review,1996,11.
[41]WEINSTOCK,MATTHEW P.How safe are women in the workplace?[J].Occupational Hazards,1994,56.
[42]WILLIAM J LYNOTT.Is workplace stress hurting your practice?[J].Ophthalmology Times,2006,31.
[1]沈捷.知识型员工工作压力及其与工作满意度、工作绩效的关系研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2003.
[2]舒晓兵.企业管理人员工作压力与工作效率研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2003.
[3]汪京.企业员工工作压力与工作态度的关系研究[D].北京:首都经济贸易大学,2006.
[4]张继红.航天科技人员工作压力与绩效的相关性分析[D].北京:首都经济贸易大学,2005.