19世纪中后期英国女子教育研究
摘要
女子教育对整个人类社会的发展起着至关重要的作用。女子接受教育不仅可以增强女性的自我价值感、能力感,消除社会对女性的歧视,促进男女平等,女子教育还是经济社会发展的重要催化剂,承担着提高整个国民文化教育水平的重任。正因为如此,女子教育一直以来都是世界各国教育发展的重要课题,在现代社会更是受到前所未有的重视。
英国现代女子教育发端较早,从19世纪中期算起至今已走过了近两个世纪的历程。在英国女子教育发展史中,19世纪中后期毫无疑问具有特殊的历史意义。在这一时期,工业革命的兴起与蓬勃发展不仅催发了对女子教育的强劲需求,而且为女子教育的变革提供了物质基础；政治改革的深入与中产阶级的崛起激发的女性政治参与也为女子教育的发展提供了动力；而启蒙思想传播所推动的女性意识的觉醒又为女子教育的发展注入了强大的思想力量,尤其是一些杰出的女权主义者勇敢地冲破家庭藩篱,试图改变当时女子教育不平等的不懈努力,极大地推动了女子教育的发展。以上这些因素共同铸就了19世纪中后期英国女子教育的革命性变化。
在19世纪中后期时代大潮的推动下,英国原有的内容贫乏、纯粹围绕婚姻展开的女子教育受到了强烈的冲击,新型的女子学校大量涌现,女子初等教育逐渐走向普及,中等教育也进一步完善,女子成人教育不断壮大和发展,为女性提供了前所未有的受教育机会,尤其是女子高等教育的突破与兴起,使女性得以进入原来由男性垄断的高等学府,科学知识教育的殿堂。虽然这一时期在教育领域并没有实现男女两性的完全平等,但却也是英国女性在追求教育平等权路途中迈出的重要一步。
19世纪中后期女子教育的发展不仅使英国女性的个人生活发生了巨大变化,而且对整个英国社会都产生了深远的影响。就女性个体而言,女子教育为女性的角色转型提供了新的契机和前所未有的启迪。教育催发她们思考何以实现自身的价值,不断审视自己在政治、经济、文化上的地位,并开始努力摆脱婚姻和家庭的束缚,积极争取在社会中的平等地位。通过教育,广大的女性增长了知识与才干,推动了女性的广泛就业,促使广大女性得以进入更高层次的社会公共领域,改善了女性在社会中的地位,消除了社会对女性的歧视,使女性逐步确立独立、自信的思想观念和生活方式,更加自立、自信、自强,大大改变了她们在公共领域和家庭领域的“第二性”形象。就社会与国家而言,女子教育的发展极大拓展了社会人才的来源,壮大了社会的人力资源,为英国经济社会的发展做出了重要的贡献,极大地展现了女性的社会价值,并为女子教育的进一步发展准备了条件。
由于历史和时代的局限,女子教育在一定程度上仍然受到“女子无才便是德”的父权意识的影响和钳制。19世纪中后期英国女子教育自然并没有彻底地与“传统”相决裂而得到彻底地改观,传统的性别分工模式在女子教育目标和教育内容上依然有着一定的体现,女子教育的对象也没有辐射到所有的女性,女性受教育的程度与水平依然与男性有着巨大的差异,致使这一时期的女子教育变革不可避免地带有温和性、渐进性、不均衡性、不彻底性等特点。但这一时期英国女子教育的行进之旅仍给我们思考当前女子教育的发展、增进教育公平提供了素材和空间。
Women's education plays a crucial role in human development. It can not only enhance their sense of worth and accomplishment, but also catalyze the economic and social development. What's more, women's education facilitates gender equality, helping eliminate sexual discrimination against women. As a result, it has been an important issue in worldwide educational development and is paid unprecedented attention both in and abroad.
The contemporary women's education in Britain started from the nineteenth century and in which the middle and later period has a historic impact on educational development. With the rise of the Industrial Revolution, women's education, more and more demanding, provided a material base for women's educational reform. The deepgoing of the political reform and the rise of middle class inspired women's participation in political society, which provided a drive to the development of women's education, so did the wake of female consciousness from enlightenment. What gave a huge boost to the development of women's education is feminists'unremitting effort to the change the inequality situation both in family and education. All the factors I analyzed above contributed to the revolutionary transformation in the middle and later nineteenth century.
British previous outdated women's education form came under attack with the push of the trend in the nineteenth century. Girls'schools sprung up in that period. With the universalization of women's primary and secondary education, women's adult education was growing and developing constantly, offering much more chances to women's education. The rising up of women's higher education gave female access to colleges and universities, which is only restriced to male before. Althoug it still had a few steps to reach sexual equality in education, the transformation did make a difference to gender equity education.
Both women's personal lives and the society in Britain were also influenced by the women's educational development in the middle and later nineteenth century. Women's education provides new opportunity and inspiration for the women's role transition, urging them to think how to realize self-fulfilment and measure their economic, politicaland cultural status. They tried to free themselves off restrictions of marriage and family and fought for equal sexual social status. A number of women became more talented after education, which raised women's employment, allowed women to move into higher-level social cicles and gradually eliminated all kinds of discrimination against women. Various circumstances cooperated to make women become more self-relient, self-confident and self-strengthening and also change women's social status as secondary sex. What's more, women's education provided more talents for society, optimizing the human resource allocation, which made an important contribution to British economy and society. It was this success that prepared women for better education.
However, such a big change has not revolutionized women's social status in that period due to special history and time.Their status is still confined within the family and marriage, which reveals the patriarchal ideology in traditional society. Not all women could get education, which leaves a huge education gap between men and women. That's the reason why the characteristics of women's education were tender, gradual, inbalanced and halfway. Even so, these changes serve as fodder for improvement of educational equity.
英国现代女子教育发端较早,从19世纪中期算起至今已走过了近两个世纪的历程。在英国女子教育发展史中,19世纪中后期毫无疑问具有特殊的历史意义。在这一时期,工业革命的兴起与蓬勃发展不仅催发了对女子教育的强劲需求,而且为女子教育的变革提供了物质基础；政治改革的深入与中产阶级的崛起激发的女性政治参与也为女子教育的发展提供了动力；而启蒙思想传播所推动的女性意识的觉醒又为女子教育的发展注入了强大的思想力量,尤其是一些杰出的女权主义者勇敢地冲破家庭藩篱,试图改变当时女子教育不平等的不懈努力,极大地推动了女子教育的发展。以上这些因素共同铸就了19世纪中后期英国女子教育的革命性变化。
在19世纪中后期时代大潮的推动下,英国原有的内容贫乏、纯粹围绕婚姻展开的女子教育受到了强烈的冲击,新型的女子学校大量涌现,女子初等教育逐渐走向普及,中等教育也进一步完善,女子成人教育不断壮大和发展,为女性提供了前所未有的受教育机会,尤其是女子高等教育的突破与兴起,使女性得以进入原来由男性垄断的高等学府,科学知识教育的殿堂。虽然这一时期在教育领域并没有实现男女两性的完全平等,但却也是英国女性在追求教育平等权路途中迈出的重要一步。
19世纪中后期女子教育的发展不仅使英国女性的个人生活发生了巨大变化,而且对整个英国社会都产生了深远的影响。就女性个体而言,女子教育为女性的角色转型提供了新的契机和前所未有的启迪。教育催发她们思考何以实现自身的价值,不断审视自己在政治、经济、文化上的地位,并开始努力摆脱婚姻和家庭的束缚,积极争取在社会中的平等地位。通过教育,广大的女性增长了知识与才干,推动了女性的广泛就业,促使广大女性得以进入更高层次的社会公共领域,改善了女性在社会中的地位,消除了社会对女性的歧视,使女性逐步确立独立、自信的思想观念和生活方式,更加自立、自信、自强,大大改变了她们在公共领域和家庭领域的“第二性”形象。就社会与国家而言,女子教育的发展极大拓展了社会人才的来源,壮大了社会的人力资源,为英国经济社会的发展做出了重要的贡献,极大地展现了女性的社会价值,并为女子教育的进一步发展准备了条件。
由于历史和时代的局限,女子教育在一定程度上仍然受到“女子无才便是德”的父权意识的影响和钳制。19世纪中后期英国女子教育自然并没有彻底地与“传统”相决裂而得到彻底地改观,传统的性别分工模式在女子教育目标和教育内容上依然有着一定的体现,女子教育的对象也没有辐射到所有的女性,女性受教育的程度与水平依然与男性有着巨大的差异,致使这一时期的女子教育变革不可避免地带有温和性、渐进性、不均衡性、不彻底性等特点。但这一时期英国女子教育的行进之旅仍给我们思考当前女子教育的发展、增进教育公平提供了素材和空间。
Women's education plays a crucial role in human development. It can not only enhance their sense of worth and accomplishment, but also catalyze the economic and social development. What's more, women's education facilitates gender equality, helping eliminate sexual discrimination against women. As a result, it has been an important issue in worldwide educational development and is paid unprecedented attention both in and abroad.
The contemporary women's education in Britain started from the nineteenth century and in which the middle and later period has a historic impact on educational development. With the rise of the Industrial Revolution, women's education, more and more demanding, provided a material base for women's educational reform. The deepgoing of the political reform and the rise of middle class inspired women's participation in political society, which provided a drive to the development of women's education, so did the wake of female consciousness from enlightenment. What gave a huge boost to the development of women's education is feminists'unremitting effort to the change the inequality situation both in family and education. All the factors I analyzed above contributed to the revolutionary transformation in the middle and later nineteenth century.
British previous outdated women's education form came under attack with the push of the trend in the nineteenth century. Girls'schools sprung up in that period. With the universalization of women's primary and secondary education, women's adult education was growing and developing constantly, offering much more chances to women's education. The rising up of women's higher education gave female access to colleges and universities, which is only restriced to male before. Althoug it still had a few steps to reach sexual equality in education, the transformation did make a difference to gender equity education.
Both women's personal lives and the society in Britain were also influenced by the women's educational development in the middle and later nineteenth century. Women's education provides new opportunity and inspiration for the women's role transition, urging them to think how to realize self-fulfilment and measure their economic, politicaland cultural status. They tried to free themselves off restrictions of marriage and family and fought for equal sexual social status. A number of women became more talented after education, which raised women's employment, allowed women to move into higher-level social cicles and gradually eliminated all kinds of discrimination against women. Various circumstances cooperated to make women become more self-relient, self-confident and self-strengthening and also change women's social status as secondary sex. What's more, women's education provided more talents for society, optimizing the human resource allocation, which made an important contribution to British economy and society. It was this success that prepared women for better education.
However, such a big change has not revolutionized women's social status in that period due to special history and time.Their status is still confined within the family and marriage, which reveals the patriarchal ideology in traditional society. Not all women could get education, which leaves a huge education gap between men and women. That's the reason why the characteristics of women's education were tender, gradual, inbalanced and halfway. Even so, these changes serve as fodder for improvement of educational equity.
引文
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③ Christina De Bellaigue.Educating Women:Schooling and Identity in England and France,1800-1867[M].New York:Oxford University Press,2007.19.
④ Christina De Bellaigue.Educating Women:Schooling and Identity in England and France,1800-1867[M].New York:Oxford University Press,2007.21.
⑤ Christina De Bellaigue.Educating Women:Schooling and Identity in England and France,1800-1867[M].New York:Oxford University Press,2007.22.
① Christina De Bellaigue.Educating Women:Schooling and Identity in England and France,1800-1867[M].New York:Oxford University Press.2007.140.
② Christina De Bellaigue.Educating Women:Schooling and Identity in England and France,1800-1867[M].New York:Oxford University Press.2007.20.
③ Christina De Bellaigue.Educating Women:Schooling and Identity in England and France,1800-1867[M].New York:Oxford University Press.2007.20.
④ 郭俊.梅雪芹.维多利亚时代中期英国中产阶级中上层的家庭意识探究[J].世界历史，2003(1)：26.
1 Ellwood P.Cubberley. The History of Education[M].Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company.1921.375.
2 Peter Laslett.The World We Have Lost[M].London:Routledge.1971.108.
3 Angus Bethune Reach.Manchester and the Textile Districts in 1849[M].Helmshore.1972.43-52.
① June Purvis.Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-century England[M]. UK:Polity Press,1989.85.
① 也有人译为“英国国立学校、英国国教学校、全国贫民教育促进会和不列颠和海外学校协会学校、全日制学校”等,根据学校的性质,本文采用“日校”一说。
② Jane Purvis.A History of Women's Education in England [M].Philadephia:Open University.1991.20.
① Meg Gomersall.Working-class Girl in Nineteenth-century England [M].London:Macmillan,1997.116.
① Susie Steinbach.Women in England(1760-1914)[M].NewYork:Weidenfeld and Nicolson,2004.168.
① 腾大春.外国近代教育史[M].北京：人民教育出版社,1989.5.
② [英]奥尔德里奇.简明英国教育史[M].诸惠芳等译.北京：人民教育出版社.1987.69.
③ 其中主要受一些陈旧观念的影响,如纽卡斯尔勋爵在1861年给议会的调查报告中提到：“往往有一种看法,认为贫苦儿童的教育,除了慈善家支持之外就不需要更多的帮助”；就是一些重视国民教育的人士也认为,“国家干预教育,从政治和宗教角度看来是不可取的,它会妨碍教育事业的发展”。程西筠.论19世纪英国初等教育改革[J].世界历史,1989(4)：60.
① 根据调查,直到1870年,英国6-10岁的儿童中上学的仅占40%,10-12岁的儿童仅有33%上过学,利物浦市8万学龄儿童中两万儿童只上过教学水平很低的学校,两万儿童完全没上过学,很多儿童每周只上过两天学或者一年仅上过几个星期。大部分学生在结业时仍然是个半文盲。参见滕大春.外国教育通史(第4卷)[M]济南：山东教育出版社，1992.136-137.
2]. M.W.Adamson.English Education.1789-1902[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.1930.358转引自顾明远，梁忠义总主编.王承绪分卷主编.世界教育大系.英国教育[M].长春：吉林教育出版社.2000.139
1 Susie Steinbach.Women in England(1760-1914)[M].New York:Weidenfeld and Nicolson.2004.171.
② 程西筠.论19世纪英国初等教育改革[J].世界历史.1989(4)：66.
3 Keith Evans.The Development and Structure of the English School System[M]. London:Hodder and Stoughton.1985.44.
④ 顾明远.梁忠义总主编.王承绪分卷主编.世界教育大系.英国教育[M].长春：吉林教育出版社.2000.142.
① 徐辉.郑继伟.英国教育史[M].长春：吉林人民出版社，1993.173-174.
② 欧阳祖经.欧美女子教育史[M].北京：务印书馆.1930.35.
③ 徐辉,郑继伟.英国教育史[M].长春：吉林人民出版社.1993.172-173.
① 恩格斯.英国的工人阶级状况[A].马克思恩格斯全集(第2卷)[C].北京：人民出版社,1957.528.
① 另一说法为F·D·曼利斯(Maurice)和女教师贝纳芙伦特(Benevolent)创建。见潘迎华.19世纪英国现代化与女性[M].杭州：浙江人民出版社，2005.212.
① 杜学元.外国女子教育史[M].成都：四川人民出版社会,2003.328.
② Josephine Kamm. Indicative Past:A Hundred Years of the Girls' Public Day School Trust[M].London:Routlege, 2007.12.
① Michael Sanderson.Education.Economic Change and Society in England,1780-1870[M].London:Macmillan.1987.56-57.
① [英]奥尔德里奇著,诸惠芳等译.简明英国教育史[M].北京：人民教育出版社,1987.119.
② Josephine Kamm. Indicative Past:A Hundred Years of the Girls' Public Day School Trust[M].London:Routlege. 2007.24.
1 Josephine Kamm. Indicative Past:A Hundred Years of the Girls' Public Day School Trust [M]. London:Routlege. 2007.24.
2 Josephine Kamm. Indicative Past:A Hundred Years of the Girls' Public Day School Trust[M].London:Routlege. 2007.28.
3 Josephine Kamm. Indicative Past:A Hundred Years of the Girls'Public Day School Trust[M].London:Routlege, 2007.33.
4 Josephine Kamm. Indicative Past:A Hundred Years of the Girls'Public Day School Trust[M]. London:Routlege. 2007.38.
① Josephine Kamm. Indicative Past:A Hundred Years of the Girls' Public Day School Trust[M].London:Routlege, 2007.45.
② Josephine Kamm. Indicative Past:A Hundred Years of the Girls' Public Day School Trust[M]. London:Routlege, 2007.73.
① 顾明远.梁忠义总主编.王承绪分卷主编.世界教育大系·英国教育[M].长春：吉林教育出版社.2000.164.
① McWilliams Tullberg,Rita.Women in Cambridge[M].Cambridge.UK;New York:Cambridge University Press,1998.9.
② Lange,Helene. Higher Education of Women in Europe[M].Bristol:Thoemmes Press,1999.89.
1 Joanna Richardson.The Great Revolution:Women's Education in Victorian Times[J].History Today.Vol.ⅩⅩⅣV. No.6.1974:421-422.
③ 王赳.维多利亚时期英国女子教育的变化轨迹[J].浙江师范大学学报(社会科学版).2002(1)：74
3 Ellen Jordan.The Women's Movement and Women's Employment in Nineteenth Century in Britain[M].London and New York:Routledge,1999.117.
4 Ellen Jordan.The Women's Movement and Women's Employment in Ninetenth Century in Britain[M].London and New York:Roufledge.1999.118.
⑤ 杨阳.19世纪中期的英国女子学院[J].西部教育发展研究，2010(2)：69.
① Margaret Bryant.The Unexpected Revolution:A Study in the History of the Education of Women and Girls in the Nineteenth Century[M].London:University of London,1979.94.
② Margaret Bryant.The Unexpected Revolution:A Study in the History of the Education of Women and Girls in the Nineteenth Century[M].London:University of London,1979.94.
1 Ellen Jordan.The Women's Movement and Women's Employment in Nineteenth Century in Britain[M].London and New York:Routledge.1999.120.
2 Margaret Bryant.The Unexpected Revolution:A Study in the History of the Education of Women and Girls in the Nineteenth Century[M].London:University of London,1979.95.
① Josephine Kamm.How Different from Us:a Biography of Miss Buss & Miss Beale[M].London:Methuen,1958.47.
① Clarke A-K.A History of Cheltenham Ladies' College(1853-1953)[M].London:Faber,1953.22-38.
② Beale Dorothea. The Ladies's College at Cheltenham [A].National Association for the Promotion of Social Science (Great Britain).Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science[C]. Harvard:John W. Parker,1866.275.
③ 潘迎华.19世纪英国现代化与女性[M].杭州：浙江人民出版社,2005.216.
④ 杜学元.外国女子教育史[M].成都：四川人民出版社会，2003.327.
⑤ Beale Dorothea.The Ladies's College at Cheltenham[A].National Association for the Promotion of Social Science (Great Britain).Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science[C]. Harvard:John W. Parker,1866.277-278.
⑥ [英]奥尔德里奇著,诸惠芳等译.简明英国教育史[M].北京：人民教育出版社，1987.122.
⑦ Ellen Jordan.The Women's Movement and Women's Employment in Nineteenth Century in Britain[M].London and New York:Routledge,1999:119.
① 滕大春主编.外国教育通史(第4卷)[M].济南：山东教育出版社,1992.148-149.
② [英]奥尔德里奇著,诸惠芳等译.简明英国教育史[M].北京：人民教育出版社,1987.121.
① McWilliams Tullberg, Rita. Women in Cambridge[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1998.4.
② Stephen, Barbara.Girton College[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1933.149.
③ Murphy, Ann B., Deirdre Raffery.Emily Davies:collected letters(1861-1875)[M].Charlottesville:University of Virginia Press,2004.237.
④ Bennett, D..Emily Davies and the Liberation of Women(1830-1921)[M].London:W.Blackwood,1990.198.
1 Lange. Helene.Higher Education of Women in Europe[M].Bristol:Thoemmes Press,1999.29-30.
2 Phlipa Levine.Feminist Lives in Victorian England[M].Oxford:Basil Blackwell Press,1999.144.
① 孙青.英国女性争取剑桥大学高等教育权利的历程探究(1862-1947)[D].河北大学硕士学位论文，2006.19.
② 杜学元.外国女了教育史[M].成都：四川人民出版社会2003.333.
③ Clough, Blanche Athena. A Memoir of Anne Jemima Clough[M].London:Edward Arnold,1987.28.
④ Phlipa Levine.Feminist Lives in Victorian England[M].Oxford:Basil Blackwell Press,1999.144.
⑤ Brooke,Christopher N.L..A History of the University of CambridgeⅢ[M].Cambridge and New York:Cambridge University Press,1993.330.
① 裘克安.牛津大学[M].长沙：湖南教育出版社， 1986.70.
② 杜学元.外国女子教育史[M].成都：四川人民出版社,2003.334.
③ 亨利·理查森等.郭洪涛译.女人的声音[M].桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2003.19.
④ 潘迎华.19世纪英国现代化与女性[M].杭州：浙江人民出版社，2005.215.
① Ann Phillips.A Newnham Anthology[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1988.8.
② [英]奥尔德里奇著,诸惠芳等译.简明英国教育史[M].北京：人民教育出版社,1987.171..
① Jane Purvis.A History of Women's Education in England[M].Philadephia:Open University,1991,110-111.
② 贺国庆,王保星,朱文富.外国高等教育史[M].北京：人民教育出版社，2003259.
③ Clough. Anne Jemima, "Women's Progress in Scholarship" in the Education Papers:Women's Quest for Equality in Britain(1850-1912)[M]. London:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1987.298.
④ [美]约瑟芬·多诺万.赵育春译.女权主义的知识分子传统[M]南京：江苏人民出版社，2002.88.
① 注：辛迪加是剑桥大学管理教学与研究领域之外事物的团体,是大学管理某些重要事情的辅助机构。辛迪加由大学高级教职员会议指派,它负责不定期的调察并报道大学正面临的特殊问题。
② McWilliams Tullberg, Rita. Women in Cambridge[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1998.17.
① 顾明远,梁忠义总主编,史静寰分卷主编.世界教育大系·妇女教育[M].长春：吉林教育出版社,2000.134.
2 Susie Steinbach.Women in England.1760-1914[M].New York:Weidenfeld and Nicolson.2004.182.
③ 潘迎华.19世纪英国现代化与女性[M].杭州：浙江人民出版社,2005.230.
① Millicent Garrett Fawcett.What I Remember[M].London:T.Fisher Unwin Ltd,1925.137-148.
1 Elizabeth Seymour Eschbach.The Higher Education of Women in England and America.1865-1920[M].New York & London:Garland Publishing.1993.126.
2 Sara Burstall.Frances Mary Buss[M].London:Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge,1938.62.
3 Elizabeth Seymour Eschbach.The Higher Education of Women in England and America,1865-1920[M].New York & London:Garland Publishing.1993.122.
① Mabel Tylecote.The Education of Women at Manchester University,1883-1933[M].Manchester:Manchester University Press,1941.43.
② Martha Vicinus.Independent Women [M].London:Virago,1985.127.
① Elizabeth Seymour Eschbach.The Higher Education of Women in England and America.1865-1920[M].New York:Garland,1993.128.
① Elizabeth Seymour Eschbach.The Higher Education of Women in England and America,1865-1920[M].New York:Garland,1993.127.
② Adam Sedgwick.Letter from Adam Sedgwick[J].Times,No.5,1897:16.
③ Alfred Marshall.Letter from Alfred Marshall[J].Times,No.5,1897:14.
1 Elizabeth Seymour Eschbach.The Higher Education of Women in England and America.1865-1920[M]. New York:Garland.1993.132.
2 Elizabeth Seymour Eschbach.The Higher Education of Women in England and America.1865-1920[M].New York:Garland.1993.132.
3 Rita McWilliams-Tullberg.Women and Degrees at Cambridge University,1862-1897[A].A Widening Sphere:Changing Roles of Victorian Women[M].Blooming and London:lndiana University Press,1977.118.
① C.Dyhouse.No Distinction of Sex?Women in British Universities,1870-1939[M].London:UCL Press,1995.33.
② H.Wilkie.Steps Which Led to the Appointment of a Woman Superintendent of Studies[J].University of EdinburghJournal,No.12,1971:136.
③ L.Moore.Bajanellas and Semilinas:Aberdeen University and the Education of Women,1860-1920[M].Aberdeen:Mercat Press,1991.71.
④ Martha Vicinus.Independent Women [M].London:Virago,1985.162.
⑤ 各大学的女子学院成为女权主义运动中心。在妇女选举权运动中,剑桥和牛津的女子学院师生先后组织了“牛津妇女选举权协会”、“牛津妇女自由联合会”、“妇女参政会全国同盟”牛津支部、“剑桥妇女选举权协会”等组织,积极投入到争取妇女选举权运动中去。1889年,牛津大学公开进行了“要不要给妇女选举权”的辩论,1893-1894年巴斯·约森坚持在牛津签名支持妇女选举权,到1914年牛津妇女选举权协会已拥有450人。这些组织与活动领导和推动了妇女选举权运动的发展。同时,在高等教育中成长起来的知识女性进入社会公共领域,她们犹如火种,通过各类学校的讲坛、杂志协会组织、请愿活动等途径培养大批新女性,扩大女权主义影响。
⑥ 从大学中走出的杰出女性数不胜数。如康斯坦斯·曼娜特(Constance Maynard,1849-1935)、琼·艾伦·哈里森等。琼·艾伦·哈里森是纽恩汉姆早期最杰出的学生。曾掌握了11门现存的语言,5种已经消失的语言。1898年被聘请到纽恩汉姆后,使古典学的研究发生了革命性的变化,进而奠定了她在古典学领域的学术地位。康斯坦斯·曼娜特则在1882年建立了威斯特菲尔德学院。参见潘迎华.19世纪英国现代化与女性[M].杭州：浙江人民出版社,2005.228.
① 格顿学院的学生赫德拉曾如此回忆学院给她的自由空间。“当我的书房门被打开时,我看见了属于我自己的炉壁、写字台、转椅和台灯,除此之外,居然还有一只小茶壶……”“我有了自己的书房,并且被告知若我在门上挂上‘请勿打扰’的牌子,除非填塌下来,否则是没有人会打扰我的。我才知道当初在家时我是怎样被连续不断地打扰。”参见亨利·理查森等著,郭洪涛译.女人的声音[M].桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2003.19.
② 潘迎华.19世纪后期英国现代化与女子高等教育的兴起[J].史学月刊,2009(9)：80.
1 ESandford. Women in Her Social and Domestic Sphere [M].London:Longman.1831.126.
② R·穆笛.名副其实的女教帅[Ml.伦敦：耐特和莱茜出版社，1826.9.
③ 张新生.英国成人教育史[M].济南：山东教育出版社,1993：258
① 张新生.英国成人教育史[M].济南：山东教育出版社,1993.259.
② 张新生.英国成人教育史[M].济南：山东教育出版社,1 993：259.
③ Jane Purvis. A History of Women's Education in England [M].Philadephia:Open University,1991.53.
'Jane Purvis.A History of Women's Education in England [M].Philadephia:Open University,1991.56.
③ 王承绪主编.世界教育大系·英国教育[M].长春：吉林教育出版社,2000.183-185.
1 Jane Purvis.A History of Women's Education in England[M].Philadephia:Open University.1991.37.
① W.T..To the Members and Managers of the Mechanics' Institutions in Britain and Ireland[J].The Co-operative Magazine,No.1,1826:46.
② June Purvis.Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-century England[M].UK:Polity Press,1989.101.
③ Jane Purvis.A History of Women's Education in England [M].Philadephia:Open University,1991.100.
1 Alton Mechanics' Institute.Minute Book [R]. Reports of Meetings Held 19 October 1891 and 5 May 1892.
2 Education(England and Wales). Census of Great Britain 1851[R].1851.243.249.227.
3 June Purvis.Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-centuty England[M]. UK:Polity Press,1989.113.
① Education(England and Wales). Census of Great Britain 1851[R].1851.227.
② June Purvis.Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-century England[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press,1989.117.
1 June Purvis.Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-century England[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press,1989.167.
① June Purvis.Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-century England[M]. UK:Polity Press,1989.167.
② June Purvis.Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-century England[M]. UK:Polity Press,1989.170.
1 June Purvis.Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-century England[M]. UK:Polity Press,1989.172.
① June Purvis.Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-century England[M]. UK:Polity Press,1989.175.
① June Purvis,Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-century England[M]. Camhridge:Polity Press,1989,197.
1 June Purvis.Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-century England[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press,1989.142.
2 June Purvis.Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-century England[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press.1989.143.
1 June Purvis.Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-century England[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press,1989.114.
① June Purvis.Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-century England[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press,1989.227.
② 如1864年在伊丽莎白·曼里森(Elizabeth Malleson)努力下建立的“工人妇女学院”,,该学院的课程设置拥有更广泛基础,其中有读写算、英国文学、历史、哲学、绘画和拉丁文。1874年该校成为男女混合学校。学生约有400-500人,男女性学生学习同样的课程。1877年学习的课程进一步扩大,包括数学、书籍保管、生物、绘画、英语、法语、天文、德语、希腊语、历史、拉丁语、文学、数学、自然地理、写作和油画。参见潘迎华.论19世纪英国下层社会女子教育对妇女性别地位的影响[J].浙江教育学院学报,2009(1).
① 潘迎华.19世纪英国妇女选举仅运动与自由主义[J].世界历史,2002(6)：37.
① Stuart Maclure.One Hundred Years of London Education[M].UK:Harmondsworth,1970.88.
② Margaret Bryant.The Unexpected Revolution:A Study in the History of the Education of Women and Girls in the Nineteenth Century[M].London:University of London,1979.50.
① Margaret Bryant.The Unexpected Revolution:A Study in the History of the Education of Women and Girls in the Nineteenth Century[M].London:University of London,1979.50.
② Stephens W B.Education,Literacy,and Society:1830-1870[M].Manchester:Manchester University.1987.332-333.
① 恩格斯.家庭、私有制和国家的起源[A].马克思恩格斯选集(第4卷)lC].北京：人民出版社.1972.70.
② Ellen Jordan.The Women's Movement and Women's Employment in Nineteenth Century Britain[M].London and New York:Routledge,1999.157.
③ Judith Worsnop.A Reevaluation of "The Problem of Surplus Women" in 19th-Century England:The Case of the 1851 Census[J].Women's Studies International Forum.Vol.13.Nos.1/2,1990:21-31.
④ 在19世纪中叶以前,大部分女性就业于非熟练行业.无组织、报酬很差的服务业和血汗行业。1851年,20岁以上的妇女18%受雇于家内服务业,16.3%在成衣业和鞋业,1.9%是教师,1.2在丝织业,其余的是制造业部门的工人、营业员、小商店店主、房东等。
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① 马克思·韦伯.新教伦理与资本主义精神[M].北京：三联书店,1987.221.
② [英]阿德里安·鲁姆.英国词典[M].北京：中国广播电视出版社,1993.292.
③ 简明不列颠百科全书[M].北京：中国大百科全书出版社,1985.429.
④ 郑新蓉.性别与教育[M].北京：教育科学出版社,2005：179.
⑤ 马孆.工业革命与英国妇女[Ml.上海：上海社会科学出版社,1993.21.
⑥ 杨金才.再现未婚大龄女性心路历程的英国维多利亚小说[J].妇女研究论从,2002(4)：51.
① Trevor May. An Economic and Social History of Britain(1760-1970)[M].UK:Longman.1987.261.
② Trevor Mav.An Economic and Social History of Britain(1760-1970)[M].UK:Longman.1987.261.
① Ray Strachey."The Cause":A Short History of Women's Movement in Great Britain[M].London:Kennikat Press,1928.406.
② [美]约瑟芬·多诺万著,赵育春译.女权主义的知识分子传统[M].南京：江苏人民出版社,2003.12.
③ [英]玛丽·沃斯通克拉夫特著,王蓁译.女权辩护[M].北京：商务印书馆,1995.7.
① [英]玛丽·沃斯通克拉夫特著.王蓁译.女权辩护[M].北京：商务印书馆.1996.56.
② [英]约翰·斯图亚特·穆勒.妇女的屈从地位[M].北京：商务印书馆.1996.304.
③ [英]约翰·斯图亚特·穆勒.妇女的屈从地位[M].北京：商务印书馆.1996.268.
4 Patricia Hollis.Women in Public:The Women's Movement.1850-1900[M]. Sydney:G. Allen & Unwin.1979.273.
① Patricia Hollis.Women in Public:The Women's Movement,1850-1900[M]. Sydney:G. Allen & Unwin,1979.294.
② 陆伟芳.对19世纪英国妇女运动的理论考察[J].妇女研究论丛,2003(2)：49.
③ Bonnie S. Anderson, Judith P. Zinsser.A History of Their Own Women in Europe from Prehistory to the Present[M]. New York:Karper&Row Publishers,1989.167.
④ 李银河.女性权力的崛起[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,1997.72-73.
⑤ 马嫂.工业革命与英国妇女[M].上海：上海社会科学院出版社.1993.67.
① Christina De Bellaigue.Educating Women:Schooling and Identity in England and France,1800-1867[M].New York:Oxford University Press,2007.12.
② A.Taylor.Hints on the Education of Girls[M].London:Hogarth Press,1814.67.
③ Christina De Bellaigue.Educating Women:Schooling and Identity in England and France,1800-1867[M].New York:Oxford University Press,2007.19.
④ Christina De Bellaigue.Educating Women:Schooling and Identity in England and France,1800-1867[M].New York:Oxford University Press,2007.21.
⑤ Christina De Bellaigue.Educating Women:Schooling and Identity in England and France,1800-1867[M].New York:Oxford University Press,2007.22.
① Christina De Bellaigue.Educating Women:Schooling and Identity in England and France,1800-1867[M].New York:Oxford University Press.2007.140.
② Christina De Bellaigue.Educating Women:Schooling and Identity in England and France,1800-1867[M].New York:Oxford University Press.2007.20.
③ Christina De Bellaigue.Educating Women:Schooling and Identity in England and France,1800-1867[M].New York:Oxford University Press.2007.20.
④ 郭俊.梅雪芹.维多利亚时代中期英国中产阶级中上层的家庭意识探究[J].世界历史，2003(1)：26.
1 Ellwood P.Cubberley. The History of Education[M].Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company.1921.375.
2 Peter Laslett.The World We Have Lost[M].London:Routledge.1971.108.
3 Angus Bethune Reach.Manchester and the Textile Districts in 1849[M].Helmshore.1972.43-52.
① June Purvis.Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-century England[M]. UK:Polity Press,1989.85.
① 也有人译为“英国国立学校、英国国教学校、全国贫民教育促进会和不列颠和海外学校协会学校、全日制学校”等,根据学校的性质,本文采用“日校”一说。
② Jane Purvis.A History of Women's Education in England [M].Philadephia:Open University.1991.20.
① Meg Gomersall.Working-class Girl in Nineteenth-century England [M].London:Macmillan,1997.116.
① Susie Steinbach.Women in England(1760-1914)[M].NewYork:Weidenfeld and Nicolson,2004.168.
① 腾大春.外国近代教育史[M].北京：人民教育出版社,1989.5.
② [英]奥尔德里奇.简明英国教育史[M].诸惠芳等译.北京：人民教育出版社.1987.69.
③ 其中主要受一些陈旧观念的影响,如纽卡斯尔勋爵在1861年给议会的调查报告中提到：“往往有一种看法,认为贫苦儿童的教育,除了慈善家支持之外就不需要更多的帮助”；就是一些重视国民教育的人士也认为,“国家干预教育,从政治和宗教角度看来是不可取的,它会妨碍教育事业的发展”。程西筠.论19世纪英国初等教育改革[J].世界历史,1989(4)：60.
① 根据调查,直到1870年,英国6-10岁的儿童中上学的仅占40%,10-12岁的儿童仅有33%上过学,利物浦市8万学龄儿童中两万儿童只上过教学水平很低的学校,两万儿童完全没上过学,很多儿童每周只上过两天学或者一年仅上过几个星期。大部分学生在结业时仍然是个半文盲。参见滕大春.外国教育通史(第4卷)[M]济南：山东教育出版社，1992.136-137.
2]. M.W.Adamson.English Education.1789-1902[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.1930.358转引自顾明远，梁忠义总主编.王承绪分卷主编.世界教育大系.英国教育[M].长春：吉林教育出版社.2000.139
1 Susie Steinbach.Women in England(1760-1914)[M].New York:Weidenfeld and Nicolson.2004.171.
② 程西筠.论19世纪英国初等教育改革[J].世界历史.1989(4)：66.
3 Keith Evans.The Development and Structure of the English School System[M]. London:Hodder and Stoughton.1985.44.
④ 顾明远.梁忠义总主编.王承绪分卷主编.世界教育大系.英国教育[M].长春：吉林教育出版社.2000.142.
① 徐辉.郑继伟.英国教育史[M].长春：吉林人民出版社，1993.173-174.
② 欧阳祖经.欧美女子教育史[M].北京：务印书馆.1930.35.
③ 徐辉,郑继伟.英国教育史[M].长春：吉林人民出版社.1993.172-173.
① 恩格斯.英国的工人阶级状况[A].马克思恩格斯全集(第2卷)[C].北京：人民出版社,1957.528.
① 另一说法为F·D·曼利斯(Maurice)和女教师贝纳芙伦特(Benevolent)创建。见潘迎华.19世纪英国现代化与女性[M].杭州：浙江人民出版社，2005.212.
① 杜学元.外国女子教育史[M].成都：四川人民出版社会,2003.328.
② Josephine Kamm. Indicative Past:A Hundred Years of the Girls' Public Day School Trust[M].London:Routlege, 2007.12.
① Michael Sanderson.Education.Economic Change and Society in England,1780-1870[M].London:Macmillan.1987.56-57.
① [英]奥尔德里奇著,诸惠芳等译.简明英国教育史[M].北京：人民教育出版社,1987.119.
② Josephine Kamm. Indicative Past:A Hundred Years of the Girls' Public Day School Trust[M].London:Routlege. 2007.24.
1 Josephine Kamm. Indicative Past:A Hundred Years of the Girls' Public Day School Trust [M]. London:Routlege. 2007.24.
2 Josephine Kamm. Indicative Past:A Hundred Years of the Girls' Public Day School Trust[M].London:Routlege. 2007.28.
3 Josephine Kamm. Indicative Past:A Hundred Years of the Girls'Public Day School Trust[M].London:Routlege, 2007.33.
4 Josephine Kamm. Indicative Past:A Hundred Years of the Girls'Public Day School Trust[M]. London:Routlege. 2007.38.
① Josephine Kamm. Indicative Past:A Hundred Years of the Girls' Public Day School Trust[M].London:Routlege, 2007.45.
② Josephine Kamm. Indicative Past:A Hundred Years of the Girls' Public Day School Trust[M]. London:Routlege, 2007.73.
① 顾明远.梁忠义总主编.王承绪分卷主编.世界教育大系·英国教育[M].长春：吉林教育出版社.2000.164.
① McWilliams Tullberg,Rita.Women in Cambridge[M].Cambridge.UK;New York:Cambridge University Press,1998.9.
② Lange,Helene. Higher Education of Women in Europe[M].Bristol:Thoemmes Press,1999.89.
1 Joanna Richardson.The Great Revolution:Women's Education in Victorian Times[J].History Today.Vol.ⅩⅩⅣV. No.6.1974:421-422.
③ 王赳.维多利亚时期英国女子教育的变化轨迹[J].浙江师范大学学报(社会科学版).2002(1)：74
3 Ellen Jordan.The Women's Movement and Women's Employment in Nineteenth Century in Britain[M].London and New York:Routledge,1999.117.
4 Ellen Jordan.The Women's Movement and Women's Employment in Ninetenth Century in Britain[M].London and New York:Roufledge.1999.118.
⑤ 杨阳.19世纪中期的英国女子学院[J].西部教育发展研究，2010(2)：69.
① Margaret Bryant.The Unexpected Revolution:A Study in the History of the Education of Women and Girls in the Nineteenth Century[M].London:University of London,1979.94.
② Margaret Bryant.The Unexpected Revolution:A Study in the History of the Education of Women and Girls in the Nineteenth Century[M].London:University of London,1979.94.
1 Ellen Jordan.The Women's Movement and Women's Employment in Nineteenth Century in Britain[M].London and New York:Routledge.1999.120.
2 Margaret Bryant.The Unexpected Revolution:A Study in the History of the Education of Women and Girls in the Nineteenth Century[M].London:University of London,1979.95.
① Josephine Kamm.How Different from Us:a Biography of Miss Buss & Miss Beale[M].London:Methuen,1958.47.
① Clarke A-K.A History of Cheltenham Ladies' College(1853-1953)[M].London:Faber,1953.22-38.
② Beale Dorothea. The Ladies's College at Cheltenham [A].National Association for the Promotion of Social Science (Great Britain).Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science[C]. Harvard:John W. Parker,1866.275.
③ 潘迎华.19世纪英国现代化与女性[M].杭州：浙江人民出版社,2005.216.
④ 杜学元.外国女子教育史[M].成都：四川人民出版社会，2003.327.
⑤ Beale Dorothea.The Ladies's College at Cheltenham[A].National Association for the Promotion of Social Science (Great Britain).Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science[C]. Harvard:John W. Parker,1866.277-278.
⑥ [英]奥尔德里奇著,诸惠芳等译.简明英国教育史[M].北京：人民教育出版社，1987.122.
⑦ Ellen Jordan.The Women's Movement and Women's Employment in Nineteenth Century in Britain[M].London and New York:Routledge,1999:119.
① 滕大春主编.外国教育通史(第4卷)[M].济南：山东教育出版社,1992.148-149.
② [英]奥尔德里奇著,诸惠芳等译.简明英国教育史[M].北京：人民教育出版社,1987.121.
① McWilliams Tullberg, Rita. Women in Cambridge[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1998.4.
② Stephen, Barbara.Girton College[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1933.149.
③ Murphy, Ann B., Deirdre Raffery.Emily Davies:collected letters(1861-1875)[M].Charlottesville:University of Virginia Press,2004.237.
④ Bennett, D..Emily Davies and the Liberation of Women(1830-1921)[M].London:W.Blackwood,1990.198.
1 Lange. Helene.Higher Education of Women in Europe[M].Bristol:Thoemmes Press,1999.29-30.
2 Phlipa Levine.Feminist Lives in Victorian England[M].Oxford:Basil Blackwell Press,1999.144.
① 孙青.英国女性争取剑桥大学高等教育权利的历程探究(1862-1947)[D].河北大学硕士学位论文，2006.19.
② 杜学元.外国女了教育史[M].成都：四川人民出版社会2003.333.
③ Clough, Blanche Athena. A Memoir of Anne Jemima Clough[M].London:Edward Arnold,1987.28.
④ Phlipa Levine.Feminist Lives in Victorian England[M].Oxford:Basil Blackwell Press,1999.144.
⑤ Brooke,Christopher N.L..A History of the University of CambridgeⅢ[M].Cambridge and New York:Cambridge University Press,1993.330.
① 裘克安.牛津大学[M].长沙：湖南教育出版社， 1986.70.
② 杜学元.外国女子教育史[M].成都：四川人民出版社,2003.334.
③ 亨利·理查森等.郭洪涛译.女人的声音[M].桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2003.19.
④ 潘迎华.19世纪英国现代化与女性[M].杭州：浙江人民出版社，2005.215.
① Ann Phillips.A Newnham Anthology[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1988.8.
② [英]奥尔德里奇著,诸惠芳等译.简明英国教育史[M].北京：人民教育出版社,1987.171..
① Jane Purvis.A History of Women's Education in England[M].Philadephia:Open University,1991,110-111.
② 贺国庆,王保星,朱文富.外国高等教育史[M].北京：人民教育出版社，2003259.
③ Clough. Anne Jemima, "Women's Progress in Scholarship" in the Education Papers:Women's Quest for Equality in Britain(1850-1912)[M]. London:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1987.298.
④ [美]约瑟芬·多诺万.赵育春译.女权主义的知识分子传统[M]南京：江苏人民出版社，2002.88.
① 注：辛迪加是剑桥大学管理教学与研究领域之外事物的团体,是大学管理某些重要事情的辅助机构。辛迪加由大学高级教职员会议指派,它负责不定期的调察并报道大学正面临的特殊问题。
② McWilliams Tullberg, Rita. Women in Cambridge[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1998.17.
① 顾明远,梁忠义总主编,史静寰分卷主编.世界教育大系·妇女教育[M].长春：吉林教育出版社,2000.134.
2 Susie Steinbach.Women in England.1760-1914[M].New York:Weidenfeld and Nicolson.2004.182.
③ 潘迎华.19世纪英国现代化与女性[M].杭州：浙江人民出版社,2005.230.
① Millicent Garrett Fawcett.What I Remember[M].London:T.Fisher Unwin Ltd,1925.137-148.
1 Elizabeth Seymour Eschbach.The Higher Education of Women in England and America.1865-1920[M].New York & London:Garland Publishing.1993.126.
2 Sara Burstall.Frances Mary Buss[M].London:Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge,1938.62.
3 Elizabeth Seymour Eschbach.The Higher Education of Women in England and America,1865-1920[M].New York & London:Garland Publishing.1993.122.
① Mabel Tylecote.The Education of Women at Manchester University,1883-1933[M].Manchester:Manchester University Press,1941.43.
② Martha Vicinus.Independent Women [M].London:Virago,1985.127.
① Elizabeth Seymour Eschbach.The Higher Education of Women in England and America.1865-1920[M].New York:Garland,1993.128.
① Elizabeth Seymour Eschbach.The Higher Education of Women in England and America,1865-1920[M].New York:Garland,1993.127.
② Adam Sedgwick.Letter from Adam Sedgwick[J].Times,No.5,1897:16.
③ Alfred Marshall.Letter from Alfred Marshall[J].Times,No.5,1897:14.
1 Elizabeth Seymour Eschbach.The Higher Education of Women in England and America.1865-1920[M]. New York:Garland.1993.132.
2 Elizabeth Seymour Eschbach.The Higher Education of Women in England and America.1865-1920[M].New York:Garland.1993.132.
3 Rita McWilliams-Tullberg.Women and Degrees at Cambridge University,1862-1897[A].A Widening Sphere:Changing Roles of Victorian Women[M].Blooming and London:lndiana University Press,1977.118.
① C.Dyhouse.No Distinction of Sex?Women in British Universities,1870-1939[M].London:UCL Press,1995.33.
② H.Wilkie.Steps Which Led to the Appointment of a Woman Superintendent of Studies[J].University of EdinburghJournal,No.12,1971:136.
③ L.Moore.Bajanellas and Semilinas:Aberdeen University and the Education of Women,1860-1920[M].Aberdeen:Mercat Press,1991.71.
④ Martha Vicinus.Independent Women [M].London:Virago,1985.162.
⑤ 各大学的女子学院成为女权主义运动中心。在妇女选举权运动中,剑桥和牛津的女子学院师生先后组织了“牛津妇女选举权协会”、“牛津妇女自由联合会”、“妇女参政会全国同盟”牛津支部、“剑桥妇女选举权协会”等组织,积极投入到争取妇女选举权运动中去。1889年,牛津大学公开进行了“要不要给妇女选举权”的辩论,1893-1894年巴斯·约森坚持在牛津签名支持妇女选举权,到1914年牛津妇女选举权协会已拥有450人。这些组织与活动领导和推动了妇女选举权运动的发展。同时,在高等教育中成长起来的知识女性进入社会公共领域,她们犹如火种,通过各类学校的讲坛、杂志协会组织、请愿活动等途径培养大批新女性,扩大女权主义影响。
⑥ 从大学中走出的杰出女性数不胜数。如康斯坦斯·曼娜特(Constance Maynard,1849-1935)、琼·艾伦·哈里森等。琼·艾伦·哈里森是纽恩汉姆早期最杰出的学生。曾掌握了11门现存的语言,5种已经消失的语言。1898年被聘请到纽恩汉姆后,使古典学的研究发生了革命性的变化,进而奠定了她在古典学领域的学术地位。康斯坦斯·曼娜特则在1882年建立了威斯特菲尔德学院。参见潘迎华.19世纪英国现代化与女性[M].杭州：浙江人民出版社,2005.228.
① 格顿学院的学生赫德拉曾如此回忆学院给她的自由空间。“当我的书房门被打开时,我看见了属于我自己的炉壁、写字台、转椅和台灯,除此之外,居然还有一只小茶壶……”“我有了自己的书房,并且被告知若我在门上挂上‘请勿打扰’的牌子,除非填塌下来,否则是没有人会打扰我的。我才知道当初在家时我是怎样被连续不断地打扰。”参见亨利·理查森等著,郭洪涛译.女人的声音[M].桂林：广西师范大学出版社,2003.19.
② 潘迎华.19世纪后期英国现代化与女子高等教育的兴起[J].史学月刊,2009(9)：80.
1 ESandford. Women in Her Social and Domestic Sphere [M].London:Longman.1831.126.
② R·穆笛.名副其实的女教帅[Ml.伦敦：耐特和莱茜出版社，1826.9.
③ 张新生.英国成人教育史[M].济南：山东教育出版社,1993：258
① 张新生.英国成人教育史[M].济南：山东教育出版社,1993.259.
② 张新生.英国成人教育史[M].济南：山东教育出版社,1 993：259.
③ Jane Purvis. A History of Women's Education in England [M].Philadephia:Open University,1991.53.
'Jane Purvis.A History of Women's Education in England [M].Philadephia:Open University,1991.56.
③ 王承绪主编.世界教育大系·英国教育[M].长春：吉林教育出版社,2000.183-185.
1 Jane Purvis.A History of Women's Education in England[M].Philadephia:Open University.1991.37.
① W.T..To the Members and Managers of the Mechanics' Institutions in Britain and Ireland[J].The Co-operative Magazine,No.1,1826:46.
② June Purvis.Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-century England[M].UK:Polity Press,1989.101.
③ Jane Purvis.A History of Women's Education in England [M].Philadephia:Open University,1991.100.
1 Alton Mechanics' Institute.Minute Book [R]. Reports of Meetings Held 19 October 1891 and 5 May 1892.
2 Education(England and Wales). Census of Great Britain 1851[R].1851.243.249.227.
3 June Purvis.Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-centuty England[M]. UK:Polity Press,1989.113.
① Education(England and Wales). Census of Great Britain 1851[R].1851.227.
② June Purvis.Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-century England[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press,1989.117.
1 June Purvis.Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-century England[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press,1989.167.
① June Purvis.Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-century England[M]. UK:Polity Press,1989.167.
② June Purvis.Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-century England[M]. UK:Polity Press,1989.170.
1 June Purvis.Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-century England[M]. UK:Polity Press,1989.172.
① June Purvis.Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-century England[M]. UK:Polity Press,1989.175.
① June Purvis,Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-century England[M]. Camhridge:Polity Press,1989,197.
1 June Purvis.Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-century England[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press,1989.142.
2 June Purvis.Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-century England[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press.1989.143.
1 June Purvis.Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-century England[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press,1989.114.
① June Purvis.Hard Lessons:The Lives and Education of Working-class Women in Nineteenth-century England[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press,1989.227.
② 如1864年在伊丽莎白·曼里森(Elizabeth Malleson)努力下建立的“工人妇女学院”,,该学院的课程设置拥有更广泛基础,其中有读写算、英国文学、历史、哲学、绘画和拉丁文。1874年该校成为男女混合学校。学生约有400-500人,男女性学生学习同样的课程。1877年学习的课程进一步扩大,包括数学、书籍保管、生物、绘画、英语、法语、天文、德语、希腊语、历史、拉丁语、文学、数学、自然地理、写作和油画。参见潘迎华.论19世纪英国下层社会女子教育对妇女性别地位的影响[J].浙江教育学院学报,2009(1).
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④ 在19世纪中叶以前,大部分女性就业于非熟练行业.无组织、报酬很差的服务业和血汗行业。1851年,20岁以上的妇女18%受雇于家内服务业,16.3%在成衣业和鞋业,1.9%是教师,1.2在丝织业,其余的是制造业部门的工人、营业员、小商店店主、房东等。
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① 以1869年通过入学考试成为爱丁堡大学医学院学生的女生为例,她们经常遭遇男生的恶语中伤,遭受诸如豌豆之类的袭击,还经常被档在大厅外不能听课。由于她们在一些课程的学习成绩上超过男生引起男生憎恨,1870年11月的一天,一群男生聚集在学校外科大厅外,用土块袭击她们,并用恶语中伤她们,但她们仍然没有退却,照常进去上课。男生们冲进教室被赶出后,他们又牵来一只绵羊羞辱她们。事后,女生提出抗议,反被诬陷为诽谤罪,被法院判决罚款1000英镑。参见潘迎华.19世纪英国现代化与女性[M].杭州：浙江人民出版社.2005.229-230.
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