移动无线电测向监测系统的研究和设计
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摘要
随着无线电技术的高速发展，对同频信号、多径干扰等问题，传统的测向系统显得无能为力。本文介绍了传统的无线电测向的基本原理，在研制成功的双通道干涉仪测向系统(已通过江苏省技术鉴定)的基础上，重点分析了传统单通道干涉仪测向系统，并给出了实验数据和结论以及存在的问题。进一步研究了空间谱估计测向系统，它是“十五”期间重点发展的方向。关于利用空间谱估计算法进行DOA的理论研究已有30年的历史。但如何能使其实现工程化，还是有一定难度的。主要有两方面的原因：一是硬件上要求系统设备复杂，一致性高，尤为对宽带信号则更加有难度；二是每个算法都是基于一定的假设前提，实际中难以满足。为此，本文提出了基于单通道谱估计测向的方案，在硬件上简化系统，降低设备制造难度；在软件上利用现代信号处理技术进行研究分析，采用小波变换、虚拟阵元等方法来改进系统DOA的性能。同时利用该系统自身特点，避免了许多在固定站系统中多径干扰、非视距传播等定位难题。具有的单站定位功能，可应对处理突发事件。最后就系统的稳健性进行了分析，并提出相应解决办法。该设计方案为空间谱估计测向的进一步工程化、小型化打下了良好的基础。
With the high-speed developing of radio technology, the tradition system can't deal with the problem of coherent signals and multipath interference. The rationale of the tradition radio direction finding system is introduced. Depending on the double-channels interferometer direction finding system manufactured successfully which have got a technical appraisal by technology committee of Jiangsu Province, the system of single channel interferometer direction finding is discussed particularly. The data and results of the experiment system are presented. Researching and Developing the new system of space spectral estimation is very necessary now. It is also an important developing direction in "ten-five"period. Start to research the theory of space spectral estimate since 30 years ago. But it is still difficulty to realize engineering application in a fact project. There are two reasons. First one on the hardware, devices are complex and manufacture difficulty, especially to wideband signals. The second, each method is based on some supposed condition, but it is difficulty in fact. A design project based on signal channel space spectral estimation used to direct finding is proposed. In this system, it is simpler in hardware manufacture. On the other hand, some signal processing methods of space spectral estimation are used such as wavelet transform and dummy array in order to improve capability of the system DOA in complex environment. Depending on the characteristic of the mobile station system can reduce more influence such as multipath interference and none-line-of-sign (NLOS) propagation than fixed station. Additional, it can be also used to single-station passive location, and it is very useful to deal with outburst incident. A good base of using single-channel receiver to realize mobile space spectral estimation direction finding engineering and minitype system is proposed.
With the high-speed developing of radio technology, the tradition system can't deal with the problem of coherent signals and multipath interference. The rationale of the tradition radio direction finding system is introduced. Depending on the double-channels interferometer direction finding system manufactured successfully which have got a technical appraisal by technology committee of Jiangsu Province, the system of single channel interferometer direction finding is discussed particularly. The data and results of the experiment system are presented. Researching and Developing the new system of space spectral estimation is very necessary now. It is also an important developing direction in "ten-five"period. Start to research the theory of space spectral estimate since 30 years ago. But it is still difficulty to realize engineering application in a fact project. There are two reasons. First one on the hardware, devices are complex and manufacture difficulty, especially to wideband signals. The second, each method is based on some supposed condition, but it is difficulty in fact. A design project based on signal channel space spectral estimation used to direct finding is proposed. In this system, it is simpler in hardware manufacture. On the other hand, some signal processing methods of space spectral estimation are used such as wavelet transform and dummy array in order to improve capability of the system DOA in complex environment. Depending on the characteristic of the mobile station system can reduce more influence such as multipath interference and none-line-of-sign (NLOS) propagation than fixed station. Additional, it can be also used to single-station passive location, and it is very useful to deal with outburst incident. A good base of using single-channel receiver to realize mobile space spectral estimation direction finding engineering and minitype system is proposed.
引文
1 K. Maheswara Reddy and V.U. Reddy Analysis of Spatial Smoothing with Uniform Circular Arrays. IEEE trans on signal Processing.VOL.47,NO.6,June 1999 1726-1730.
2 Noriaki Odachi, Hiroki Shoki, and yasuo Suzuki. High-speed DOA Estimation using Beamspace MUSIC.IEEE trans on VTC2000.
3 Jean-Jacques Fuchs. The global matched filter:application to DOA estimation with an uniform circular array. IEEE 2000 469-473.
4 J.capon, High Resolution Frequency-Wave Number Spectrum Analysis, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 57, pp 1408-1418,Aug, 1969.
5 R.O. Schmidt. Multiple Emitte Loation and Signal Parameter Estimation, In Proc. RADC Spectrum Estimation Workshop, Oct 1979.
6 A.H. Tewfik and W.Hong. On the Application of Uniform Linear Array Estimation Techniques to Uniform Circular Arrays. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol, SP-40, no.4, pp. 1008-1011, Apr,1992.
7 R.O.Schmidt. Multiple emitter location and signal parameter estimation. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat, vol. AP-34,no.3,pp.276-280,Mar 1986.
8 T.Rahim and D. E. N. Davies. Effect of directional elements on the directional response of circular antenna arrays. Proc, Inst Elect.Eng.H,vol. 129, pp. 18-22, Feb. 1982.
9 M.Wax and J. Sheinvald. Direction finding of coherent signals via spatial smoothing for uniform circular arrays. IEEE Trans, Antennas Propagat, vol.42, pp.613-620, May 1994.
10 A.H.Tewfik and W.Hong. On the application of uniform linear array bearing estimation techniques to uniform circular arrays. IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol.40, pp. 1008-1011, Apr. 1992.
11 R. Roy and T. Kailath, ESPRIT-Estimation of Signal Parameters Via Rotational Invariance Techniques,IEEE.Trans,ASSp-37,No 37,pp984-995,July 1989.
12 J.J. Fuchs. On the application of the global matched filter to DOA estimation with UCA's. submitted to IEEE-T-SP, Dec. 1999
13 Harry B. Lee, and Michael S. Wengrovitz. Resolution threshold of beamspace MUSIC for two closely spaced emitters. IEEE Trans, Acoust, Speech, Signal Processing, vol.38,no.9, pp.1545-1559, Sept.1990
14 B.Ottersten, M.Viberg,and T. Kailath. Analysis of subspace fitting and ML techniques for parameter estimation from sensor array data. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 40:590-600,March 1992.
15 C.C.Yeh,Simple Computation of Projection Matrix for Bearing Estimation. IEEE, Proc. Vol. 134 Pt.F.No.2,pp. 146-150,April 1987
16 Motti Gavish. Performance Analysis of Bearing-Only Target Location Algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 1992, 28(3): 817-827
17 S.U.Pillai. Array Signal Processing, Springer Verlag, world Publishing Corp,1999
18 V. Nagesha, S Kay, Maximum likelihood estimation for array processing in colored noise. IEEE Trans SP 1996,44(2): 169-180.
19 T. Shan M.Wax,T.K.Kailath.On spatial smoothing for direction of arrival estimation of coherent signals, IEEE Tran. 1985, ASSP 33(4):806-811
20 Debasis K. Modified MUSIC algorithm for estimation DOA of signal[J].Signal Processing,1996,(48):85-90
21 U.Pillai and B.H.Kwon. Performance Analysis of MUSIC -Type High Resolution Estimations for Direction Finding in Correlated and Coherent Scencs,IEEE Trans.ASSP-37,No.8 pp. 1176-1189,Aug. 1989.
22 B.Friedlander and A. J Weiss. Direction Finding Using Spatial Smoothing With Interpolated Arrays, IEEE.Trans.AES-28,no.2, pp574-587,April,1992.
23 B.Porat and B. Friedlander. Analysis of the Asymptotic Relative Efficiency of the MUSIC Algorithm, IEEE, Trans. ASSP-36, No.4, pp 532-543, April 1988.
24 Wu Q, Wong K M, Reilly J P. Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Array Processing in Unknown Noise Environments.Proc IEEE ICASSP'92,241-244.
25 刘德树等．空间谱估计及其应用．北京：中国科学技术大学出版社，1997
26 肖先赐，魏平．空间谱估计测向实验系统．电子科技大学学报 vol．24，No．7．Aug，1995
27 穆世强，陈天麒．圆阵中相干信号的高分辨阵列测向技术 电子科技大学学报 vol．22 No．24 1993
28 赵益民，鞠德航．单通道接收机实施空间谱估计测向 通信学报 Vol．18，No．2 Feb 1997．
29 叶中付，吴涛．基于相控阵单通道接收机高分辨DOA估计的跟踪算法 vol．22，No．2，Mar 2000
30 吴云韬等．一种色噪声环境下的DOA估计新算法 vol 29 No．2，Dec 2001
31 马常霖等．基于均匀圆阵模式空间噪声流形的高分辨测向算法 电子学报 vol．26 No．7 July 1998
32 何子述等．基于数据共轭重构的MUSIC角估计算法 电子科技大学学报 vol 28，No．2 Apr．1999
33 Debasis Kundu. Modified MUSIC algorithm for estimating DOA of singal Processing, 1996, 48: 85-90
34 何明浩等．加权子空间拟合相干信源二维波达方向估计．现代雷达，No．1 Feb 2001
35 张铭，朱兆达．无需准确已知校正源方向的阵列通道不一致的单源校正法．电子
科学学刊，17：20-25 1995
36 曲长文．多普勒定位技术的研究．舰船电子对抗．No．3 1997．1-5．
37 路鸣 用投影算子改善信号子空间方向估计算法的稳健性 电子学报 vol 22 No．1 Jan 1994
38 雷中定等．宽带波达方向估计新方法及其性能分析 电子学报 vol．26 No．3 Mar．1998
39 Young-Su Kim Young-soo Kim. A New Covariance Matrix Estimation Method for Resolution Enhancement via Virtual Expansion. IEEE Processing ICSP 2000 189-192.
40 王永良等 一种有效的超分辨空间谱估计方法 中国科学(E)vol 29，No．6，Dec 1999
41 Stoica P Nehorai. A MUSIC Maximum likelihood, and Cramer Rao bound. IEEE trans 1989, ASSP-37(5): 720-741
42 李全力，肖先赐．空间谱估计测向系统信道失配的单信号源校正方法 电子学报 vol．19 No．2 Mar 1991 123-125
43 杜先龙．单信道相关干涉仪测向原理．中国无线电管理 No．1 Feb 2000
44 徐友根，刘志文．空间相干源信号频率和波达方向的同时估计方法．电子学报 vol．29 no．9 Sep 2001
45 于宏毅，保铮．信号数目估计错误的最大似然波达方向估计的性能分析．电子学报 vol．27 No．8 Aug 1999
46 万明坚，肖天赐．处理天线阵各通道增益和相位不一致性的一种超分辨率测向新技术[J]．通信学报：12(6)：77-82 1991
47 J.Pierre. Experiment performance of calibration and direction finding algorithm. IEEE Proc. ICASSP[c] 1991: 1365-1368
48 杨林等．TDOA被动定位方法及精度分析．国防科技大学学报，vol 20 No．2 1998
49 盛怀洁，祝利．一种基于小波变换的双信道比幅测向法．无线电工程，vol 30．No．4 2000．
50 杨超，李利．自适应圆阵抑制相关干扰技术．中国空间科学技术，No 4 Aug 1995 16-21
51 I. Ziskind and M. Wax. Maximum Likelihood Localization of Multiple Sources by Alternating Projection, IEEE. Trans, ASSP-36, No. 10, pp 1553-1560, Oct. 1988.
2 Noriaki Odachi, Hiroki Shoki, and yasuo Suzuki. High-speed DOA Estimation using Beamspace MUSIC.IEEE trans on VTC2000.
3 Jean-Jacques Fuchs. The global matched filter:application to DOA estimation with an uniform circular array. IEEE 2000 469-473.
4 J.capon, High Resolution Frequency-Wave Number Spectrum Analysis, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 57, pp 1408-1418,Aug, 1969.
5 R.O. Schmidt. Multiple Emitte Loation and Signal Parameter Estimation, In Proc. RADC Spectrum Estimation Workshop, Oct 1979.
6 A.H. Tewfik and W.Hong. On the Application of Uniform Linear Array Estimation Techniques to Uniform Circular Arrays. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol, SP-40, no.4, pp. 1008-1011, Apr,1992.
7 R.O.Schmidt. Multiple emitter location and signal parameter estimation. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat, vol. AP-34,no.3,pp.276-280,Mar 1986.
8 T.Rahim and D. E. N. Davies. Effect of directional elements on the directional response of circular antenna arrays. Proc, Inst Elect.Eng.H,vol. 129, pp. 18-22, Feb. 1982.
9 M.Wax and J. Sheinvald. Direction finding of coherent signals via spatial smoothing for uniform circular arrays. IEEE Trans, Antennas Propagat, vol.42, pp.613-620, May 1994.
10 A.H.Tewfik and W.Hong. On the application of uniform linear array bearing estimation techniques to uniform circular arrays. IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol.40, pp. 1008-1011, Apr. 1992.
11 R. Roy and T. Kailath, ESPRIT-Estimation of Signal Parameters Via Rotational Invariance Techniques,IEEE.Trans,ASSp-37,No 37,pp984-995,July 1989.
12 J.J. Fuchs. On the application of the global matched filter to DOA estimation with UCA's. submitted to IEEE-T-SP, Dec. 1999
13 Harry B. Lee, and Michael S. Wengrovitz. Resolution threshold of beamspace MUSIC for two closely spaced emitters. IEEE Trans, Acoust, Speech, Signal Processing, vol.38,no.9, pp.1545-1559, Sept.1990
14 B.Ottersten, M.Viberg,and T. Kailath. Analysis of subspace fitting and ML techniques for parameter estimation from sensor array data. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 40:590-600,March 1992.
15 C.C.Yeh,Simple Computation of Projection Matrix for Bearing Estimation. IEEE, Proc. Vol. 134 Pt.F.No.2,pp. 146-150,April 1987
16 Motti Gavish. Performance Analysis of Bearing-Only Target Location Algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 1992, 28(3): 817-827
17 S.U.Pillai. Array Signal Processing, Springer Verlag, world Publishing Corp,1999
18 V. Nagesha, S Kay, Maximum likelihood estimation for array processing in colored noise. IEEE Trans SP 1996,44(2): 169-180.
19 T. Shan M.Wax,T.K.Kailath.On spatial smoothing for direction of arrival estimation of coherent signals, IEEE Tran. 1985, ASSP 33(4):806-811
20 Debasis K. Modified MUSIC algorithm for estimation DOA of signal[J].Signal Processing,1996,(48):85-90
21 U.Pillai and B.H.Kwon. Performance Analysis of MUSIC -Type High Resolution Estimations for Direction Finding in Correlated and Coherent Scencs,IEEE Trans.ASSP-37,No.8 pp. 1176-1189,Aug. 1989.
22 B.Friedlander and A. J Weiss. Direction Finding Using Spatial Smoothing With Interpolated Arrays, IEEE.Trans.AES-28,no.2, pp574-587,April,1992.
23 B.Porat and B. Friedlander. Analysis of the Asymptotic Relative Efficiency of the MUSIC Algorithm, IEEE, Trans. ASSP-36, No.4, pp 532-543, April 1988.
24 Wu Q, Wong K M, Reilly J P. Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Array Processing in Unknown Noise Environments.Proc IEEE ICASSP'92,241-244.
25 刘德树等．空间谱估计及其应用．北京：中国科学技术大学出版社，1997
26 肖先赐，魏平．空间谱估计测向实验系统．电子科技大学学报 vol．24，No．7．Aug，1995
27 穆世强，陈天麒．圆阵中相干信号的高分辨阵列测向技术 电子科技大学学报 vol．22 No．24 1993
28 赵益民，鞠德航．单通道接收机实施空间谱估计测向 通信学报 Vol．18，No．2 Feb 1997．
29 叶中付，吴涛．基于相控阵单通道接收机高分辨DOA估计的跟踪算法 vol．22，No．2，Mar 2000
30 吴云韬等．一种色噪声环境下的DOA估计新算法 vol 29 No．2，Dec 2001
31 马常霖等．基于均匀圆阵模式空间噪声流形的高分辨测向算法 电子学报 vol．26 No．7 July 1998
32 何子述等．基于数据共轭重构的MUSIC角估计算法 电子科技大学学报 vol 28，No．2 Apr．1999
33 Debasis Kundu. Modified MUSIC algorithm for estimating DOA of singal Processing, 1996, 48: 85-90
34 何明浩等．加权子空间拟合相干信源二维波达方向估计．现代雷达，No．1 Feb 2001
35 张铭，朱兆达．无需准确已知校正源方向的阵列通道不一致的单源校正法．电子
科学学刊，17：20-25 1995
36 曲长文．多普勒定位技术的研究．舰船电子对抗．No．3 1997．1-5．
37 路鸣 用投影算子改善信号子空间方向估计算法的稳健性 电子学报 vol 22 No．1 Jan 1994
38 雷中定等．宽带波达方向估计新方法及其性能分析 电子学报 vol．26 No．3 Mar．1998
39 Young-Su Kim Young-soo Kim. A New Covariance Matrix Estimation Method for Resolution Enhancement via Virtual Expansion. IEEE Processing ICSP 2000 189-192.
40 王永良等 一种有效的超分辨空间谱估计方法 中国科学(E)vol 29，No．6，Dec 1999
41 Stoica P Nehorai. A MUSIC Maximum likelihood, and Cramer Rao bound. IEEE trans 1989, ASSP-37(5): 720-741
42 李全力，肖先赐．空间谱估计测向系统信道失配的单信号源校正方法 电子学报 vol．19 No．2 Mar 1991 123-125
43 杜先龙．单信道相关干涉仪测向原理．中国无线电管理 No．1 Feb 2000
44 徐友根，刘志文．空间相干源信号频率和波达方向的同时估计方法．电子学报 vol．29 no．9 Sep 2001
45 于宏毅，保铮．信号数目估计错误的最大似然波达方向估计的性能分析．电子学报 vol．27 No．8 Aug 1999
46 万明坚，肖天赐．处理天线阵各通道增益和相位不一致性的一种超分辨率测向新技术[J]．通信学报：12(6)：77-82 1991
47 J.Pierre. Experiment performance of calibration and direction finding algorithm. IEEE Proc. ICASSP[c] 1991: 1365-1368
48 杨林等．TDOA被动定位方法及精度分析．国防科技大学学报，vol 20 No．2 1998
49 盛怀洁，祝利．一种基于小波变换的双信道比幅测向法．无线电工程，vol 30．No．4 2000．
50 杨超，李利．自适应圆阵抑制相关干扰技术．中国空间科学技术，No 4 Aug 1995 16-21
51 I. Ziskind and M. Wax. Maximum Likelihood Localization of Multiple Sources by Alternating Projection, IEEE. Trans, ASSP-36, No. 10, pp 1553-1560, Oct. 1988.