远距离射频识别系统关键技术的研究
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摘要
射频识别(RFID)是一种非接触自动识别技术,具有数据量大、保密性高、抗干扰能力强等特点,目前已广泛应用于工业自动化、商业自动化、交通运输管理等众多领域。其中超高频、微波远距离射频识别系统具有读写速度快、识别率高、识别距离远等优点,得到了世界各国的重视,成为RFID技术领域的重点。目前国内的低频近距离RFID技术已经比较成熟,但超高频、微波远距离RFID技术还处于实验阶段,仅仅在政府行业部门如铁路、海关等得到了试点。针对以上问题及实际科研项目,本文主要研究了远距离射频识别系统中的关键技术,内容可分为五个部分,具体来说：
针对无源UHF RFID系统技术复杂,设备昂贵,目前在国内处于发展初级阶段的状况,本文研发了低中频结构和零中频结构的无源UHF RFID系统,所设计的系统符合ISO18000-6B协议,性能稳定,成本低廉,已通过国家相关部门的检测,具有一定的推广性。
无源UHF RFID系统射频收发电路同时同频工作,收发隔离至今仍是很难攻克的难题。针对传统收发隔离方法会导致硬件成本增加问题,本文提出了两种克服收发干扰的措施。首先在传统定向耦合器的基础上提出并设计了双枝节耦合线定向耦合器。该耦合器能够大大提高收发支路隔离度,降低阅读器成本。同时将耦合线定向耦合器与缺陷地结构(DGS)结合进一步减小尺寸,从而有效解决了双枝节耦合线定向耦合器尺寸较大的问题。另外,从理论上详细分析和推导了多载波无源UHF RFID系统的工作原理,为无源UHF RFID系统收发隔离的改善提供了新的思路,具有十分重要的意义。
远距离RFID系统的另一个主要工作频段是5.8GHz,其典型应用是专用短程通信系统。针对微波RFID系统设备主要依赖进口的背景,本论文首先研发了一套价格低廉的微波RFID系统,适用于专用短程通信,符合国内最新的ETC标准一GB/T20851-2007。接着设计了两款适用于微波RFID系统的平面天线。提出双十字型缝隙并将其应用在微带YAGI天线,从而解决传统微带YAGI天线尺寸较大的问题。结合新结构——基片集成波导设计了SIW缝隙天线,该天线一方面继承了传统矩形波导缝隙天线增益高的优点,同时也拥有微带天线尺寸小的特点。
超宽带(UWB) RFID技术是近年来国内外学者提出的一种新的远距离RFID技术,目前还处于理论研究阶段。本论文结合当前研究热点——缺陷地结构(DGS),研究和设计了UWB RFID系统中的关键器件：超宽带带通滤波器的设计。首先分析和仿真了传统DGS单元、半圆型DGS单元和半圆型阶梯阻抗并联枝节的等效电路模型和传输特性。在此基础上,结合三线微带线结构设计了具有宽阻带特性的超宽带带通滤波器。最后结合开路负载和螺旋缝隙设计了带有陷波特性和宽阻带特性的超宽带带通滤波器。所设计的超宽带带通滤波器结构紧凑,成本低廉,可以有效抑制窄带干扰和高次谐波。
随着RFID技术的不断推广,一个区域内同时出现多个电子标签或阅读器的可能性越来越大,多个电子标签和阅读器之间的干扰会影响远距离RFID系统的性能。本论文首先分析和仿真了各种常见的编码方式,明确RFID系统选用编码方式的条件。接着将二进制树搜索算法应用在无源UHF RFID系统中成功实现多标签防碰撞。最后针对阅读器防碰撞问题至今还没有得到很好解决的状况,提出一种新的阅读器防碰撞算法,可减少阅读器冲突,提高系统工作效率。
Radio frequency identification is a kind of contactless automated identification technology. It has the advantages of large volume of data, good security, strong anti-interference capability and is widely used in industrial automation, commercial automation, transportation management and many other fields. UHF, microwave RFID system with fast read-write speed, high recognition rate and long recognition distance has got attention all over the world and become the focus of RFID technology. In China, low frequency RFID technology is already mature, but UHF, microwave RFID technology is still in the experimental stage and is only tested in government departments such as railway department and customs. To solve the above problems and practical scientific research tasks, the paper mainly studies the key technologies of long-range radio frequency identification system. The content can be divided into five parts.
Passive UHF RFID system is complex, expensive and currently at the initial development stage in China. This paper has developed a low-IF and zero IF structure passive UHF RFID systems. The system with stable performance, low cost meets ISO18000-6B protocols and has passed the detection of national correlation department. The system has value to popularize.
RF transmitter and receiver circuits of passive UHF RFID systems work on the same frequency at the same time, thus TX-to-RX isolation is still very difficult to overcome. The traditional isolation method will lead to increased hardware cost. This paper presents two kinds of measures to overcome TX-to-RX interference. First, based on traditional directional coupler, two stubs coupling-line directional coupler is proposed and designed. The coupler can greatly improve isolation, lower reader cost. Combining with defected ground structure, the size of directional coupler can be further reduced. In addition, the theory of multi-carrier passive UHF RFID system is analyzed and derived in detail, which offers some novel methods to improve TX-to-RX isolation of passive UHF RFID and has great improtance.
Another major operating frequency of long-range RFID system is5.8GHz, and the typical application is dedicated short range communication system. According to that microwave RFID system equipments mainly relied on imports, this paper firstly developed a set of inexpensive microwave RFID systems for dedicated short-range communications, which meets domestic newest ETC standard-GB/T20851-2007. Then two planar antennas for microwave RFID systems are designed. A novel double-cruciform slot is proposed and applied on the microstrip YAGI antenna, which solves the problem traditional microstrip YAGI antenna has larger size. Combining substrate integrated waveguide technology, a compact SIW slot antenna is developed. The proposed antenna has the advantages of high gain and small size.
Ultra-wideband (UWB) RFID technology is a new long-range RFID technology and still in the theoretical study stage. In this paper, ultra-wideband band-pass filter in the UWB RFID system is researched and designed. The equivalent circuit model and transmission characteristics of traditional DGS unit, semicircle DGS unit and semicircle SISS unit are analyzed and simulated. Based on three-line microstrip line structure, a novel UWB filter with wide stopband is designed. Combining open load and spiral slot, a UWB filter with notch band and wide stopband is designed. The designed filters with small size and low cost can effectively suppress narrowband interference and high-order harmonics.
As RFID technology promoting, a number of tags or readers are frequently located in same region simultaneously. The interferences between adjacent tags and readers will affect the performance of long RFID system. Firstly, a variety of coding methods of RFID system are analyzed and simulated in this paper and encoding conditions selected by RFID system is confirmed. Then the binary tree search anti-collision algorithm is successfully realized in passive UHF RFID system. Finally, a new reader anti-collision algorithm is proposed in this paper which can reduce conflict and improve system efficiency.
针对无源UHF RFID系统技术复杂,设备昂贵,目前在国内处于发展初级阶段的状况,本文研发了低中频结构和零中频结构的无源UHF RFID系统,所设计的系统符合ISO18000-6B协议,性能稳定,成本低廉,已通过国家相关部门的检测,具有一定的推广性。
无源UHF RFID系统射频收发电路同时同频工作,收发隔离至今仍是很难攻克的难题。针对传统收发隔离方法会导致硬件成本增加问题,本文提出了两种克服收发干扰的措施。首先在传统定向耦合器的基础上提出并设计了双枝节耦合线定向耦合器。该耦合器能够大大提高收发支路隔离度,降低阅读器成本。同时将耦合线定向耦合器与缺陷地结构(DGS)结合进一步减小尺寸,从而有效解决了双枝节耦合线定向耦合器尺寸较大的问题。另外,从理论上详细分析和推导了多载波无源UHF RFID系统的工作原理,为无源UHF RFID系统收发隔离的改善提供了新的思路,具有十分重要的意义。
远距离RFID系统的另一个主要工作频段是5.8GHz,其典型应用是专用短程通信系统。针对微波RFID系统设备主要依赖进口的背景,本论文首先研发了一套价格低廉的微波RFID系统,适用于专用短程通信,符合国内最新的ETC标准一GB/T20851-2007。接着设计了两款适用于微波RFID系统的平面天线。提出双十字型缝隙并将其应用在微带YAGI天线,从而解决传统微带YAGI天线尺寸较大的问题。结合新结构——基片集成波导设计了SIW缝隙天线,该天线一方面继承了传统矩形波导缝隙天线增益高的优点,同时也拥有微带天线尺寸小的特点。
超宽带(UWB) RFID技术是近年来国内外学者提出的一种新的远距离RFID技术,目前还处于理论研究阶段。本论文结合当前研究热点——缺陷地结构(DGS),研究和设计了UWB RFID系统中的关键器件：超宽带带通滤波器的设计。首先分析和仿真了传统DGS单元、半圆型DGS单元和半圆型阶梯阻抗并联枝节的等效电路模型和传输特性。在此基础上,结合三线微带线结构设计了具有宽阻带特性的超宽带带通滤波器。最后结合开路负载和螺旋缝隙设计了带有陷波特性和宽阻带特性的超宽带带通滤波器。所设计的超宽带带通滤波器结构紧凑,成本低廉,可以有效抑制窄带干扰和高次谐波。
随着RFID技术的不断推广,一个区域内同时出现多个电子标签或阅读器的可能性越来越大,多个电子标签和阅读器之间的干扰会影响远距离RFID系统的性能。本论文首先分析和仿真了各种常见的编码方式,明确RFID系统选用编码方式的条件。接着将二进制树搜索算法应用在无源UHF RFID系统中成功实现多标签防碰撞。最后针对阅读器防碰撞问题至今还没有得到很好解决的状况,提出一种新的阅读器防碰撞算法,可减少阅读器冲突,提高系统工作效率。
Radio frequency identification is a kind of contactless automated identification technology. It has the advantages of large volume of data, good security, strong anti-interference capability and is widely used in industrial automation, commercial automation, transportation management and many other fields. UHF, microwave RFID system with fast read-write speed, high recognition rate and long recognition distance has got attention all over the world and become the focus of RFID technology. In China, low frequency RFID technology is already mature, but UHF, microwave RFID technology is still in the experimental stage and is only tested in government departments such as railway department and customs. To solve the above problems and practical scientific research tasks, the paper mainly studies the key technologies of long-range radio frequency identification system. The content can be divided into five parts.
Passive UHF RFID system is complex, expensive and currently at the initial development stage in China. This paper has developed a low-IF and zero IF structure passive UHF RFID systems. The system with stable performance, low cost meets ISO18000-6B protocols and has passed the detection of national correlation department. The system has value to popularize.
RF transmitter and receiver circuits of passive UHF RFID systems work on the same frequency at the same time, thus TX-to-RX isolation is still very difficult to overcome. The traditional isolation method will lead to increased hardware cost. This paper presents two kinds of measures to overcome TX-to-RX interference. First, based on traditional directional coupler, two stubs coupling-line directional coupler is proposed and designed. The coupler can greatly improve isolation, lower reader cost. Combining with defected ground structure, the size of directional coupler can be further reduced. In addition, the theory of multi-carrier passive UHF RFID system is analyzed and derived in detail, which offers some novel methods to improve TX-to-RX isolation of passive UHF RFID and has great improtance.
Another major operating frequency of long-range RFID system is5.8GHz, and the typical application is dedicated short range communication system. According to that microwave RFID system equipments mainly relied on imports, this paper firstly developed a set of inexpensive microwave RFID systems for dedicated short-range communications, which meets domestic newest ETC standard-GB/T20851-2007. Then two planar antennas for microwave RFID systems are designed. A novel double-cruciform slot is proposed and applied on the microstrip YAGI antenna, which solves the problem traditional microstrip YAGI antenna has larger size. Combining substrate integrated waveguide technology, a compact SIW slot antenna is developed. The proposed antenna has the advantages of high gain and small size.
Ultra-wideband (UWB) RFID technology is a new long-range RFID technology and still in the theoretical study stage. In this paper, ultra-wideband band-pass filter in the UWB RFID system is researched and designed. The equivalent circuit model and transmission characteristics of traditional DGS unit, semicircle DGS unit and semicircle SISS unit are analyzed and simulated. Based on three-line microstrip line structure, a novel UWB filter with wide stopband is designed. Combining open load and spiral slot, a UWB filter with notch band and wide stopband is designed. The designed filters with small size and low cost can effectively suppress narrowband interference and high-order harmonics.
As RFID technology promoting, a number of tags or readers are frequently located in same region simultaneously. The interferences between adjacent tags and readers will affect the performance of long RFID system. Firstly, a variety of coding methods of RFID system are analyzed and simulated in this paper and encoding conditions selected by RFID system is confirmed. Then the binary tree search anti-collision algorithm is successfully realized in passive UHF RFID system. Finally, a new reader anti-collision algorithm is proposed in this paper which can reduce conflict and improve system efficiency.
引文
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