共和主义政治义务:一种尝试性理论建构与逻辑审视
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摘要
当我们回溯共和主义传统时就会发现政治义务话语形构了共和主义的理论底色,它们两者都强调公民应该以政治共同体的共同善为行动的逻辑起点,而且共和主义认为在政治共同体当中公民通过对政治义务的承担行为而对自身进行了归属性界定。可以说,共和主义与政治义务之间具有紧密的内在关联,这种关联在当前的社会语境下得到了最大程度的彰显:随着共和主义在当代的复兴,政治义务的隐匿属性日渐被剥离。面对占居主流意识形态地位的自由主义从正当性、证成性和有效性三个维度上对政治义务的质疑,共和主义进行了有力的理论回击。质言之,共和主义以无支配为逻辑支点而对政治义务进行了一种特殊的辩护,并且揭示了自由主义的无干涉逻辑对政治义务质疑的虚伪性和浅薄性。此外,在对自由主义的质疑进行回击的同时,共和主义还分别运用公民美德、公民身份和公民审议对政治义务进行了三重证成。共和主义强调,它对政治义务所做的这三重证成不是彼此孤立的而是相互联系的,因为在共和主义看来公民美德、公民身份和公民审议本质上构成了一种三位一体的关系。基于共和主义对政治义务的证成,本论文尝试性地建构了三种不同样态的共和主义政治义务,即作为公民爱国主义的共和主义政治义务、作为角色性义务的共和主义政治义务和作为团体性义务的共和主义政治义务。当然,笔者所建构的这三种样态的共和主义政治义务只是一种理想类型,在现实实践层面上它们往往是纠合在一起的。总起来说,共和主义政治义务既可以以一种稀薄的方式加以建构,又可以以一种厚重的方式加以建构,而共和主义政治义务的薄与厚则反映了政治义务在道义论共和主义与目的论共和主义两种不同的共和主义谱系语境中的地位。尽管共和主义对于政治义务的阐述可能依然存在着某些理论缺陷,但是我们却不能以此而否认它为我们提供了认识政治义务问题的一种新的视角,作为一种智识努力它理应得到我们最起码的理论尊重。
To some extent,the discourse of political rights has an absolute discoursedomination in the current political discourse market,while the discourse of politicalobligation that is in the marginal discourse status increasingly has a hidden attribute.But it doesn’t mean that political obligation is of no great importance,because thepolitical community who wants to maintain its normal vital signs must need citizensto take the political obligation to provide power support for it.At the same time,citizens who are ''embedded'' in political community need taking the politicalobligation,because they can achieve a more profound self-understanding in theprocess of taking political obligation.So to speak,political community is a constitutivebeing for citizens.By checking the republican tradition, the author finds that there is ahigh accordance between republicanism and the topics of political obligation.Thence,a tentative theoretical construction and logical review of republican politicalobligation is not only desirable,but also feasible.
     In fact,liberalism that is the mainstream ideology does its utmost to suppress oreven deny the discourse of political obligation,because in the liberal view thediscourse of political obligation pursues a kind of collective logic that requirescitizens to deal with the problem from a common perspect.So the individual goodadvocated by liberalism and based on a kind of individualism logic is likely to be atthe expense of risk. Therefore, liberalism questions the political obligation from thethree dimensions of legitimacy,justification and effectiveness.The core ideas of it canbe attributed to such a point:Without individual citizens' agreeing any political obligation applied by political community virtually all are an interference of citizens'personal freedom,and any interferential political obligation don't have a binding forceof morality to citizens.Aiming at the questions of liberalism,republicanism takes aspecial defense.The reason why this defense is special is that republicanism bases onnon-domination which is different from the liberal logic fulcrum.Republicanismpoints out that the liberal three-dimensional questions about political obligation allregard non-interference as their logical fulcrum,while the exclusive understanding ofnon-interference constitutes the ''Archimedes' Point'' of liberal logic.Speakingoverall,republicanism mainly makes a powerful theoretical counterattack against theliberal questions around non-domination from two aspects:Firstly,the logic ofnon-domination will urge citizens to make a thick self-commitment that continuallyproduce ''political obligation'' for republican political community as its life support;secondly,the logic of non-domination will revise the power logic of republicanpolitical community,while the power will be revised to be an non-dominant andantipower power in in the republican theoretical horizon.The logical framework ofpower revised will handle the problem of political obligation more inclusively.
     In a manner of speaking,republicanism makes more widly know the inner logicalassociations between it and political obligation by counterattacking against theliberal questions of political obligation.Additionally,republicanism also makes ajustification of political obligation more systematically.From the standpoint ofreductionism,this justification mainly be displayed three aspects:(1)Virtuerepublicanism makes a justification of political obligation through civic virtue,because civic virtue has an intrinsic binding,and whether citizens bear politicalobligation applied by the political community is often a prescribed in item to reach thestandard of civic virtue or not.(2)Citizenship republicanism makes a justification ofpolitical obligation through citizenship,because citizenship has a viscous cohesion.Under the guidance of this power,citizens will perform the political obligation appliedby their political community.(3)Deliberative republicanism makes a justification ofpolitical obligation through civic deliberation,because civic deliberation has anexternal binding,and the political obligation is actually the terms of consensus contract which is reached between citizens and political community by using thenecessary deliberative procedure.The author believes that republicanism promoteslayer upon layer the justification of political obligation in proper order.In a sense,wecan regard (1) as the first-layer justification of political obligation made by virtuerepublicanism at the microcosmic level,and regard (2) as the second-layer justificationof political obligation made by citizenship republicanism at the mesoscopic level,andregard (3) as the third-layer justification of political obligation made by deliberativerepublicanism at the macroscopic level.Of course,the triple justification of politicalobligation is not separate but interconnected,because in the republican view civicvirtue,citizenship and civic deliberation which are related and interdependentconstitute a triunity relationship that justifies the political obligation ring upon ring.Consequently,after the triple justification of political obligation,the logicalassociations between republicanism and political obligation has been demonstrated tothe most degree.It is natural to constructing the so-called republican politicalobligation.
     On the basis of republican justification of political obligation,this dissertationtries to make a a tentative theoretical construction of republican political obligation.Concretely speaking,the author thinks that republican political obligation should beconstructed in the three different kinds of state in terms of theory:(1)Republicanpolitical obligation as civic patriotism mainly can be constructed based on republicancitizenship and national iden,and it emphasizes that to identify with and love thecountry that gives them the citizenship should be a basic political obligation taken bycitizens.In the process of taking this republican political obligation, patriotism as acivic virtue will play an important role. Nay more,citizens even need to make thenecessary self-sacrifice to achieve the prospective taking effect of this republicanpolitical obligation as civic patriotism.(2)Republican political obligation as roleobligations is taken by the character played by people in participating in public life.Infact, citizen itself is a kind of role play. Usually,people can obtain this role by twodifferent ways which are contract and non-contract.Accordingly,republican politicalobligation as role obligations is divided into contractual and non-contractual.The roles that can be chosen to play by people in participating in public life are not single butmultiple,so this promptes the formation of some special role preference.In otherwords,people prefer playing a role to playing another.So it seems, role preferencemust influence the quality of taking this republican political obligation as roleobligations.(3)Republican political obligation as associative obligations will be takenby people,because they regard the political community which they live in as afraternal community.Considering the affection as such gratitude,love,and so on,theyrecognize the political community has a political authority to apply politicalobligation to them.Objectively speaking,citizen as a member of political communitynot only can get his deserved fair share,but they must also pay their fair share of thepayment.This fair payment can be achieved by taking this republican politicalobligation as associative obligations.Certainly,the three different kinds of state are justideal types,which are often gathered together in the real practice.
     After reviewing the constructing logic of republican political obligation,theauthor sees that republican political obligation can be constructed in a thin way,aswell as can be constructed in a thick way.As a matter of fact,the thin and thick ofrepublican political obligation reflect the status of political obligation in the twodifferent republican genealogical context of deontological republicanism andteleological republicanism:Instrumental republicanism regards only the compliance ofpolitical obligation applied by political community as a tool,which is the thin ofrepublican political obligation;essential republicanism regards the compliance ofpolitical obligation applied by political community as goal,which is the thick ofrepublican political obligation.It should be pointed out that, although this dissertationthinks of the problem of political obligation from the perspective of republicanism,theauthor doesn't think that the the problem of political obligation can only be properlytreated from the perspective of republicanism.That is to say,the author doesn't onlythink that all republican account about political obligation are correct,but the authordoesn't also think the three kinds of state of republican political obligation constructedby this dissertation all should be taken.The author just wants to show that theconstruction of republican political obligation can meet the practical needs of political community in a way,because the political community is likely to be on the verge ofcollapse without supporting of political obligation.Basically, republicanism answerstwo questions about the topics of political obligation that are concerned urgentlywith by people in its logical framework:One is that why do we have politicalobligation? Another is that what kind of political obligation do we have? The dealingwith the topics of political obligation by republicanism is or is not able to make allpeople satisfaction and acceptance,which is another issue.Undeniably, republicanismhas done and continues to do the unremitting intellectual efforts in this aspect. Therepublican political obligation deserves a theoretical living space that belongs to itsown.Admitting it not only is an objective theoretical attitude that we shoulduphold,but also an idea of theoretical respect to republicanism that we shouldembrace.
引文
①[德]黑格尔:《法哲学原理或自然法和国家学纲要》,范扬、张企泰译,北京:商务印书馆,1961年,序言第12-14页。
    ①Michael Walzer,Obligations:Essays on Disobedience,War,and Citizenship,Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England:Harvard University Press,1970;Michael Walzer,Radicalprinciples,New York:Basic Books,1980;Michael Walzer,Spheres of Justice:A Defense of Pluralismand Equality,New York:Basic Books,1983;Michael Walzer,Liberalism and the Art of Separation,Political Theory,Vol.12,No.3(Aug.,1984),pp.315-330;Michael Walzer,The CommunitarianCritique of Liberalism,Political Theory,Vol.18,No.1(Feb.,1990),pp.6-23.
    ②Michael J.Sandel,Democracy's Discontent:America in Search of a Public Philosophy,Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1996.
    ③Richard Dagger,What Is Political Obligation?,The American Political Science Review,Vol.71,No.1(Mar.,1977),pp.86-94;Richard Dagger,Civic Virtues:Rights,Citizenship,and RepublicanLiberalism,New York and Oxford:Oxford University Press,1997;Richard Dagger,The SandelianRepublic and the Unencumbered Self,The Review of Politics,Vol.61,No.2,1999,pp.181-208;Richard Dagger,Membership,Fair Play,and Political Obligation,Plitical Studies,Vol.48,No.1,2000,pp.140-117;Richard Dagger,Philosophical Anarchism and Its Fallacies: A Review Essay,Law andPhilosophy,Vol.19,No.3(May,2000),pp.391-406;Richard Dagger,Republicanism and the Politics ofPlace,Philosophical Explorations,Vol.4,No.3,2001,pp.157-173;Richard Dagger,Neo-republicanism and the Civic Economy,Politics,Philosophy and Economics,Vol.5,No.2,2006,pp.151-173;Richard Dagger,Review of Is There a Duty to Obey the Law?by Christopher HeathWellman and A. John Simmons,Ethics,Vol.118,No.1,October2007,pp.184-185.
    ①唐昌黎:《民主政治与共和政治刍议》,载《江苏社会科学》,2000年第5期。
    ①Howard Warrender,The Political Philosophy of Hobbes:His Theory of Obligation,Oxford:Clarendon Press,2000.
    ②John Kilcullen,Locke on Political Obligation,The Review of Politics,Vol.45,No.3(Jul.,1983),pp.323-344.
    ③Gerald M.Mara,Rousseau's Two Models of Political Obligation,The Western Political Quarterly,Vol.33,No.4(Dec.,1980),pp.536-549;Jules Steinberg,Locke,Rousseau, and the Idea of Consent:AnInquiry into the Liberal-democratic Theory of Political Obligation,Westport,Connecticut:Greenwood Press,1940.
    ④William Vitek,The Humean Promise:Whence Comes Its Obligation,Hume Studies,Vol.7,No.2(November,1986),pp.160-176;Antony E.Pitson,Hume on Promises and Their Obligation,HumeStudies,Vol.14,No.1(April,1988),pp.176-190.
    ⑤Sam Duncan,The Borders of Justice:Kant and Waldron on Political Obligation and RangeLimitation,Social Theory and Practice,Vol.33,No.1(Jan.,2007),pp.27-46.
    ⑥H.L.A.Hart,Are There Any Natural Rights?,The Philosophical Review,Vol.64,No.2(Apr.,1955),pp.175-191.
    ⑦John Rawls,Legal Obligation and the Duty of Fair Play,in John Rawls,Cllected Papers,edited bySamuel Freeman,Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England:Harvard University Press,1999,pp.117-129;John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge,Massachusetts:TheBelknap Press of Harvard University Press,1999.
    ⑧Ronald M.Dworkin,Law's Empire,Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England:HarvardUniversity Press,1986;Lucan Gregory,Ronald Dworkin,T.H.Green,and the Communal Theory ofPolitical Obligation,Social Theory and Practice,Vol.32,No.2(April2006),pp.191-212.
    ⑨[英]戴维·米勒、韦农·波格丹诺(编):《布莱克维尔政治学百科全书》,邓正来等译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1992年,第560页。
    ⑩Hanna Pitkin,Obligation and Consent--I,The American Political Science Review,Vol.59,No.4(Dec.,1965),p.990.在皮特金看来,政治义务问题分为下述四组:(1)政治义务的限度(“你什么时候有义务服从,什么时候没有义务服从?”);(2)主权的定位(“你有义务服从谁?”);(3)合法权威与纯粹强权之间的异质性(“二者之间真有差异吗?你真有义务服
    从吗?”);(4)义务的证成(“为什么你总是有义务服从即使是一个合法权威?”),参见
    Hanna Pitkin,Obligation and Consent--I,The American Political Science Review,Vol.59,No.4(Dec.,
    1965),p.991.
    ①关于以政治义务为研究主题的博士论文也有很多,如James Franklin Childress,The Basis andLimits of Political Obligation,Yale University,1968;Thomas Clyde Hone,Political Obligation,Consent,and Political,The University of Wisconsin-Madison,1973;William K.Bortz,Authority andPolitical Obligation,The University of Wisconsin-Madison,1974;Daniel Eugene Lee,Voluntarismand Political Obligation,Yale University,1974;Paul Scott Axelrod,Political Legitimacy andSelf-Loss,University of Washington,2000;Susanne Sreedhar,Obligation and Its Limits in Hobbes'Moral and Political Philosophy,University of North Carolina,2005;Nina Corinne Brewer-Davis,Political Obligation through Connectedness,University of California,San Diego,2009;JonathanTrejo-Mathys,Inheritance,Sovereignty,and Promise:Political Authority and Obligation in an Age ofGlobal Transformations,Northwestern University,2009;Claudia D. Feldkamp,Between Politics andLaw:Rethinking the Basis of Legal Obligation in the World, Columbia University,2010.
    ②A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,pp.57-100.
    ①H.L.A.Hart,Are There Any Natural Rights?,The Philosophical Review,Vol.64,No.2(Apr.,1955),pp.175-191.
    ②罗尔斯对公平游戏原则的阐释前后共有四种,它们依次出现在下述文本之中:(1)JohnRawls,Justice as Fairness,The Philosophical Review,Vol.67,No.2(Apr.,1958),pp.164-194.(2)JohnRawls,Legal Obligation and the Duty of Fair Play,in Sidney Hook(ed.),Law and Philosophy,NewYork:New York University Press,1964,pp.3-18.(3) John Rawls,The Justification of CivilDisobedience,in H.A.Bedau(ed.),Civil Disobedience:Theory and Practice,New York:Pegasus,1969,pp.240-255.(4)John Rawls,A Theory of Justice,Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Pressof Harvard University Press,1971.
    ③George Klosko,Presumptive Benefit,Fairness,and Political Obligation,Philosophy&PublicAffairs,Vol.16,No.3(Summer,1987),pp.241-259;George Klosko,The Principle of Fairness andPolitical Obligation,Lanham,MD.:Rowman&Littlefield Publishers,Inc.,1992;George Klosko,Fixed Content of Political Obligations,Political Studies,Vol.46I,1998,pp.53-67;George Klosko,Political Obligations,New York:Oxford University Press,2005.
    ④Richard J.Arneson,The Principle of Fairness and Free-Rider Problems,Ethics,Vol.92,No.4(Jul.,1982),pp.616-633.
    ⑤Robert Nozick,Anarchy,State,And Utopia,New York:Basic Books,1974.关于诺齐克与公平游戏理论的论述可参见Nora K.Bell,Nozick and the Principle of Fairness,Social Theory and Practice,Vol.5,No.1,1978,pp.65-73.
    ⑥A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979, pp.101-142.
    ⑦John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge, Massachusetts:The Belknap Pressof Harvard University Press,1999,pp.293-343.
    ⑧A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,pp.143-156.
    ⑨Lesley A.Jacobs,An Introduction to Moral Political Philosophy:The Democratic Vision ofPolitics,Upper Saddle River,New Jersey:Prentice Hall,1997,pp.45-49.
    ⑩Jeremy Waldron,Special Ties and Natural Duties,Philosophy&Public Affairs,Vol.22,No.1(Winter,1993),pp.3-30.
    ①Christopher Heath Wellman,Toward a Liberal Theory of Political Obligation,Ethics,Vol.111,No.4(Jul.,2001),pp.735-759.
    ②George Klosko,Samaritanism and Political Obligation:A Response to Christopher Wellman's"Liberal Theory of Political Obligation",Ethics,Vol.113,No.4(July2003),pp.835-840.
    ③A.D.M.Walker,Gratefulness and Gratitude,Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society,NewSeries,Vol.81(1980-1981),pp.39-55;A.D.M.Walker,Political Obligation and the Argument fromGratitude, Philosophy&Public Affairs,Vol.17,No.3(Summer,1988),pp.191-211;A.D.M.Walker,Obligations of Gratitude and Political Obligation,Philosophy&Public Affairs,Vol.18,No.4(Autumn,1989),pp.359-364.
    ④Colin Bird,An Introduction to Political Philosophy,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006,pp.154-176.
    ⑤A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,pp.157-190.
    ⑥George Klosko,Political Obligation and Gratitude,Philosophy&Public Affairs,Vol.18,No.4(Autumn,1989),pp.352-358.
    ⑦Ronald M.Dworkin,Law's Empire,Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England:HarvardUniversity Press,1986,pp.176-224.
    ⑧Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),pp.333-363.
    ①John Horton,In Defence of Associative Political Obligations:Part One,Plitical Studies,vol.54,2006,pp.427-443;John Horton,In Defence of Associative Political Obligations:Part Two,PliticalStudies,vol.55,2007,pp.1-19;John Horton,Defending Associative Political Obligations:A Responseto Richard Vernon,Plitical Studies,vol.55,2007,pp.880-884;John Horton,Political Obligation(Second Edition),Hampshire and New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2010,pp.135-166.
    ②Margaret Gilbert,Group Membership and Political Obligation,The Monist,Vol.76,No.1,1993,pp.119-131;Margaret Gilbert,A Theory of Political Obligation:Membership, Commitment,and theBonds of Society,New York:Oxford University Press,2006.
    ③Yael Tamir,Liberal Nationalism,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1993.
    ④Richard Dagger,Membership,Fair Play,and Political Obligation,Plitical Studies,Vol.48,No.1,2000,pp.140-117.
    ⑤Christopher Heath Wellman,Associative Allegiances and Political Obligations,Social Theory andPractice,Vol.23,No.2(Summer1997),pp.181-204;Christopher Heath Wellman,Friends,Compatriots,and Special Political Obligations,Political Theory,Vol.29,No.2(Apr.,2001),pp.217-236.
    ⑥Robert Paul Wolff,In Defense of Anarchism,Berkeley,Los Angeles and London:University ofCalifornia Press,1998.
    ⑦A.John Simmons,The Anarchist Position:A Reply to Klosko and Senor,Philosophy&PublicAffairs,Vol.16,No.3(Summer,1987),pp.269-279;A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,inJohn T.Sanders and Jan Narveson (eds.),For and Against the State:New Philosophical Readings,Lanham,MD.:Rowman and Littlefield,1996,pp.19-40;Christopher Heath Wellman and A.JohnSimmons,Is There a Duty to Obey the Law?,New York:Cambridge University Press,2005.
    ⑧M.B.E.Smith,Is There a Prima Facie Obligation to Obey the Law?,The Yale Law Journal,Vol.82,No.5(Apr.,1973),pp.950-976.
    ⑨Joseph Raz,The Authority of Law,New York:Oxford University Press,1979;Joseph Raz,TheObligation to Obey:Revision and Tradition,Notre Dame Journal of Law,Ethics and PublicPolicy,Vol.1,No.1,1984,pp.139-155.
    ⑩Leslie Green,Who Believe in Political Obligation?,in John T.Sanders and Jan Narveson(eds.),For and Against the State:New Philosophical Readings,Lanham,MD.:Rowman andLittlefield,1996, pp.1-19.
    ①Chaim Gans,Philosophical Anarchism and Political Disobedience,Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity Press,1992,pp.42-93.
    ②沃尔夫试图将道德多元论(moral pluralism)运用到政治义务的解释过程中,他明确拒绝“根据的单一性(singularity in ground)”这一假定,提出了多元主义政治义务进路的七种不同模式(seven different models of pluralistic approaches of political obligations):(1)补充性论证(ComplementaryArguments);(2)多重决定(Overdetermination);(3)公民的拼凑(Patchworkof Citizens);(4)法则的拼凑(Patchwork of Laws);(5)差异性(Diversity);(6)法律及其内容(Law and Its Content);(7)多样的多样性(Multiple Plurality)。对此具体可参见JonathanWolff,Pluralistic Models of Political Obligation,Philosophica,Vol.56,1995,pp.7-27.
    ③克洛斯科的多元主义政治义务理论是以公平原则为核心的,同时还涉及自然义务原则和共同善原则(the common good principle),而共同善原则实际上是由公平原则和后果论原则(consequentialist principle)构成的,因而,他自己将之称为多原则理论(multiple principlestheory)。在克洛斯科看来,这三种原则可以有累积(cumulation)、相互支持(mutual support)以及交叠(overlap)三种互动方式。对此,可参见George Klosko,Political Obligations,NewYork:Oxford University Press,2005,pp.98-121.而对克洛斯科多元主义政治义务理论的批判还可参见朱佳峰:《多元主义政治义务论:天衣无缝还是破绽百出?》,载邓正来(主编):《复旦政治哲学评论(第2辑)》,上海:上海人民出版社,2010年,第223-225页。
    ④A.John Simmons,Political Obligation and Authority,in Robert L.Simon(ed.),The BlackwellGuide to Social and Political Philosophy,Malden,Massachusetts:Blackwell Publishers Ltd.,2002,p.35.
    ⑤Christopher Heath Wellman,Toward a Liberal Theory of Political Obligation,Ethics,Vol.111,No.4(Jul.,2001),pp.735-759.当然,近年来也有学者尝试着拓宽政治义务的研究视域,比如劳拉·安德鲁纳奇(LauraAndronache)就将“共和主义政治义务”作为其博士学位论文的研究主题,参见Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009.
    ①应该说,周濂在其博士论文的基础上修改而出版的著作是国内唯一一部涉及政治义务的研究专著,尽管这本书的题目中并没有冠以“政治义务”的字样,参见周濂:《现代政治的正当性基础》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2008年。
    ②宽泛地讲,政治义务在王欧的博士论文中也是一个重要的研究主题,可参见王欧:《理想的政治秩序如何可能?——对秩序的实践逻辑与价值取向的政治哲学分析》,吉林大学博士学位论文,2005年。此外还有几篇以“政治义务”为研究主题的硕士学位论文,如殷冬水:《公民与法律:卢梭的政治义务理论论证》,吉林大学硕士学位论文,2003年;李欢:《论流亡者及其政治义务——基于政治伦理的分析》,中南大学硕士学位论文,2008年;丁轶:《德沃金团体性义务理论研究》,吉林大学硕士学位论文,2010年;李丽:《试论休谟的政治义务学说》,浙江大学硕士学位论文,2011年。
    ③在这里我们主要列举一些具有较高学术质量的论文,如程炼:《公平游戏与政治义务》,载于赵敦华(主编):《哲学门(第一卷·第一册)》,武汉:湖北教育出版社,2000年,第131-143页;苏文流:《洛克的同意论》,载《政治科学论丛》,2002年12月第17期,第199-218页;谢世民:《政治权力、政治权威与政治义务》,载《政治与社会哲学评论》,2002年6月第1期,第1-41页,重印于应奇、张培伦(编):《厚薄之间的政治概念——〈政治与社会哲学评论〉文选(卷一)》,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2008年,第1-35页;徐向东:《霍布斯:人性、公民社会与政治义务》,载徐向东:《自由主义、社会契约与政治辩护》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年,第3-32页;周濂:《政治正当性与政治义务》,载《吉林大学社会科学学报》,2006年第2期;周濂:《政治正当性的四重根》,载《学海》,2007年第2期;徐贲:《苏格拉底对话中的“公民服从”:思想者的政治技艺》,载邓正来(主编):《中国社会科学辑刊·冬季卷》,上海:复旦大学出版社,2008年,第60-66页;陈喜贵:《论政治义务和政治权威的证立及其困境》,载《同济大学学报(社会科学版)》,2009年第4期;毛兴贵:《政治合法性、政治正当性与政治义务》,载《马克思主义与现实(双月刊)》,2010年第4期,等。
    ④[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年。
    ⑤[美]乔治·克洛斯科:《公平原则与政治义务》,毛兴贵译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年。
    ⑥[加]莱斯利·雅各布:《民主的视野:当代政治哲学导论》,吴增定、刘凤罡译,北京:中国广播电视出版社,1999年,第三章《政治义务》,第66-90页。
    ①比如[美]德沃金:《法律帝国》,李常青译,北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1996年;[美]约瑟夫·拉兹:《法律的权威:法律与道德论文集》,朱峰译,北京:法律出版社,2005年;[美]约瑟夫·拉兹:《自由的美德》,孙晓春、曹海军、郑维东、王欧等译,长春:吉林人民出版社,2006年;[美]托马斯·斯坎伦:《宽容之难》,杨伟清、陈代东等译,北京:人民出版社,2008年;[美]托马斯·斯坎伦:《我们彼此负有什么义务》,陈代东、杨伟清、杨选等译,北京:人民出版社,2008年;[法]亚历山大·科耶夫:《权威的概念》,姜志辉译,南京:译林出版社,2011年,等。
    ②何怀宏(编):《西方公民不服从的传统》,长春:吉林人民出版社,2001年。
    ③毛兴贵(编):《政治义务:证成与反驳》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年。
    ④根据我们掌握的资料来看,这些翻译过来的论文主要有:[英]H.L.A.哈特:《是否存在自然权利?》,张志铭译,载夏勇(编):《公法(第一卷)》,北京:法律出版社,1999年,第365-378页;[美]G.克劳斯科:《政治义务与正义的自然责任》,毛兴贵译,载《世界哲学》,2003年第2期;[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《政治义务和政治权威》,载[美]罗伯特·L·西蒙(主编):《社会政治学》,陈喜贵译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2009年,第19-41页;[美]罗伯特·诺齐克:《强迫》,载[美]罗伯特·诺齐克:《苏格拉底的困惑》,郭建玲、程郁华译,北京:新星出版社,2006年,第3-45页;[英]休谟:《论原始契约》,载[英]休谟:《休谟政治论文选》,张若衡译,北京:商务印书馆,2010年,第119-138页;[英]乔纳森·沃尔夫:《政治义务:一种多元论的方式》,张峰译,载[爱尔兰]玛丽亚·巴格拉米安、埃克拉克塔·英格拉姆(编):《多元论:差异性哲学和政治学》,重庆:重庆出版社,2010年,第193-210页;[美]威廉·史密斯:《公民不服从与公共领域》,毛兴贵译,载《马克思主义与现实(双月刊)》,2011年第6期。
    ⑤比如苏文流:《洛克的同意论》,载《政治科学论丛》,2002年12月第17期,第199-218页;毛兴贵:《同意、政治合法性与政治义务——现代西方同意理论评述》,载《哲学动态》,2009年第8期;毛兴贵:《公民为什么有义务遵守法律——从许诺行为谈起》,载《政法论坛》,2010年第2期,等。
    ⑥比如程炼:《公平游戏与政治义务》,载于赵敦华(主编):《哲学门(第一卷·第一册)》,武汉:湖北教育出版社,2000年,第131-143页;周濂:《论公平游戏解释无法证成政治义务》,载《中国人民大学学报》,2006年第5期;毛兴贵:《公平原则与政治义务:从哈特到罗尔斯》,载《哲学动态》,2010年第10期;等。
    ⑦比如刘擎:《政治正当性与哲学无政府主义:以西蒙斯为中心的讨论》,载《华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2007年第6期;朱振:《政治权威与道德自主性:悖论及协调的可能性——对沃尔夫哲学无政府主义论证思路的一种反思》,载《法制与社会发展(双月刊)》,2010年第5期,等。
    ⑧比如谭杰、毛兴贵:《罗尔斯对功利主义的批判》,载《华中科技大学学报·社会科学版》,2005年第4期;毛兴贵:《功利主义与政治义务》,载《哲学动态》,2011年第12期,等。
    ①应该说,下述这几篇论文在某种程度上是对传统的政治义务问题域的一种拓展:方旭东:《服从还是不服从?——孟子论人臣的政治义务》,载《文史哲》,2010年第2期;朱佳峰:《多元主义政治义务论:天衣无缝还是破绽百出?》,载邓正来(主编):《复旦政治哲学评
    论(第2辑)》,上海:上海人民出版社,2010年,第218-225页;曾志隆:《“政治义务”与抵抗权行使——原始佛教观点的讨论》,载《玄奘佛学研究》,2011年第15期;戴木茅:《孝:从家庭伦理到政治义务——基于〈孝经〉的分析》,载《求是学刊》,2012年第6期,等。
    ①Jean-Francois Lyotard,The Postmodern Explained:Correspondence,1982-1985,translation editedby Julian Pefanis and Morgan Thomas,translations by Don Barry,Bernadette Maher,Julian Pefanis,Virginia Spate,and Morgan Thomasafterword by Wlad Godzich,Minneapolis:University ofMinnesota Press,1993,p.19.
    ①R.M.Dworkin,Taking Rights Seriously,Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1978,p.xi.
    ②[美]威廉·A·盖尔斯顿:《自由多元主义:政治理论与实践中的价值多元主义》,佟德志、庞金友译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2005年,第101页。
    ③何怀宏(编著):《西方公民不服从的传统》,长春:吉林人民出版社,2001年,引言部分第1页。
    ④[英]戴维·米勒、韦农·波格丹诺(编):《布莱克维尔政治学百科全书》,邓正来等译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1992年,第560页。
    ①Ludwig Wittgenstein,Philosophical Investigations,translated by G.E.M.Anscombe,Oxford:BasilBlackwel,1953,pp.65-67.
    ②曾国祥:《自由民主之困局:第一人称观点的公民社会理念之检讨》,载《中国地方自治》,2002年第5期。
    ③[英]吉尔伯特·赖尔:《心的概念》,刘建荣译,上海:上海译文出版社,1988年,第1页。
    ④John Rawls,Political Liberalism,New York:Columbia University Press,1996,pp.133-172.
    ①W.B.Gallie,Essentially Contested Concepts,Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society,Vol.56, No.1,1955,p.169.关于概念的“本质可争议性(the essential contestability)”这一主题阿拉斯戴尔·麦金太尔(Alasdair MacIntyre)也曾经做过深入的探讨,对此可参见Alasdair MacIntyre,TheEssential Contestability of Some Social Concepts,Ethics,Vol.84,No.1(Oct.,1973),pp.1-9.
    ①A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,p.7.
    ②W.D.Ross,The Right and the Good,Edited by Philip Stratton-Lake,Oxford:Clarendon Press,2002,pp.3-4;W.D.Ross,Foundations of Ethics:The Gifford Lectures Delivered in the University ofAberdeen,1935-1936,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1968,p.43.
    ③H.A.Prichard,Moral Obligation,and Duty and Interest:Essays and Lectures,London and NewYork:Oxford University Press,1968, pp.147-148.
    ④A.Berry Crawford,On the Concept of Obligations,Ethics,Vol.79,No.4(Jul.,1969), pp.316-319.
    ⑤John Ladd,The Distinctive Features of Obligation-Statements,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.53,No.22,1956,pp.653-662.
    ⑥C.H.Whiteley,On Duties,Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society,New Series,Vol.53(1952-1953),pp.95-104.
    ⑦H.L.A.Hart,Are There Any Natural Rights?,The Philosophical Review,Vol.64,No.2(Apr.,1955),pp.175-191;H.L.A.Hart,Legal and Moral Obligation,in A.I.Melden(ed.),Essays in MoralPhilosophy,Seatlle:University of Washington Press,pp.82-107.
    ①Joel Feinberg,Supererogation and Rules,Ethics,Vol.71,No.4(Jul.,1961),pp.276-288.
    ②E.J.Lemmon,Moral Dilemmas,The Philosophical Review,Vol.71,No.2(Apr.,1962),pp.139-158.
    ③[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第7页。
    ④[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第7页。
    ⑤[美] A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第8页。
    ⑥James K.Mish 'Alani,'Duty','Obligation',and 'Ought',Analysis,Vol.30,No.2,December1969,p.39.
    ⑦John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge, Massachusetts:The Belknap Pressof Harvard University Press,1999, pp.340-341.
    ⑧Geoffrey Russell Grice,The Grounds of Moral Judgment,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2010,pp.31-32.
    ⑨H.J.McCloskey,Ross and the Concept of a Prima Facie Duty,Australasian Journal of Philosophy,Vol.41, No.3,December1963,pp.336-345.
    ⑩A.Berry Crawford,On the Concept of Obligations,Ethics,Vol.79,No.4(Jul.,1969), pp.316-319.
    ①George Klosko,The Principle of Fairness and Political Obligation,Lanham,MD.:Rowman&Littlefield Publishers,Inc.,1992,p.3.
    ②Alan Gewirth,Obligation:Political,Legal,Moral,in J.Roland Pennock and John W.Chapman (eds.),Political and Legal Obligation,With a Introduction by William J.Quirk,New Brunswick,N.J.:AldineTransaction,2007,pp.61-62.
    ③Joseph Raz,The Authority of Law,New York:Oxford University Press,1979,p.233.
    ④W.D.Ross,The Right and the Good,Edited by Philip Stratton-Lake,Oxford:Clarendon Press,2002,pp.18-20.
    ⑤毛兴贵(编):《政治义务:证成与反驳》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年,第13页小注○16。
    ⑥A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979, pp.24-28.
    ⑦George Klosko,The Principle of Fairness and Political Obligation,Lanham,MD.:Rowman&Littlefield Publishers,Inc.,1992,p.13.
    ⑧H.L.A.Hart,Are There Any Natural Rights?,The Philosophical Review,Vol.64,No.2(Apr.,1955),p.186.
    ⑨Harry Beran,Ought,Obligation and Duty,Australasian Journal of Philosophy,Vol.50, No.3,1972,pp.207-221.
    ⑩P.F.Strawson,Ethical Intuitionism,Philosophy,Vol.24, No.88(Jan.,1949),pp.23-33.
    ①[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第9页。
    ②[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第10页。
    ③H.L.A.Hart,Are There Any Natural Rights?,The Philosophical Review,Vol.64,No.2(Apr.,1955),pp.175-191;H.L.A.Hart,Legal and Moral Obligation,in A.I.Melden(ed.),Essays in Moral Philosophy,Seatlle:University of Washington Press,pp.82-107.
    ④R.B.Brandt,The Concepts of Obligation and Duty,Mind,New Series,Vol.73,No.291(Jul.,1964),pp.
    374-393.
    ⑤Michael Stocker,Moral Duties,Institutions,and Natural Facts,The Monist,Vol.54,No.4,October1970,pp.602-624.
    ①A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,pp.12-13.
    ②James K.Mish'Alani,Duty,Obligation,and Ought,Analysis,Vol.30,No.2,December1969,pp.34-35.
    ③A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979, pp.20-21.
    ④[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第14页。
    ⑤A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979, pp.14-15.
    ①John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge, Massachusetts:The Belknap Pressof Harvard University Press,1999,pp.98-101.
    ②H.L.A.Hart,Are There Any Natural Rights?,The Philosophical Review,Vol.64,No.2(Apr.,1955),pp.
    183-184.
    ③[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第13页。
    ④[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第2页。
    ⑤[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第2页。
    ①Thomas McPherson,Political Obligation, London:Routledge&Kegan Paul,1967,p.82.
    ②Thomas McPherson,Political Obligation, London:Routledge&Kegan Paul,1967,p.70.
    ③Thomas McPherson,Political Obligation, London:Routledge&Kegan Paul,1967,p.74.
    ④John Horton,Political Obligation(Second Edition),Hampshire and New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2010,p.145.
    ⑤R.M.Hare,Political Obligation,in R.M.Hare,Essays on Political Morality,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1989,p.8.
    ⑥Richard Taylor,Freedom,Anarchy,and the Law:An Introduction to Political Philosophy,Englewood Cliffs,N.J.:Prentice-Hall,1973,p.75.
    ⑦[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第20页。
    ⑧A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979, p.23.
    ①[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第3页。
    ②[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第3页。
    ③T.H.Green,Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation,Kitchener:Batoche Books,1999,p.1.
    ④[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第34页。
    ⑤H.A.Prichard,Green:Political Obligation,in H.A.Prichard,Moral Writings,edited by JimMacAdam,Oxford and New York:Oxford University Press,2002,pp.226-252.
    ⑥T.M.Scanlon,What We Owe to Each Other,Massachusetts and London,England:HarvardUniversity Press,1998.
    ①William A.Edmundson,Legitimate Authority Without Political Obligation,Law and Philosophy,Vol.17,No.1(Jan.,1998),pp.43-60.
    ②William A.Edmundson,Legitimate Authority Without Political Obligation,Law and Philosophy,Vol.17,No.1(Jan.,1998),p.47.
    ③Leslie Green,The Authority of the State,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1988,p.221.
    ④Leslie Green,The Authority of the State,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1988,p.221.
    ⑤R.G.Collingwood,An Autobiography,London:Oxford University Press,1970,p.61.
    ⑥Leslie Green,The Authority of the State,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1988,p.222.
    ①J.Tussman,Obligation tmd the Body Politic,New York:Oxford University Press,1960,p.15.
    ②A.C.Ewing,The individual,The State,and World Government, London:Macmillan,1947,p.211.
    ③R.M.Hare,Political Obligation,in T.Honderich(ed.),Social Ends and Political Means,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1976,p.2.
    ④Peter Singer,Democracy and Disobedience,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1973,p.v.
    ⑤Thomas McPherson,Political Obligation, London:Routledge&Kegan Paul,1967,p.4.
    ⑥Michael Walzer,Obligations:Essays on Disobedience,War,and Citizenship,Cambridge,Massachusetts and London, England:Harvard University Press,1970.
    ⑦Richard E.Flathman,Political obligation,New York:Atheneum,1972.
    ⑧Robert Paul Wolff,In Defense of Anarchism,Berkeley,Los Angeles and London:Universiy ofCalifornia Press,1998.
    ①[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第27页。
    ②需要给予说明的就是,这一部分的论述先前曾以单篇论文的形式公开发表过,在这里基本上我们没有对原文的核心言说做过多的改动,只是稍微在个别地方做了语词方面的技术性处理,具体参见徐百军:《政治义务的概念考量》,载《南京政治学院学报》,2012年第5期。
    ③一般来说,当代道德哲学和政治哲学都以事实与价值“二分法”作为其根本前提,当然对于这一根本前提学者们也给予了深入而广泛的批判,其中美国哲学家普特南(Hilary Putnam)就曾从知识论、伦理学和科学哲学三个层面上开展过这方面的批判工作,具体可参见HilaryPutnam,The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy and Other Essays,Cambridge,MA:HarvardUniversity Press,2002.
    ④[英]乔治·摩尔:《伦理学原理》,长河译,上海:上海人民出版社,2005年,第15页。
    ①[英]亨利·西季威克:《伦理学方法》,廖申白译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1993年,第56页。
    ②石元康:《罗尔斯》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2004年,第30页。
    ③Karl R.Popper,The Logic of Scientific Discovery,London and New York:Routledge,1992,pp.57-73.
    ④[英]休谟:《人性论(上册)》,关文运、郑之骧译,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第111页。
    ⑤[德]康德:《任何一种能够作为科学出现的未来形而上学——导论》,庞景仁译,北京:商务印书馆,1978年,第79-85页。
    ①[美]查尔斯·拉莫尔:《现代性的教训》,刘擎、应奇译,北京:东方出版社,2010年,第187页。
    ②需要指出的是,常识性知识一般将霍布斯贴上“自由主义者(Liberal)”的标签,而对于这一点我们也习惯性地加以接受,但是随着“剑桥学派(the Cambridge School)”所开展的知识考古学(The Archeology of Knowledge)方面的工作,霍布斯与共和主义谱系之间的那层隐晦关系亦渐趋明晰起来,这种关系既有正向的又有反向的,与此同时围绕着这一论题也产生了不少文本文献,具体可参见Quentin Skinner,Thomas Hobbes on the Proper Signification ofLiberty:The Prothero Lecture,Transactions of the Royal Historical Society,Fifth Series,Vol.40,1990,pp.121-151;Vickie B.Sullivan,Machiavelli,Hobbes,and the Formation of a LiberalRepublicanism in England,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2004;Quentin Skinner,Hobbesand Republican Liberty, Cambridge and New York:Cambridge University Press,2008.
    ③徐向东:《自由主义、社会契约与政治辩护》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年,第3页。
    ④“自我主义”本身是个很含糊的概念,存在多种可能性的解释,因而人们在霍布斯的定性上是存在争议的:究竟是将其视为一个心理的自我主义者还是伦理的自我主义者,抑或两者兼而是之?具体可参见徐向东:《自由主义、社会契约与政治辩护》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年,第5-6页。
    ①徐向东:《自由主义、社会契约与政治辩护》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年,第7页。
    ②[英]霍布斯:《利维坦》,黎思复、黎廷弼译,北京:商务印书馆,1985年,第28页。
    ③[英]霍布斯:《利维坦》,黎思复、黎廷弼译,北京:商务印书馆,1985年,第94页。
    ④需要指出的是,“正确理性”实际上就是“深谋远虑的合理性”,它是一种没有随意受到任何个人偏好所干扰的理性,我国学者徐向东认为霍布斯的“正确理性”相当于亚里士多德
    (Aristotle)的“实践智慧”,具体可参见徐向东:《自由主义、社会契约与政治辩护》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年,第18页。
    ⑤实际上,“义务”的含义已经被蕴含在“契约”的概念之中,具体可参见徐向东:《自由主义、社会契约与政治辩护》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年,第16页。
    ⑥[英]霍布斯:《利维坦》,黎思复、黎廷弼译,北京:商务印书馆,1985年,第131-132页。
    ①Robert Nozick,Anarchy,State,And Utopia,New York:Basic Books,1974,pp.3-146.
    ②[德]斐迪南·滕尼斯:《共同体与社会:纯粹社会学的基本概念》,林荣远译,北京:北京大学出版社,2010年,第43页。
    ③江宜桦:《政治社群与生命共同体——亚里士多德城邦理论的若干启示》,载许纪霖(主编):《共和、社群与公民(知识分子论丛第2辑)》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2004年,第127-168页。
    ④David Held,Models of Democracy(Third Edition),Cambridge:Polity Press,2006,p.35.
    ①[英]齐格蒙·鲍曼:《寻找政治》,洪涛、周顺、郭台辉译,上海:上海人民出版社,2006年,第38页。
    ②David Held,Models of Democracy(Third Edition),Cambridge:Polity Press,2006,p.35.
    ③比如说钱满素、苏力、韩震、容迪、俞可平以及顾忠华等学者都曾在他们的文章中使用过“社群”一词,具体可参见钱满素:《个人·社群·公正》,载刘军宁(等编):《自由与社群(公共论丛第4辑)》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1998年,第1-6页;苏力:《社群主义构成一种挑战吗?》,载刘军宁(等编):《自由与社群(公共论丛第4辑)》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1998年,第7-15页;韩震:《后自由主义的一种话语》,载刘军宁(等编):《自由与社群(公共论丛第4辑)》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1998年,第15-23页;容迪:《在自我与社群中的自由主义》,载刘军宁(等编):《自由与社群(公共论丛第4辑)》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1998年,第45-65页;俞可平:《从权利政治学到公益政治学——新自由主义之后的社群主义》,载刘军宁(等编):《自由与社群(公共论丛第4辑)》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1998年,第66-91页;顾忠华:《民主社会中的个人与社群》,载刘军宁(等编):《自由与社群(公共论丛第4辑)》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1998年,第92-110页。
    ④由许纪霖主编的《共和、社群与公民(知识分子论丛第2辑)》就曾以“政治社群与公民”为题组发了江宜桦、蔡英文和林火旺的三篇文章,具体可参见江宜桦:《政治社群与生命共同体——亚里士多德城邦理论的若干启示》,载许纪霖(主编):《共和、社群与公民(知识分子论丛第2辑)》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2004年,第127-168页;蔡英文:《迈克尔·奥克肖特的市民社会理论——公民结社与政治社群》,载许纪霖(主编):《共和、社群与公民(知识分子论丛第2辑)》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2004年,第169-206页;林火旺:《自由主义可否建立一个政治社群?》,载许纪霖(主编):《共和、社群与公民(知识分子论丛第2辑)》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2004年,第207-232页。此外,很多台湾学者也习惯使用“政治社群”,比如陈思贤、陈秀容等人,具体可参见陈思贤:《区克夏论政治社群》,载《政治科学论丛》,1995年5月第6期,第171-194页;陈思贤:《西洋政治思想史》(现代英国篇),长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2008年,第六章《个人自由、公共权威与政治社群》,第137-177页;陈秀容(等合编):《政治社群》,台北:中央研究院中山人文社会科学研究所,1997年。此外,需要指出的是,我国学者刘莘在翻译community时曾强调“共同体”与“社群”两个术语之间的区别,在他看来“共同体”指代的对象一般具有宏大的模态,比如“政治共同体”、“经济共同体”,甚至不囿限于单纯的物理空间,因而“文化共同体”和“学术共同体”也可被纳入它的指代视域之内,相对而言,“社群”指代的对象一般比较小巧,它更强调群居的空间含义和更强的共同群体价值的含义,具体可参见[加]威尔·金里卡:《当代政治哲学(下)》,刘莘译,上海:上海三联书店,2004年,第376页①译者注。不过,为了行文的方便,我们并没有过多地注意两者之间这种细致的区分,原则上默认“共同体”和“社群”可以交互使用。
    ①[加]威尔·金里卡:《当代政治哲学(下)》,刘莘译,上海:上海三联书店,2004年,第376页。
    ②Alasdair MacIntyre,After Virtue:A Study in Moral Theory(Third Edition), Indiana: University ofNotre Dame Press,2007.
    ③Charles Taylor,Philosophical Papers Ⅰ:Human Agency and Language,Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity Press,1985;Charles Taylor,Philosophical Papers Ⅱ:Philosophy and the HumanSciences, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1985.
    ④Michael Walzer,Spheres of Justice:A Ddefense of Pluralism and Equality,New York:Basic Books,1983.
    ⑤Michael J.Sandel,Liberalism and the Limits of Justice,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1982.
    ⑥Michael J.Sandel,Liberalism and the Limits of Justice,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1982,pp.ix-x.
    ①Roger Scruton,The Meaning of Conservatism(2nd edition),London:Macmillan,1984,p.194.
    ②曾国祥:《自由民主之困局:第一人称观点的公民社会理念之检讨》,载《中国地方自治》,2002年第5期。
    ③目前学术界关于“公共领域”的研究主要形成了三种不同的言说,分别以汉娜·阿伦特、尤尔根·哈贝马斯以及理查德·桑内特(Richard Sennett)三人为理论代表,而他们也被称为“公共领域的等边三角形”,关于他们的具体文本可分别参见Hanna Arendt,The HumanCondition(Second Edition),London and Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1998;JürgenHabermas,The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere,translated by Thomas Burger,withassistance of Frederick Lawrence,Cambridge,Massachusetts:The MIT Press,1989;Richard Sennett,The Fall of Public Man,New York:Alfred A. Knopf Inc.,1977.
    ①John Stuart Mill,On Liberty,Kitchener:Batoche Books,2001,p.86.
    ②Isaiah Berlin,Two Concepts of Liberty,in Isaiah Berlin,Liberty(Incorporating Four Essays onLiberty),edited by Henty Hardy,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2002,pp.181-187.
    ①曾国祥:《自由民主之困局:第一人称观点的公民社会理念之检讨》,载《中国地方自治》,2002年第5期。
    ①[美]迈克尔·J.桑德尔:《自由主义与正义的局限》,万俊人等译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2001年,第69页。
    ②[加]查尔斯·泰勒:《自我的根源:现代认同的形成》,韩震等译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2001年,第24页。
    ③Michael J.Sandel,Liberalism and the Limits of Justice,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1982,p.54.
    ①应该说,霍布斯的思想文本典型地展现了从第一人称的“自我”到第三人称的“公民”的这一转变,而对于这一转变过程我国学者孔新峰给予了极为有广度和深度的研究,具体可参见孔新峰:《从自然之人到公民:霍布斯政治思想新诠》,北京:国家行政学院出版社,2011年。
    ②[英]罗杰·斯克拉顿:《保守主义的含义》,王皖强译,北京:中央编译出版社,2005年,第177页。
    ③刘训练:《公民与共和——当代西方共和主义研究》,天津师范大学博士学位论文,2006年,第31页。
    ①Adam L.Tate,Republicanism and Society,Virginia Magazine of History&Biography,Vol.111,No.3,2003,pp.263-298.
    ②在对待政治义务问题上,共和主义受到了女性主义(feminism)的批判,在女性主义看来共和主义政治义务更大程度上体现的是一种男权思维(patriarchism),因而这种女性视角缺席的政治义务是一种人为导致的意识形态偏见(ideological bias)。于是,她们要求获得积极的政治参与(political participation)权利以期对政治义务议题产生具体的实质性影响,而这也在一定程度上可以给予女性主体性地位以公开性确认。不仅如此,她们还要求要将关怀伦理(an ethic of care)融入到对具体的政治义务的审议过程之中。
    ③Isaac Kramnick,Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism:Political Ideology in Late Eighteenth-century England and America,Ithaca,New York and London:Cornell University Press,1990,p.1.
    ①[英]罗杰·斯克拉顿:《保守主义的含义》,王皖强译,北京:中央编译出版社,2005年,第177页。
    ②[法]卢梭:《社会契约论(修订第3版)》,何兆武译,北京:商务印书馆,2003年,第24-25页。
    ③Hannah Arendt,The Origins of Totalitarianism,Ohio:The World Publishing Company,1958.
    ④J.L.Talmon,The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy,Harmondsworth:Penguin Books,1986.
    ①John Rawls,Kantian Constructivism in Moral Theory,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.77,No.9(Sep.9,1980),pp.515-572.
    ②[英]罗杰·斯克拉顿:《保守主义的含义》,王皖强译,北京:中央编译出版社,2005年,第183页。
    ③谢世民:《政治权力、政治权威与政治义务》,载应奇、张培伦编《厚薄之间的政治概念——〈政治与社会哲学评论〉文选(卷一)》,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2008年,第32页。
    ①Brian Barry,Justice as Impartiality,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1995,pp.28-79.
    ②Brian Barry,Justice as Impartiality,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1995,p.48.
    ①Allan Gibbard,Constructing Justice,Philosophy&Public Affairs,Vol.20,No.3(Summer,1991),pp.264-279.
    ②[英]布莱恩·巴利:《作为公道的正义》,曹海军、允春喜译,杭州:江苏人民出版社,2008年,第56-57页
    ③马庆:《正义与相互性——罗尔斯理论中的可欲性与可行性》,载《内蒙古社会科学(汉文版)》,2007年第6期。
    ①他们将这一章定名为“相互性的意义(the sense of reciprocity)”,具体可参见Amy Gutmannand Dennis Thompson,Democracy and Disagreement, Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1997,pp.52-94.
    ②Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson,Democracy and Disagreement, Cambridge, Massachusettsand London,England:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1997,p.53.
    ③Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson,Democracy and Disagreement, Cambridge, Massachusettsand London,England:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1997,p.55.其中,关于“审议民主”的译法我们遵从我国学者谈火生的译法,对于这一译法他给出了特别的说明,具体可参见谈火生:《民主审议与政治合法性》,北京:法律出版社,2007年,第4页小注[7]。
    ①[美]阿米·古特曼、丹尼斯·汤普森:《民主与分歧》,杨立峰、葛水林、应奇译,北京:东方出版社,2007年,第86页。
    ②Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson,Democracy and Disagreement, Cambridge, Massachusettsand London,England:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1997,p.80.
    ③Clifford Sifton,Reciprocity,Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.
    45,CanadianNational Problems(Jan.,1913),pp.20-28.
    ④Brian Barry,Justice as Impartiality,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1995,p.52.
    ①Plato,Crito,Translated by Benjamin Jowett,Sandy,Utah:Quiet Vision Pub.,2004.柏拉图这一论政治义务的对话体著作有多个中译本,现主要列举下述四种:(1)严群的译本,翻译为《克力同》,载于《游叙弗伦、苏格拉底的申辩、克力同》,北京:商务印书馆,1983年,第91-117页。(2)张晓辉的译本,翻译为《克力同》,载于何怀宏编著的《西方公民不服从的传统》,长春:吉林人民出版社,2001年,第1-15页。(3)王晓朝的译本,翻译为《克里托篇》,载于《柏拉图全集(第1卷)》,北京:人民出版社,2002年,第33-50页。(4)王太庆的译本,翻译为《格黎东篇》,载于《柏拉图对话集》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第56-71页。由于他们依据的原始底本的不同可能在内容方面会有些许的出入,但是这种差异并不会太过明显。
    ②Karl R.Popper,Plato,in David L.Sills(ed.),International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences,Vol.12,New York:The Macmillan Company&The Free Press,1968,p.163.
    ③[古希腊]柏拉图:《苏格拉底最后的日子》,[英]休·特里德尼克、谢善元译,上海:上海译文出版社,2007年,第58页。
    ④英国学者休·特里德尼克(Hugh Tredennick)在翻译柏拉图的著作《苏格拉底最后的日子(The Last Days of Socrates)》一书时就曾指出《克力同》中的对话很可能是好几个朋友在不同场合所作的争论的戏剧性的摘要,具体可参见[古希腊]柏拉图:《苏格拉底最后的日子》,[英]休·特里德尼克、谢善元译,上海:上海译文出版社,2007年,英译者序第6页。
    ①徐贲:《苏格拉底对话中的“公民服从”:思想者的政治技艺》,载邓正来(主编):《中国社会科学辑刊·冬季卷》,上海:复旦大学出版社,2008年,第60-66页。
    ②[美]罗伯特·诺齐克:《苏格拉底的困惑》,郭建玲、程郁华译,北京:新星出版社,2006年,第176页。
    ③A.D.Woozley,Law and Obedience:The Arguments of Plato's Crito, Chapel Hill:The University ofNorth Carolina Press,1979.
    ①Robert D'Amico,Holistic Republicanism,Telos,Vol.2000,No.118,Winter2000,pp.183-192.
    ②[古希腊]柏拉图:《理想国》,郭斌和、张竹明译,北京:商务印书馆,1986年,第279页。
    ③陈伟:《试论西方古典共和主义政治哲学的基本理念》,载《复旦学报(社会科学版)》,2004年第5期,同时载于《人大复印资料·政治学》,2004年第12期。
    ①Eric Nelson,The Greek Tradition in Republican Thought,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2004,p.1.
    ②[美]约翰·麦克里兰:《西方政治思想史》,彭淮栋译,海口:海南出版社,2003年,第92页。
    ③J.S.McClelland,A History of Western Political Thought,London and New York:Routledge,1996,p.69.
    ④[加]威尔·金里卡:《当代政治哲学(下)》,刘莘译,上海:上海三联书店,2004年,第538页。
    ⑤我国台湾学者陈思贤对希腊化时期的政治思想进行了详尽分析,具体可参见陈思贤:《近代自由主义政治的古典前驱:希腊化时代反城邦政治与自然法的兴起》,载《政治科学论丛》,1999年6月第10期,第195-226页。
    ①[美]约翰·麦克里兰:《西方政治思想史》,彭淮栋译,海口:海南出版社,2003年,第101页。
    ②J.S.McClelland,A History of Western Political Thought,London and New York:Routledge,1996,p.78.
    ③[美]约翰·麦克里兰:《西方政治思想史》,彭淮栋译,海口:海南出版社,2003年,第103页。
    ①[古罗马]西塞罗:《国家篇法律篇》,沈叔平、苏力译,北京:商务印书馆,1999年,第35页。
    ②J.S.McClelland,A History of Western Political Thought,London and New York:Routledge,1996,p.80.
    ③E.M.Atkins,Cicero,in Christopher Rowe and Malcolm Schofield(ed.),The Cambridge History ofGreek and Roman Political Thought,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000,p.513.
    ④Sallust,The Jugurthine War/The Conspiracy of Catiline,Translated,With an Introduction byS.A.Handford,Harmondsworth, Mddx.:Penguin Books,1963.
    ⑤施治生:《西塞罗的共和国政治理论》,载《史学理论研究》,1998年第1期。
    ⑥萧高彦:《西塞罗与马基维利论政治道德》,载《政治科学论丛》,2002年6月第16期,第1-28页。
    ⑦Donald Earl,The Moral and Political Tradition of Rome,Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1967,p.35.
    ①A.A.Long,Cicero's Politics in De Officiis,in André Laks and Malcolm Schofield(eds.),Justice andGenerosity,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995,pp.216-217.
    ②萧高彦:《西塞罗与马基维利论政治道德》,载《政治科学论丛》,2002年6月第16期,第2-11页。
    ③[古罗马]西塞罗:《论义务》,王焕生译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999年,第25页。
    ④Chaim Wirszubski,Libertas as a Political Idea at Rome During the Late Republic and EarlyPrincipate,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1968,p.5.
    ⑤在陈思贤看来,斯多葛学派的自然法理论主要以下述三个议题为“问题域”:(1)以法律为基础的正义观;(2)以法律为核心的政治共同体概念;(3)以法律为中心的政治主权观。具体可参见陈思贤:《近代自由主义政治的古典前驱:希腊化时代反城邦政治与自然法的兴起》,载《政治科学论丛》,1999年6月第10期,第217-220页。
    ⑥萧高彦:《西塞罗与马基维利论政治道德》,载《政治科学论丛》,2002年6月第16期,第5-8页。其中,“合宜性”这一基本德行是由传统的“节制”观念修正而来,实际上在评判个人行为的伦理恰当性上“合宜性”引进了社会或他者的视角。
    ⑦萧高彦:《西塞罗与马基维利论政治道德》,载《政治科学论丛》,2002年6月第16期,第4页。
    ①萧高彦:《西塞罗与马基维利论政治道德》,载《政治科学论丛》,2002年6月第16期,第8页。
    ②[古罗马]西塞罗:《论义务》,王焕生译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999年,第191页。
    ③西塞罗在对公民德行的“高尚性”与“效益”两个面向分别进行阐述时运用的则是议事演说(genus deliberativum)这一修辞体裁。
    ④A.A.Long,Cicero's Politics in De Officiis,in André Laks and Malcolm Schofield(eds.),Justice andGenerosity,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995,p.237.
    ⑤[美]约翰·麦克里兰:《西方政治思想史》,彭淮栋译,海口:海南出版社,2003年,第107页。
    ①[古罗马]西塞罗:《论义务》,王焕生译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999年,第275页。
    ②Marcia L.Colish,Cicero's De Officiis and Machiavelli's Prince,The Sixteenth Century Journal,Vol.9,No.4,Central Renaissance Conference(Winter,1978),pp.80-93.
    ③E.M.Atkins,Cicero,in Christopher Rowe and Malcolm Schofield(ed.),The Cambridge History ofGreek and Roman Political Thought,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000,pp.506-507.
    ④萧高彦:《西塞罗与马基维利论政治道德》,载《政治科学论丛》,2002年6月第16期,第10页。
    ⑤[美]约翰·麦克里兰:《西方政治思想史》,彭淮栋译,海口:海南出版社,2003年,第105页。
    ⑥[美]约翰·麦克里兰:《西方政治思想史》,彭淮栋译,海口:海南出版社,2003年,第105页。
    ①J.S.McClelland,A History of Western Political Thought,London and New York:Routledge,1996,pp.82-84.
    ②[美]约翰·麦克里兰:《西方政治思想史》,彭淮栋译,海口:海南出版社,2003年,第109页。
    ③[美]约翰·麦克里兰:《西方政治思想史》,彭淮栋译,海口:海南出版社,2003年,第110页。
    ④圣奥古斯丁从四个方面对“共和”一词进行了诠释:(1)共和没有政体的意涵;(2)人民是界定共和的关键;(3)一个共和中的人民具有共同性;(4)共和的概念与天城、地城概念相通,这是一种不同公民人文主义的神学共和主义(theological republicanism)。对此,可参见詹康:《圣奥斯丁的共和主义、圣教徒共和国与存有学的政治学》,载《人文及社会科学集刊》,1998年6月第21卷第2期,第189-246页。另外,关于奥古斯丁对古典共和公民社会理想的解释还可参见蔡英文:《主权国家与市民社会》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第120-132页。
    ⑤J.G.A.Pocock,The Machiavellian Moment:Florentine Political Thought and the AtlanticRepublican Tradition,Princeton,New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1975,p.550.
    ①David Held,Models of Democracy(Third Edition),Cambridge:Polity Press,2006,p.31.
    ②A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979, p.59.
    ③A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979, p.59.
    ④Quentin Skinner,The Italian City-republics,in J.Dunn(ed.),Domocracy:The Unifinished Journey,508BC to AD1993,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1992,pp.57-69.
    ①David Held,Models of Democracy(Third Edition),Cambridge:Polity Press,2006,p.37.
    ②Marsilius of Padua,Defensor Pacis(The Defender of Peace),translated and edited by AlanGewirth, New York:Columbia University Press,1956, pp.48-49.
    ③Alan Gewirth,Marsilius of Padua and Medieval Political Philosophy,New York:ColumbiaUniversity Press,1951.
    ④David Held,Models of Democracy(Third Edition),Cambridge:Polity Press,2006,p.39.
    ①J.S.McClelland,A History of Western Political Thought,London and New York:Routledge,1996, p.139.
    ②Judith Shklar,Montesquieu and the New Republicanism,in Gisela Bock,Quentin Skinner andMaurizio Viroli(eds.),Machiavelli and Republicanism,Cambridge and New York:CambridgeUniversity Press,1990,pp.265-279;Céline Spector,Montesquieu:Critique of Republicanism,CriticalReview of International Social and Political Philosophy,Vol.6,No.1,2003,pp.38-53;Jacob T.Levy,Beyond Publius:Montesquieu,Liberal Republicanism,and the Small-Republic Thesis,History ofPolitical Thought,Vol.27,No.1,Spring2006,pp.50-90;Vickie Sullivan,Against the Despotism of aRepublic:Montesquieu's Correction of Machiavelli in the Name of the Security of the Individual,History of Political Thought,Vol.27,No.2,Summer2006,pp.263-289.
    ③Neal Riemer,The Republicanism of James Madison,Political Science Quarterly,Vol.69,No.1(Mar.,1954),pp.45-64.
    ④Alexander Hamilton,James Madison,and John Jay,The Federalist Papers,edited with anIntroduction and Notes by Lawrence Goldman,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2008.而相关的研究文献可参见:Paul Peterson,The Meaning of Republicanism in the Federalist,Publius,Vol.9,No.2,Republicanism,Representation,and Consent:Views of the Founding Era(Spring,1979),pp.43-75;Martin Diamond,The Federalist,in Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey(eds.),History of PoliticalPhilosophy(Third Edition),Chicago and London:The University of Chicago Press,1987,pp.659-679;Andrew Lenner,Separate Spheres:Republican Constitutionalism in the Federalist Era,TheAmerican Journal of Legal History,Vol.41,No.2(Apr.,1997),pp.250-281;George W.Carey,Republicanism and The Federalist,The Political Science Reviewer,Thursday,March29,2012,pp.107-143.
    ⑤Nicolai Rubinstein,Political Theories in the Renaissance,in André Chastel(et al,eds.),TheRenaissance:Essays in Interpretation,London:Methuen,1982,pp.153-200.
    ⑥[英]戴维·赫尔德:《民主的模式(最新修订版)》,燕继荣等译,北京:中央编译出版社,2008年,第41页。
    ①詹姆斯·哈林顿就曾在《大洋国(Oceana)》一书中指出马基雅维里的伟大贡献在于他对共和政治观的发现和恢复,而赫尔德也是从共和主义的角度来审视马基雅维里的,但是在维罗里看来马基雅维里实际上抛弃了共和主义话语,因为他重新建构了一套话语体系,并用其来描绘政治的目标和手段,所以他将马基雅维里视为共和政治观的颠覆者而不是恢复者。关于维罗里的阐述可参见[意]莫瑞兹奥·维罗里:《从善的政治到国家理由》,郑红译,长春:吉林人民出版社,2011年,第134-185页。
    ②Fridrich Meinecke,Machiavellianism:The Doctrine of Raison D'etat and Its Place in ModernHistory,translated by Douglas Scott,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd.,1957.
    ③Felix Gilbert,Machiavelli and Guicciardini:Politics and History in Sixteenth-century Florence,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1965.
    ④J.G.A.Pocock,The Machiavellian Moment:Florentine Political Thought and the AtlanticRepublican Tradition,Princeton,New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1975.
    ⑤Quentin Skinner,Machiavelli:A Very Short Introduction,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1981.
    ⑥Niccolò Machiavelli,The Discourses,edited with an introduction by Bernard Crick,using thetranslation of Leslie J.Walker,with revisions by Brian Richardson,Harmondsworth,Middlesex:Penguin Books,1983,pp.200-201.
    ⑦David Held,Models of Democracy(Third Edition),Cambridge:Polity Press,2006,p.41.
    ①[英]戴维·赫尔德:《民主的模式(最新修订版)》,燕继荣等译,北京:中央编译出版社,2008年,第53页。
    ②Hanna Fenichel Pitkin,Fortune is a Woman:Gender and Politics in the Thought of NiccolòMachiavelli, Berkeley: University of California Press,1984.
    ③[美]约翰·麦克里兰:《西方政治思想史》,彭淮栋译,海口:海南出版社,2003年,第202页。
    ①J.S.McClelland,A History of Western Political Thought,London and New York:Routledge,1996, p.411.
    ②刘训练:《公民与共和——当代西方共和主义研究》,天津师范大学博士学位论文,2006年,第29-37页。
    ③[美]乔治·霍兰·萨拜因:《政治学说史》,盛葵阳、崔妙因译,北京:商务印书馆,1986年,第558页。
    ①[英]詹姆士·哈林顿:《大洋国》,何新译,北京:商务印书馆,1963年,第23页。
    ②[英]詹姆士·哈林顿:《大洋国》,何新译,北京:商务印书馆,1963年,第6-7页。
    ①Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.39.
    ②[英]詹姆士·哈林顿:《大洋国》,何新译,北京:商务印书馆,1963年,第21页。
    ③[法]卢梭:《爱弥尔(上卷)》,李平沤译,北京:商务印书馆,1996年,第10-11页。
    ④[法]卢梭:《社会契约论(修订第3版)》,何兆武译,北京:商务印书馆,2003年,第4页。
    ⑤Judith N.Shklar,Men and Citizens:A Study of Rousseau's Social Theory,Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity Press,1985,P.214.
    ①Judith N.Shklar,Men and Citizens:A Study of Rousseau's Social Theory,Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity Press,1985,P.xii.
    ②[法]卢梭:《社会契约论(修订第3版)》,何兆武译,北京:商务印书馆,2003年,第19页。
    ③[英]戴维·赫尔德:《民主的模式(最新修订版)》,燕继荣等译,北京:中央编译出版社,2008年,第56页。
    ①[法]卢梭:《社会契约论(修订第3版)》,何兆武译,北京:商务印书馆,2003年,第20页。
    ②[英]罗素:《西方哲学史》(下卷),马元德译,北京:商务印书馆,1997年,第240-241页。
    ③朱学勤:《道德理想国的覆灭——从卢梭到罗伯斯庇尔》,上海:上海三联书店,1996年,第77-78页。
    ④Elisabeth Young-Bruehl,Hannah Arendt:For Love of the World,New Haven:Yale University Press,1982,p.xi.
    ⑤[英]迈克尔·H.莱斯诺夫:《二十世纪的政治哲学家》,冯克利译,北京:商务印书馆,2001年,第80页。
    ①[英]迈克尔·H.莱斯诺夫:《二十世纪的政治哲学家》,冯克利译,北京:商务印书馆,2001年,第83页。
    ②[美]汉娜·阿伦特:《人的境况》,王寅丽译,上海:上海人民出版社,2009年,第14页。
    ③陈伟:《阿伦特与政治的回归》,北京:法律出版社,2008年,第85页。
    ④Sheldon S.Wolin,Hannah Arendt:Democracy and the Political,Salmagundi,No.60,On HannahArendt(Spring-Summer1983),pp.3-19.
    ①罗尔斯也在两者之间做出了区分,而且基本上与阿伦特的区分保持一致,对此可参见JohnRawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Press ofHarvard University Press,1999, pp.319-343.
    ②[美]汉娜·鄂兰:《共和危机》,蔡佩君译,台北:时报文化出版企业股份有限公司,1996年,第39页。
    ③[美]汉娜·阿伦特:《公民不服从》,易平译,载何怀宏(编):《西方公民不服从的传统》,长春:吉林人民出版社,2001年,第121页。
    ④Nicholas W.Puner,Civil Disobedience:An Analysis and Rationale,New York University LawReview,Vol.43,No.4,October1968,p.708.
    ⑤Hannah Arendt,Civil Disobedience,in Hannah Arend,Crises of the Republic,San Diego,New Yorkand London:Harcourt Brace&Caompany,1972,p.62.
    ⑥Hannah Arendt,Civil Disobedience,in Hannah Arend,Crises of the Republic,San Diego,New Yorkand London:Harcourt Brace&Caompany,1972,p.64.
    ⑦[美]汉娜·鄂兰:《共和危机》,蔡佩君译,台北:时报文化出版企业股份有限公司,1996年,第ix页。
    ⑧Hannah Arendt,Civil Disobedience,in Hannah Arend,Crises of the Republic,San Diego,New Yorkand London: Harcourt Brace&Caompany,1972,pp.69-102.
    ①在《现代政治思想的基础(The Foundations of Modern Political Thought)》一书中昆廷·斯金纳曾专辟“修辞与自由(rhetoric and liberty)”这样一章来从修辞的角度研究文艺复兴时期的共和主义自由,具体可参见Quentin Skinner,The Foundations of Modern Political Thought,Vol.1:The Renaissance,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1978,pp.23-48.
    ①Cary J.Nederman,Rhetoric,Reason,and Republic:Republicanism-Ancient,Medival,and Modern,inJames Hankins(ed.),Renaissance Civic Humanism:Reappraisals and Reflections,Cambridge andNew York:Cambridge University Press,2000,pp.249-253.
    ②[美]卡里·尼德尔曼:《修辞、理性与共和——古代、中世纪以及现代的共和主义》,赵琦译,载任军锋(主编):《共和主义:古典与现代(思想史研究第2辑)》,上海:上海人民出
    版社,2006年,第164页。
    ①[英]昆廷·斯金纳:《霍布斯哲学思想中的理性与修辞》,王加丰、郑崧译,上海:华东师范大学出版社,2005年,第71页。
    ②[德]马克斯·韦伯:《经济与社会(上卷)》,林荣远译,北京:商务印书馆,1997年,第241页。
    ③Hanna Pitkin,Obligation and Consent--II,The American Political Science Review,Vol.60,No.1(Mar.,1966),p.48.
    ④约翰·卡尼斯(John R.Carnes)亦持有与皮特金相类似的论说思路,具体可参见JohnR.Carnes,Why Should I Obey the Law?,Ethics,Vol.71,No.1(Oct.,1960),pp.14-26.
    ⑤A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979, p.39.
    ①A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979, pp.40-43.
    ②A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979, p.44.
    ③[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第39页。
    ④Dorota Mokrosińska,Rethinking Political Obligation:Moral Principles,Communal Ties,Citizenship,New York: Palgrave Macmillan,2012,pp.33-38.
    ⑤Albert O.Hirschman,The Rhetoric of Reaction:Perversity,Futility,Jeopardy,Cambridge,Mass.:Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1991.
    ⑥[爱尔兰]菲利普·佩迪特:《语词的创造:霍布斯论语言、心智与政治》,北京:北京大学出版社,2010年,第110页。
    ①洪汉鼎:《诠释学——它的历史和当代发展》,北京:人民出版社,2001年,第3页。
    ①Rafael Major,The Cambridge School and Leo Strauss:Texts and Context of American PoliticalScience,Political Research Quarterly,Vol.58,No.3(Sep.,2005),pp.477-485.
    ②施特劳斯强调指出,这种“隐微主义(esotericism)”的写作方法并不是他发明的,而是他从古代哲学家那里发现的,如伊斯兰哲学家法拉比(Farali)就曾使用隐微主义的写作方法来研究柏拉图,对此可参见Leo Strauss,Persecution and the Art of Writing,Glencoe:Free Press,1952,p.9.
    ③[美]列奥·施特劳斯:《写作与迫害的技艺(节选)》,林国荣译,载贺照田(主编):《西方现代性的曲折与展开·学术理想评论第六辑》,长春:吉林人民出版社,2002年,第212-213页。
    ①John W.Yolton,Locke on the Law of Nature,The Philosophical Review,Vol.67,No.4(Oct.,1958),p.478.
    ②Michael P.Zuckert,Launching Liberalism:On Lockean Political Philosophy,Lawrence:UniversityPress of Kansas,2002,pp.82-106.
    ③J.C.D.Clark,Barbarism,Religion and the History of Political Thought,in D.N.DeLuna(ed.),ThePolitical Imagination in History:Essays Concerning J.G.A.Pocock,Baltimore:Archangul,2006,p.211.
    ①[芬兰]凯瑞·帕罗内:《昆廷·斯金纳思想研究:历史·政治·修辞》,李宏图、胡传胜译,上海:华东师范大学出版社,2003年,第3页。
    ②Quentin Skinner,Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas,in Quentin Skinner,Visionsof Politics,Vol.1:Regarding Method,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2002,p.88.
    ③Terence Ball,History and the Interpretation of Texts,in Gerald F.Gaus and Chandran Kukathas(eds.),Handbook of Political Theory,London:Sage Publications,2004,p.27.
    ④[英]昆廷·斯金纳:《观念史中的意涵与理解》,任军锋译,载丁耘(主编):《什么是思想史(思想史研究第1辑)》,上海:上海人民出版社,2006年,第132页。
    ⑤James H.Tully,The Pen Is a Mighty Sword:Quentin Skinner's Analysis of Politics,British Journalof Political Science,Vol.13,No.4(Oct.,1983),pp.489-509.
    ①很多学者都对“语境优先性”这一点进行了深入讨论,具体可参见下述论文:Stephen Turner,"Contextualism"and the Interpretation of the Classical Sociological Texts,Knowledge and Society:Studies in the Sociology of Culture Past and Present,Vol.4,1983,pp.273-291;Michael P.Zuckert,Appropriation and Understanding in the History of Political Philosophy:On Quentin Skinner'sMethod,Interpretation,Vol.13,1985,pp.403-424;J.A.W.Gunn,After Sabine,After Lovejoy:TheLanguages of Political Thought,Journal of History and Politics,Vol.6,1988-1989,pp.1-45;PrestonKing,Historical contextualism:The New Historicism?,History of European Ideas,Vol.21,No.2,1995,pp.209-233;Preston King,Historical Contextualism Revisited,Politics,Vol.16,No.3,1996,pp.
    187-198;Mark Bevir,Taking Holism Seriously:A Reply to Critics,Philosophical Books,Vol.42,2001,pp.187-195.
    ②Quentin Skinner,Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas,in Quentin Skinner,Visionsof Politics,Vol.1:Regarding Method,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2002,pp.72-73.
    ①[意]安贝托·艾柯:《诠释与历史》,王宇根译,载[英]斯特凡·柯里尼(编):《诠释与过度诠释》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2005年,第24-25页。
    ②[美]乔纳森·卡勒:《为“过度诠释”一辩》,王宇根译,载[英]斯特凡·柯里尼(编):《诠释与过度诠释》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2005年,第119页。
    ③[美]乔纳森·卡勒:《为“过度诠释”一辩》,王宇根译,载[英]斯特凡·柯里尼(编):《诠释与过度诠释》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2005年,第132页。
    ①论述自然权利的著作有很多,具体可参见:Leo Strauss,Natural Right and History,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1953;H.L.A.Hart,Are There Any Natural Rights?,The PhilosophicalReview,Vol.64,No.2(Apr.,1955),pp.175-191;Richard Tuck,Natural Rights Theories:Their Originand Development,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1979;Michael P.Zuckert,Natural Rightsand the New Republicanism,Princeton,New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1994;Michael P.Zuckert,The Natural Rights Republic:Studies in the Foundation of the American PoliticalTradition,Notre Dame,IN:University of Notre Dame Press,1996;John Finnis,Natural Law andNatural Rights(Second Edition),New York:Oxford University Press,2011.
    ①[英]边沁:《政府片论》,沈叔平等译,北京:商务印书馆,1995年,第150-151页。
    ②John Gray,John Stuart Mill on Liberty,Utility,and Rights,in G.W.Smith(ed.),John Stuart Mill'sSocial and Political Thought:Critical Assessments,Vol.2,London:Routledge,1998,pp.140-169.此外,关于两种话语之间争论的文献还可参见:H.L.A.Hart,Between Utility and Rights,ColumbiaLaw Review,Vol.79,No.5(Jun.,1979),pp.828-846;David B.Lyons,Utility and Rights,in JeremyWaldron(ed.),Theories of Rights,Oxford and New York:Oxford University Press,1984,pp.110-136;J.L.Mackie,Rights,Utility,and Universalization,in R.G.Frey(ed.),Utility and Rights,Oxford:BasilBlackwell,1984,pp.86-105;R.M.Hare,Rights,Utility,and Universalization:Reply to J.L.Mackie,inR.G.Frey(ed.),Utility and Rights,Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1984,pp.106-120.
    ③[加]L.W.萨姆纳:《权利的道德基础》,李茂森译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011年,第14页。
    ④[美]玛丽·安·格伦顿:《权利话语:穷途末路的政治言辞》,周威译,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第101-142页。
    ①[美]玛丽·安·格伦顿:《权利话语:穷途末路的政治言辞》,周威译,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第5页。
    ②[美]玛丽·安·格伦顿:《权利话语:穷途末路的政治言辞》,周威译,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第9页。
    ③Clifford Geertz,The Interpretation of Cultures,New York:Basic Books,1973,p.5.
    ①Václav Havel,Words on Words,The New York Review of Books,Junuary18,1990.
    ②[美]玛丽·安·格伦顿:《权利话语:穷途末路的政治言辞》,周威译,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第21页。
    ①[美]玛丽·安·格伦顿:《权利话语:穷途末路的政治言辞》,周威译,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第19页。
    ②Mary Ann Glendon,Rights Talk:The Impoverishment of Political Discourse,New York:The FreePress,1991.
    ③[英]洛克:《政府论(下篇)》,叶启芳、瞿菊农译,北京:商务印书馆,1996年,第18-33页。
    ④[法]卢梭:《社会契约论(修订第3版)》,何兆武译,北京:商务印书馆,2003年,第27-30页。
    ⑤Ronald Dworkin,Taking Rights Seriously,Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1978,p.269.
    ①[美]玛丽·安·格伦顿:《权利话语:穷途末路的政治言辞》,周威译,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第60页。
    ②实际上,埃德蒙·伯克(Edmund Burke)就曾对权利的社会成本问题做出过阐述,具体可参见Edmund Burke,Reflections on the Revolution in France,Edited by J.G.A.Pocock,Indianapolis:Hackett Publishing Company,Inc.,1987,p.51.
    ③[美]史蒂芬·霍尔姆斯,凯斯·R.桑斯坦:《权利的成本——为什么自由依赖于税》,毕竞悦译,北京:北京大学出版社,2004年,第67页。
    ④Samuel D.Warren and Louis D.Brandeis,The Right to Privacy,Harvard Law Review,Vol.4,No.5,1890,p.193.
    ⑤[英]约翰·密尔:《论自由》,许宝骙译,北京:商务印书馆,1959年,第66页。
    ⑥[美]玛丽·安·格伦顿:《权利话语:穷途末路的政治言辞》,周威译,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第144页。
    ②张文显:《法哲学范畴研究(修订版)》,北京:中国政法大学出版社,2001年,第338页。
    ①文正邦:《当代法哲学研究与探索》,北京:法律出版社,1999年,第345页。
    ②张文显:《法哲学范畴研究(修订版)》,北京:中国政法大学出版社,2001年,第340-341页。
    ③邹晓红、尹奎杰:《论权利对义务和责任的优先性》,载《中央民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2010年第1期。
    ①[美]玛丽·安·格伦顿:《权利话语:穷途末路的政治言辞》,周威译,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第10页。
    ②张文显、姚建宗:《权利时代的理论景象》,载《法制与社会发展(双月刊)》,2005年第5期。
    ③郑成良:《权利本位论》,载《中国法学》,1991年第1期。
    ④张文显、姚建宗:《权利时代的理论景象》,载《法制与社会发展(双月刊)》,2005年第5期。
    ⑤张文显:《法哲学范畴研究(修订版)》,北京:中国政法大学出版社,2001年,第364页。
    ①[美]罗纳德·德沃金:《认真对待权利》,信春鹰、吴玉章译,上海:上海三联书店,2008年,中文版序言第4页。
    ②张文显:《法哲学范畴研究(修订版)》,北京:中国政法大学出版社,2001年,第337页。
    ③[美]威廉·K.弗兰克纳:《伦理学》,关键译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1987年,第123页。
    ④一般地,人们会将义务划分为两种:一种为完全义务,一种为不完全义务(imperfectobligation)。具体而言,凡是没有经由政治共同体提供较为有说服力的制裁规定的义务都是不完全义务,而与之相对的则是完全义务。其实,密尔就接受了这种划分,不过他将之称为“完全强制性的义务(duties of perfect obligation)”和“不完全强制性义务”(duties of imperfectobligation),关于密尔的论述可参见[英]约翰·穆勒:《功利主义》,徐大建译,上海:上海人民出版社,2008年,第50页。
    ⑤D.D.Raphael,Moral Philosophy,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1981,p.75.
    ⑥张文显:《法哲学范畴研究(修订版)》,北京:中国政法大学出版社,2001年,第337-338页。
    ①[加]L.W.萨姆纳:《权利的道德基础》,李茂森译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011年,第8页。
    ②李庆平、刘明海:《还原论的论证和核心信念》,载《自然辩证法研究》,2009年第1期。
    ③S.I.Benn and R.S.Peters,Social Principles and the Democratic State,London:Allen&Unwin,1959,p.89.
    ①[英]杰弗里·托马斯:《政治哲学导论》,顾肃、刘雪梅译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2006年,第189页。
    ②Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld,Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning,edited by David Campbell and Philip Thomas,with an Introduction by Nigel E.Simmonds,NewYork:Yele University Press,1964,p.11.
    ③霍伟岸:《洛克权利理论研究》,北京:法律出版社,2011年,第83页。
    ④[加]L.W.萨姆纳:《权利的道德基础》,李茂森译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011年,第17页。
    ⑤Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld,Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning,edited by David Campbell and Philip Thomas,with an Introduction by Nigel E.Simmonds,NewYork:Yele University Press,1964,p.12.
    ①霍伟岸:《洛克权利理论研究》,北京:法律出版社,2011年,第85页。
    ②仅就权利的范围(scope of rights)而言,杰弗里·托马斯(Geoffrey Thomas)则认为霍菲尔德的权利不是太窄而是太广了,因而需要对其进行简化,他认为在道德和政治的话语中只需将权利理解为要求权和自由权两项就够了,具体可参见Geoffrey Thomas,Introduction toPolitical Philosophy, London:Duckworth,2000,p.136.在萨姆纳那里,霍菲尔德的法定权利仅是他所谓的三种世俗权利(conventional rights)中的一种,其他两种世俗权利为制度权利
    (institutional rights)和非制度权利(non-institutional rights),而除了世俗权利之外,自然权利、契约论权利(conractual rights)以及后果论权利(consequentialist rights)也被他纳入权利的范围之内,具体可参见L.W.Sumner,The Moral Foundation of Rights,New York:OxfordUniversity Press,1987,pp.54-198.
    ③[加]L.W.萨姆纳:《权利的道德基础》,李茂森译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011年,第17-19页。
    ①[加]L.W.萨姆纳:《权利的道德基础》,李茂森译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011年,第21页。
    ②萨姆纳指出,当道义模态范畴与真理模态范畴应用到初级规则和二级规则当中时,相应地,道义模态词之间以及真理模态词之间便产生了语用的优先性之别:在初级规则中,“要求”和“禁止”要在语用上优先于“允许”;在二级规则中,“可能”要在语用上优先于“必要”和“不可能”。对此,可参见[加]L.W.萨姆纳:《权利的道德基础》,李茂森译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011年,第27页。
    ③在霍菲尔德的基本法律概念图式中,权利属于优势,而它的相对者与相关者则属于劣势(disadvantages)。米尔恩(A.J.M. Milne)指出我们可以在两种意义上理解“优势”一词:一种是在竞争性意义上,这种意义上的优势只能存在于个人或团体正在争夺某物的场合,在此情形下,一方的优势必然意味着另一方的劣势,显然这是一种零和博弈下的优势;另一种是在非竞争意义上,这种意义上的优势仅仅是一种利益,虽然它对某人有利,但是它并不损害他人,显然这是一种正和博弈(Positive-Sum Game)下的优势。在米尔恩看来,霍菲尔德是在非竞争性意义上使用“优势”一词的。对此,可参见[英]A.J.M.米尔恩:《人的权利与人的多样性——人权哲学》,夏勇、张志铭译,北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1995年,第122页。
    ④在萨姆纳看来,其实规则不仅仅限于两个层级,还可以有更多层级,比如规则体系可能包括促进二级操作的规则(权力控制权力),包括协调二级和更高层次操作的规则(使用权力的义务或自由/使用控制权力的权力的义务或自由),甚至包括促进更高层级的规范关系的操作(权力控制控制权力的权力)等,不过更高层级的区分在揭示概念性的创新时也并没有过多助益,因而两个层级的区分就足够了。对此,可参见[加]L.W.萨姆纳:《权利的道德基础》,李茂森译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011年,第29页。
    ⑤[加]L.W.萨姆纳:《权利的道德基础》,李茂森译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011年,第26页。
    ⑥Stig Kanger and Helle Kanger,Rights and Parliamentarism,Theoria,Vol.32,No.2,1966,pp.85-115.
    ①[加]L.W.萨姆纳:《权利的道德基础》,李茂森译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011年,第22-23页。
    ②[加]L.W.萨姆纳:《权利的道德基础》,李茂森译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011年,23页。
    ③在我们的论述过程中,“要求”与“要求权”是等值的,“自由”与“自由权”以及“豁免”与“豁免权”亦是如此。
    ④[加]L.W.萨姆纳:《权利的道德基础》,李茂森译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011年,23页。
    ⑤[加]L.W.萨姆纳:《权利的道德基础》,李茂森译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011年,24页。
    ⑥[加]L.W.萨姆纳:《权利的道德基础》,李茂森译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011年,24页
    ⑦[加]L.W.萨姆纳:《权利的道德基础》,李茂森译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011年,25页
    ①[加]L.W.萨姆纳:《权利的道德基础》,李茂森译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011年,25页
    ②[加]L.W.萨姆纳:《权利的道德基础》,李茂森译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011年,27页
    ③[加]L.W.萨姆纳:《权利的道德基础》,李茂森译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011年,29页。
    ①[美]列奥·施特劳斯:《自然权利与历史》,彭刚译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2003年,第186-187页。
    ②A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy,Ethics,Vol.109,No.4(Jul.,1999),p.764.
    ③A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy,Ethics,Vol.109,No.4(Jul.,1999),p.764.
    ①[英]乔纳森·沃尔夫:《政治哲学导论》,王涛、赵荣华、陈任博译,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2009年,第40页。
    ②David Schmidtz,Justifying the State,Ethics,Vol.101,No.1(Oct.,1990),p.90.
    ③A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy,Ethics,Vol.109,No.4(Jul.,1999),p.752.
    ④江畅:《论德性与善、义务、正当及道德许可的关系》,载《上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2011年第5期。
    ⑤我国学者廖申白指出,有时不只是事物的性质决定着善,而且事物的状况亦对善有影响,具体可参见廖申白:《伦理学概论》,北京:北京师范大学出版社,2009年,第68页。
    ①江畅:《论德性与善、义务、正当及道德许可的关系》,载《上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2011年第5期。
    ②[古希腊]亚里士多德:《尼各马可伦理学》,廖申白译注,北京:商务印书馆,2003年,第15页。
    ③[古希腊]亚里士多德:《尼各马可伦理学》,廖申白译注,北京:商务印书馆,2003年,第22页。
    ④[古希腊]亚里士多德:《尼各马可伦理学》,廖申白译注,北京:商务印书馆,2003年,第23页。
    ①Michael Slote,From Morality To Virtue,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1992,p.184.
    ②Gordon Graham,Eight Theories of Ethics,London and New York:Routledge,2004,p.56.其实,格雷厄姆所做的这两种用法区分遵循了罗斯的主张,罗斯就认为我们可以将“善”区分为两种用法:一种是修饰性或定语性用法(adjunctive or attributive use),另一种是表语性用法(predicative use)。同时,罗斯指出,对于哲学而言,“善”的表语意义要重要于定语意义。关于罗斯的论述具体可参见W.D.Ross,The Right and the Good,Edited by Philip Stratton-Lake,Oxford:Clarendon Press,2002,p.65-74.
    ③在这里,我们对格雷厄姆所举的“蛋糕”和“阿司匹林(Aspirin)”两个例子做了必要的移情处理,对于这两个例子的具体论述可参见Gordon Graham,Eight Theories of Ethics,London and New York:Routledge,2004,p.56.
    ④江畅:《论德性与善、义务、正当及道德许可的关系》,载《上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2011年第5期。
    ①[英]乔治·摩尔:《伦理学原理》,长河译,上海:上海人民出版社,2005年,第3页。
    ②[英]罗素:《伦理学要素(节选)》,万俊人译,载万俊人(主编):《20世纪西方伦理学经典(Ⅰ)伦理学基础:原理与论理》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004年,第100页。
    ③W.D.Ross,The Right and the Good,Edited by Philip Stratton-Lake,Oxford:Clarendon Press,2002,p.75.
    ④[英]戴维·罗斯:《正当与善》,林南译,上海:上海译文出版社,2008年,第233页。
    ⑤[英]戴维·罗斯:《正当与善》,林南译,上海:上海译文出版社,2008年,第233页。
    ⑥[英]戴维·罗斯:《正当与善》,林南译,上海:上海译文出版社,2008年,第233-234页。
    ①[英]戴维·罗斯:《正当与善》,林南译,上海:上海译文出版社,2008年,第234页。
    ②[英]戴维·罗斯:《正当与善》,林南译,上海:上海译文出版社,2008年,第235页。
    ①[英]戴维·罗斯:《正当与善》,林南译,上海:上海译文出版社,2008年,第235页。
    ②林火旺:《正义与公民》,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2008年,第50页。
    ③[加]威尔·金里卡:《自由主义、社群与文化》,应奇、葛水林译,上海:上海译文出版社,2005年,第245页。
    ④[美]罗纳德·德沃金:《原则问题》,张国清译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2005年,第250页。
    ⑤Bruce A.Ackerman,Social Justice in the Liberal State,New Haven:Yale University Press,1980,p.11.
    ⑥Charles Larmore,Political Liberalism,Political Theory,Vol.18,No.3(Aug.,1990),p.341.
    ②[美]约翰·凯克斯:《反对自由主义》,应奇译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2005年,第242页。
    ③在拉莫尔看来,中立性原则本身是一个最低限度的道德观念(a minimal moral conception),拉莫尔就提醒我们注意,自由主义的中立性是要对有争议的良善生活观点保持中立,而不是对道德保持中立,实际上它本身就蕴含着某种道德承诺,这突出的表现为“平等的尊重(equalrespect)”上,我们还可以从罗尔斯、德沃金等人的中立性言说中找到这种道德意涵。我国学者刘擎就曾专门考察过国家中立性原则的道德维度,具体可参见刘擎:《国家中立性原则的道德维度》,载《华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2009年第2期。
    ④Charles E.Larmore,Patterns of Moral Complexity,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1987,p.53.于是,彼得·德·马讷斐(Peter De Marneffe)对中立性概念做了两阶处理,他将作为一种第一阶正义原则的中立性(neutrality as afirst-order principle of justice)称为具体的中立性(concrete neutrality),而将作为一种第二阶证成原则的中立性(neutrality as a second-orderprinciple of justification)称为理由的中立性(neutrality of grounds),对此可参见Peter DeMarneffe,Liberalism,Liberty,and Neutrality,Philosophy&Public Affairs,Vol.19,No.3(Summer,1990),p.253.
    ①石元康:《政治自由主义之中立性原则及其证成》,载刘擎、关小春(编):《自由主义与中国现代性的思考——“中国近现代思想的演变”研讨会论文集(下)》,香港:香港中文大学出版社,2002年,第15页。
    ②David Gauthier,Morals by Agreement,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1986, pp.46-47.
    ③石元康:《自由主义与现代社会》,载《开放时代》,2003年第1期。
    ④石元康:《政治自由主义之中立性原则及其证成》,载刘擎、关小春(编):《自由主义与中国现代性的思考——“中国近现代思想的演变”研讨会论文集(下)》,香港:香港中文大学出版社,2002年,第17页。
    ①Brian Barry,Justice as Impartiality,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1995,p.169.
    ②石元康:《政治自由主义之中立性原则及其证成》,载刘擎、关小春(编):《自由主义与中国现代性的思考——“中国近现代思想的演变”研讨会论文集(下)》,香港:香港中文大学出版社,2002年,第17页。
    ③石元康:《政治自由主义之中立性原则及其证成》,载刘擎、关小春(编):《自由主义与中国现代性的思考——“中国近现代思想的演变”研讨会论文集(下)》,香港:香港中文大学出版社,2002年,第17页。
    ①石元康:《政治自由主义之中立性原则及其证成》,载刘擎、关小春(编):《自由主义与中国现代性的思考——“中国近现代思想的演变”研讨会论文集(下)》,香港:香港中文大学出版社,2002年,第18页。
    ②Brian Barry,Justice as Impartiality,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1995,p.168.
    ③石元康:《政治自由主义之中立性原则及其证成》,载刘擎、关小春(编):《自由主义与中国现代性的思考——“中国近现代思想的演变”研讨会论文集(下)》,香港:香港中文大学出版社,2002年,第19页。
    ①石元康:《政治自由主义之中立性原则及其证成》,载刘擎、关小春(编):《自由主义与中国现代性的思考——“中国近现代思想的演变”研讨会论文集(下)》,香港:香港中文大学出版社,2002年,第21页。
    ②Charles E.Larmore,Patterns of Moral Complexity,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1987,pp.40-68;Charles Larmore,The Morals of Modernity,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996,pp.121-151;Charles Larmore,The Moral Basis of Political Liberalism,The Journal ofPhilosophy,Vol.96,No.12(Dec.,1999),pp.599-625.
    ③Thomas Nagel,Moral Conflict and Political Legitimacy,Philosophy&Public Affairs,Vol.16,No.3(Summer,1987),pp.215-240.
    ④John Rawls,Political Liberalism,New York:Columbia University Press,1996,p.217.
    ⑤Bruce A.Ackerman,Social Justice in the Liberal State,New Haven:Yale University Press,1980,pp.10-12.
    ⑥David A.J.Richards,Human Rights and Moral Ideals:An Essay on the Moral Theory ofLiberalism, Social Thoery and Practice,Vol.5,No.3-4,1980,pp.461-488.
    ⑦William A.Galston,Liberal Purposes:Goods,Virtues,and Diversity in the Liberal State,Cambridgeand New York:Cambridge University Press,1991,p.82.
    ①[美]查尔斯·拉莫尔:《现代性的教训》,刘擎、应奇译,北京:东方出版社,2010年,第137页。
    ②John Rawls,Political Liberalism,New York:Columbia University Press,1996,p.150.
    ③Ronald Dworkin,A Matter of Principle,Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1985,p.203.
    ④在理论上很多学者对自由主义的中立性原则提出了种种的可行性批判,相关的著作可参见:Joseph Raz,Liberalism,Autonomy,and the Politics of Neutral Concern,Midwest Studies InPhilosophy,Vol.7,No.1,September1982,pp.89-120;Will Kymlicka,Liberal Individualism andLiberal Neutrality,Ethics,Vol.99,No.4,1989,pp.883-905;Peter De Marneffe, Liberalism,Liberty,andNeutrality,Philosophy&Public Affairs,Vol.19,No.3(Summer,1990),pp.253-274;George Sher,Liberal Neutrality and the Value of Autonomy,Social Philosophy and Policy,Vol.12,No.1,1995,pp.136-159;George Sher,Beyond Neutrality:Perfectionism and Politics,Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity Press,1997;Joseph Chan,Legitimacy,Unanimity,and Perfectionism,Philosophy&PublicAffairs,Vol.29,No.1(Winter,2000),pp.5-42.
    ⑤林火旺:《正义与公民》,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2008年,第70页。
    ⑥Joseph Raz,The Morality of Freedom, Oxford:Clarendon Press,1986,pp.110-133.
    ⑦Will Kymlicka,Liberal Individualism and Liberal Neutrality,Ethics,Vol.99,No.4,1989,p.884.
    ①Joseph Raz,The Morality of Freedom, Oxford:Clarendon Press,1986,pp.134-162.
    ②Joseph Raz,The Morality of Freedom, Oxford:Clarendon Press,1986,p.136.
    ③Will Kymlicka,Liberal Individualism and Liberal Neutrality,Ethics,Vol.99,No.4,1989,p.884.
    ④Charles E.Larmore,Patterns of Moral Complexity,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1987,p.44.
    ⑤Charles Larmore,The Morals of Modernity,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996,p.127.
    ②[英]霍布斯:《利维坦》,黎思复、黎廷弼译,北京:商务印书馆,1985年,第464页。
    ③[英]洛克:《政府论(下篇)》,叶启芳、瞿菊农译,北京:商务印书馆,1982年,第59页。
    ④[法]卢梭:《社会契约论(修订第3版)》,何兆武译,北京:商务印书馆,2003年,第129页。
    ①[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第54-55页。
    ②[加]莱斯利·雅各布:《民主的视野:当代政治哲学导论》,吴增定、刘凤罡译,北京:中国广播电视出版社,1999年,第72页。
    ③在卡罗尔·佩特曼(Carole Pateman)那里,政治义务就被称为一种自愿承担的义务(self-assumed obligation),具体论述可参见Carole Pateman,The Problem of PoliticalObligation:A Critique of Liberal Theory,Berkeley:University of California Press,1985,pp.20-36.
    ④[英]休谟:《论原始契约》,载[英]休谟:《休谟政治论文选》,张若衡译,北京:商务印书馆,2010年,第119-138页。
    ⑤[加]莱斯利·雅各布:《民主的视野:当代政治哲学导论》,吴增定、刘凤罡译,北京:中国广播电视出版社,1999年,第73页。
    ⑥Hanna Pitkin,Obligation and Consent--I,The American Political Science Review,Vol.59,No.4,1965,pp.990-999.
    ⑦毛兴贵(主编):《政治义务:证成与反驳》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年,导言第7页。
    ⑧A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,p.60.
    ①A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,pp.60-61.
    ②A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,p.61.
    ③A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,p.61.
    ④[英]霍布斯:《利维坦》,黎思复、黎廷弼译,北京:商务印书馆,1985年,第133-141页。
    ⑤[英]洛克:《政府论(下篇)》,叶启芳、瞿菊农译,北京:商务印书馆,1982年,第59-61页。
    ①[法]卢梭:《社会契约论(修订第3版)》,何兆武译,北京:商务印书馆,2003年,第136页。
    ②Alan Gewirth,Political Justice,in Richard B.Brandt and Kenneth E.Boulding(eds.),Social Justice,Englewood Cliffs,N.J.: Prentice-Hall,1962,p.135.
    ③[法]托克维尔:《论美国的民主(上卷)》,董果良译,北京:商务印书馆,1988年,第287-291页。
    ④[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第67页。
    ⑤J.Tussman,Obligation and the Body Politic,New York:Oxford University Press,1960,p.37.
    ⑥A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,p.79.
    ⑦[英]霍布斯:《利维坦》,黎思复、黎廷弼译,北京:商务印书馆,1985年,第97-108页。
    ⑧Paul Russell,Locke on Express and Tacit Consent:Misinterpretations and Inconsistencies,Political Theory,Vol.14,No.2,1986,pp.291-306.
    ①[英]洛克:《政府论(下篇)》,叶启芳、瞿菊农译,北京:商务印书馆,1982年,第74-75页。
    ②[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第73-76页。
    ③J.Tussman,Obligation and the Body Politic,New York:Oxford University Press,1960,p.36.
    ④J.Tussman,Obligation and the Body Politic,New York:Oxford University Press,1960,p.37.
    ⑤Hanna Pitkin, Obligation and Consent--I,The American Political Science Review,Vol.59,No.4,1965,p.995.
    ⑥Hanna Pitkin, Obligation and Consent--I,The American Political Science Review,Vol.59,No.4,1965,p.995.
    ①A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,p.84.
    ②Hanna Pitkin, Obligation and Consent--I,The American Political Science Review,Vol.59,No.4,1965,p.997.
    ③Hanna Pitkin, Obligation and Consent--I,The American Political Science Review,Vol.59,No.4,1965,p.995.
    ④A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,p.86.
    ⑤J.P.Plamenatz,Consent,freedom and political obligation,London and New York:OxfordUniversity Press,1968,p.3.
    ①A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,pp.76-77.
    ②Richard E.Flathman,Political Obligation,New York:Atheneum,1972,p.220.
    ③A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,pp.80-81.
    ④[美] A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第76页。
    ⑤A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,p.89.
    ①A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,pp.89-91.
    ②Alexander Meiklejohn,Free Speech and Its Relation to Self-Government,New York:Harper&Bros.,1948,p.11.
    ③Alan Gewirth,Political Justice,in Richard B.Brandt and Kenneth E.Boulding(eds.),Social Justice,Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall,1962,p.138.
    ④J.P.Plamenatz,Man and Society:Political and Social Theories,Vol.1:From the Middle Ages toLocke,London:Longman,1963,pp.239-241.
    ⑤M.B.E.Smith, Is There a Prima Facie Obligation to Obey the Law?,The Yale Law Journal,Vol.82,No.5,1973,pp.960-964.
    ⑥[加]莱斯利·雅各布:《民主的视野:当代政治哲学导论》,吴增定、刘凤罡译,北京:中国广播电视出版社,1999年,第73-76页。
    ⑦Alan Gewirth,Political Justice,in Richard B.Brandt and Kenneth E.Boulding(eds.),Social Justice,Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall,1962,p.138.
    ①[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第86页。
    ②A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,pp.94-95.
    ③J.P.Plamenatz,Consent,Freedom and Political Obligation,London and New York:OxfordUniversity Press,1968,p.170.
    ④J.P.Plamenatz,Man and Society:Political and Social Theories,Vol.1:From the Middle Ages toLocke,London:Longman,1963,pp.239-241.
    ⑤Frederick Siegler,Plamenatz on Consent and Obligation,The Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.18,No.72,1968,pp.256-261.
    ⑥A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,pp.92-93.
    ①A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,p.93.
    ②[英]洛克:《政府论(下篇)》,叶启芳、瞿菊农译,北京:商务印书馆,1982年,第74-75页。
    ③[法]卢梭:《社会契约论(修订第3版)》,何兆武译,北京:商务印书馆,2003年,第135-136页。
    ④W.D.Ross,The Right and the Good,Oxford:Clarendon Press,2002,p.27.
    ⑤Michael Walzer,Political Alienation and Military Service,in Michael Walzer,Obligations:Essayson Disobedience,War,and Citizenship,Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England:HarvardUniversity Press,1970,p.112.
    ①Michael Walzer,Political Alienation and Military Service,in Michael Walzer,Obligations:Essayson Disobedience,War,and Citizenship,Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England:HarvardUniversity Press,1970,p.102.
    ②Hanna Pitkin, Hanna Pitkin,Obligation and Consent--I,The American Political Science Review,Vol.59,No.4,1965,p.995.
    ③[英]休谟:《论原始契约》,载[英]休谟:《休谟政治论文选》,张若衡译,北京:商务印书馆,2010年,第127-128页。
    ④A.C.Ewing,The Individual,The State,and World Government,London:Macmillan,1947,p.217.
    ⑤A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,pp.99-100.
    ①J.Tussman,Obligation and the Body Politic,New York:Oxford University Press,1960,p.38.
    ②Harry Beran,The Consent Theory of Political Obligation,London:Croom Helm,1987.
    ③George Klosko,Reformist Consent and Political Obligation,Political Studies,Vol.39,No.4,1991,pp.676-690.关于“同意或者离开机制”的讨论还可参见Christopher H.Wellman,A Defense ofSecession and Political Self-Determination,Philosophy&Public Affairs,Vol.24,No.2(Spring,1995),pp.142-171.
    ④Christopher Heath Wellman,Toward a Liberal Theory of Political Obligation,Ethics,Vol.111,No.4,2001,p.736.
    ①J.P.Plamenatz,Consent,Freedom and Political Obligation,London and New York:OxfordUniversity Press,1968,p.7.
    ②J.W.Gough,John Locke's Political Philosophy:Eight Studies,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1973,p.70.
    ③[美] A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第89页。
    ④[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《政治义务和政治权威》,载[美]罗伯特·L·西蒙(主编):《社会政治哲学》,陈喜贵译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2009年,第39页。
    ①A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays on Rights and Obiligations, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.103.
    ②[美]罗伯特·诺奇克:《无政府、国家和乌托邦》,姚大志译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2008年,第3页。
    ③托马斯·维斯(Thomas G.Weiss)甚至认为哲学无政府主义传统为和平研究者们(peaceresearcher)提供了一个仔细审视全球问题的视角,有关论述可参见Thomas G.Weiss,TheTradition of Philosophical Anarchism and Future Directions in World Policy,Journal of PeaceResearch,Vol.12,No.1(1975),pp.1-17.
    ④雷克斯·马丁(Rex Martin)指出经过普鲁东等人的理论改造之后,无政府主义成为了一个褒义性的词汇,无序(disorder)和不安(insecurity)的混乱含义基本上都被去除掉了,对此可参见Rex Martin,Wolff's Defence of Philosophical Anarchism,The Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.24,No.95(Apr.,1974),p.140.
    ①A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays on Rights and Obiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.104.
    ②在斯坦利·贝茨(Stanley Bates)看来,哲学无政府主义不同于政治无政府主义的地方在于,它不像后者那样依赖于各种关于人性的理论以及关于人类共同生活之最好方式的理论,对此可参见Stanley Bates,Authority and Autonomy,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.69,No.7(Apr.6,1972),p.175.
    ③A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays on Rights and Obiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.110.
    ④达德利·诺里斯(Dudley Knowles)认为除了罗伯特·沃尔夫属于先验的哲学无政府主义之外,威廉姆·戈德温(William Godwin)和马克斯·斯特纳(Max Stirner)亦是,对他们的具体论述可参见Dudley Knowles,Political Obligation,London and New York:Routledge,2010,pp.86-91.
    ⑤钱姆·甘斯将先验的哲学无政府主义称之为“基于自主性的无政府主义(autonomy-basedanarchism)”,而将后验的哲学无政府主义称之为“批判的无政府主义(critical anarchism)”,对此可参见Chaim Gans,Philosophical Anarchism and Political Disobedience,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992,p.2.不过,在西蒙斯看来,甘斯的“批判的无政府主义”是一个很宽泛的概念,足以涵盖任何一种无政府主义,对此可参见A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy: Essays on Rights andObiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.105.在借用甘斯术语的基础上,乔纳森·沃尔夫将哲学无政府主义称之为“批判的哲学无政府主义(Critical PhilosophicalAnarchism)”,在沃尔夫看来,修饰词“批判的”意指这种主张基于对证成国家论述的批判,而修饰词“哲学的”则意指持有这种主张的那些人并没有参与消灭国家的积极政治行动,对此可参见Jonathan Wolff,Anarchism and Scepticism,in John T.Sanders and Jan Narveson(eds.),For and Against the State:New Philosophical Readings,Lanham,MD.:Rowman and Littlefield,1996,p.100.另外,约翰·霍顿将哲学无政府主义区分为“积极的”哲学无政府主义("positive"philosophical anarchism)和“消极的”哲学无政府主义("negative" philosophical anarchism)两种,前者“对于为什么没有也不可能有任何政治义务这一问题提供了自己的积极论证”,而后者“仅仅从所有证成政治义务的积极努力的失败中就得出了不存在这种义务的结论”,对此可参见John Horton,Political Obligation(Second Edition),Hampshire and New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2010,pp.121-122.针对霍顿的这种分类,西蒙斯指出,在某种程度上他的“积极的”哲学无政府主义相当于先验的哲学无政府主义,而他的“消极的”哲学无政府主义则必须在经过仔细的界定之后才能接近于后验的哲学无政府主义,对此可参见A.JohnSimmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays onRights and Obiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.105.
    ①A.John Simmons,Political Obligation and Authority,in Robert L.Simon(ed.),The BlackwellGuide to Social and Political Philosophy,Malden,Massachusetts:Blackwell Publishers Ltd.,2002,p.35.
    ②Richard Dagger,Philosophical Anarchism and Its Fallacies:A Review Essay,Law and Philosophy,Vol.19,No.3(May,2000),p.391.
    ③Jeffrey H.Reiman,Anarchism and Nominalism:Wolff's Latest Obituary for Political Philosophy,Ethics,Vol.89,No.1(Oct.,1978),p.110.
    ④Robert Paul Wolff,In Defense of Anarchism,Berkeley,Los Angeles and London:Universiy ofCalifornia Press,1998.pp.18-19.
    ⑤Robert Paul Wolff,In Defense of Anarchism,Berkeley,Los Angeles and London:Universiy ofCalifornia Press,1998.p.5.
    ①Robert Paul Wolff,In Defense of Anarchism,Berkeley,Los Angeles and London:Universiy ofCalifornia Press,1998.p.8.
    ②朱振:《政治权威与道德自主性:悖论及协调的可能性——对沃尔夫哲学无政府主义论证思路的一种反思》,载《法制与社会发展(双月刊)》,2010年第5期。
    ③Robert Paul Wolff,In Defense of Anarchism,Berkeley,Los Angeles and London:Universiy ofCalifornia Press,1998.p.4.
    ④Robert Paul Wolff,In Defense of Anarchism,Berkeley,Los Angeles and London:Universiy ofCalifornia Press,1998.p.9.
    ⑤Robert Paul Wolff,In Defense of Anarchism,Berkeley,Los Angeles and London:Universiy ofCalifornia Press,1998.p.6.
    ⑥Robert Paul Wolff,In Defense of Anarchism,Berkeley,Los Angeles and London:Universiy ofCalifornia Press,1998.p.11.
    ⑦Jeffrey H.Reiman,Anarchism and Nominalism:Wolff's Latest Obituary for Political Philosophy,Ethics,Vol.89,No.1(Oct.,1978),p.96.
    ①Nicholas Bunnin and Jiyuan Yu(eds.),The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy,Malden:Blackwell Publishing,2004,p.63.
    ②Robert Paul Wolff,In Defense of Anarchism,Berkeley,Los Angeles and London:Universiy ofCalifornia Press,1998.p.14.
    ③Scott J.Shapiro,Authority,in Jules L.Coleman and Scott J.Shapiro(eds.)The Oxford Handbook ofJurisprudence&Philosophy of Law,Oxford:Oxford University,2002,p.387.
    ④关于这一点,约瑟夫·拉兹持有不同的看法,他认为自主性原是一个理性原则(a principleof rationality)而并非真的是一个道德原则,对此可参见Joseph Raz,The Authority of Law:Essayon Law and Morality,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009,p.27.
    ⑤朱振:《政治权威与道德自主性:悖论及协调的可能性——对沃尔夫哲学无政府主义论证思路的一种反思》,载《法制与社会发展(双月刊)》,2010年第5期。
    ⑥Immanuel Kant,Philosophical Correspondence,1759-1799,edited and translated by Arnulf Zweig,Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1967,p.132.
    ⑦Kevin E.Dodson,Autonomy and Authority in Kant's Rechtslehre,Political Theory,Vol.25,No.1(Feb.,1997),p.93.
    ①[德]康德:《论通常的说法:这在理论上可能是正确的,但在实践上是行不通的》,载[德]康德:《历史理性批判文集》,何兆武译,北京:商务印书馆,1990年,第190页。
    ②Robert Paul Wolff,In Defense of Anarchism,Berkeley,Los Angeles and London:Universiy ofCalifornia Press,1998.p.19.
    ③Harry G.Frankfurt,The Anarchism of Robert Paul Wolff,Political Theory,Vol.1,No.4(Nov.,1973),p.406.
    ④Harry G.Frankfurt,The Anarchism of Robert Paul Wolff,Political Theory,Vol.1,No.4(Nov.,1973),p.406.
    ⑤Harry G.Frankfurt,The Anarchism of Robert Paul Wolff,Political Theory,Vol.1,No.4(Nov.,1973),p.406.
    ①Harry G.Frankfurt,The Anarchism of Robert Paul Wolff,Political Theory,Vol.1,No.4(Nov.,1973),pp.406-407.
    ②Harry G.Frankfurt,The Anarchism of Robert Paul Wolff,Political Theory,Vol.1,No.4(Nov.,1973),pp.407-408.
    ③Harry G.Frankfurt,The Anarchism of Robert Paul Wolff,Political Theory,Vol.1,No.4(Nov.,1973),p.412.
    ④Robert Paul Wolff,In Defense of Anarchism,Berkeley,Los Angeles and London:Universiy ofCalifornia Press,1998.pp.23-27.
    ⑤Harry G.Frankfurt,The Anarchism of Robert Paul Wolff,Political Theory,Vol.1,No.4(Nov.,1973),p.414.
    ①朱振:《政治权威与道德自主性:悖论及协调的可能性——对沃尔夫哲学无政府主义论证思路的一种反思》,载《法制与社会发展(双月刊)》,2010年第5期。
    ②马丁习惯使用“政府”而不是“国家”,当然在他那里两者是可以相互替代的。不过,杰弗里·雷曼(Jeffrey H.Reiman)强调我们应该在两者之间做出区分,他认为“国家”是全体人,而“政府”只是全体人的代理人(agent)。如果按照雷曼的标准来评判的话,那么马丁和沃尔夫一样也混淆了两者。关于雷曼的具体论述可参见Jeffrey H.Reiman,Anarchism andNominalism:Wolff's Latest Obituary for Political Philosophy,Ethics,Vol.89,No.1(Oct.,1978),p.100.
    ③Rex Martin,Wolff's Defence of Philosophical Anarchism,The Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.24,No.95(Apr.,1974),p.141.
    ④Rex Martin,Wolff's Defence of Philosophical Anarchism,The Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.24,No.95(Apr.,1974),p.141.
    ⑤马丁对沃尔夫的哲学无政府主义的批判基于他的两个文本,一个是《为无政府主义辩护》,另一个是《论暴力(On Violence)》,关于后一个文本可参见Robert Paul Wolff,On Violence,TheJournal of Philosophy,Vol.66,No.19,Sixty-Sixth Annual Meeting of theAmerican PhilosophicalAssociation Eastern Division(Oct.2,1969),pp.601-616.
    ⑥Rex Martin,Wolff's Defence of Philosophical Anarchism,The Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.24,No.95(Apr.,1974),p.142.
    ⑦Rex Martin,Wolff's Defence of Philosophical Anarchism,The Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.24,No.95(Apr.,1974),p.143.
    ①Rex Martin,Wolff's Defence of Philosophical Anarchism,The Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.24,No.95(Apr.,1974),p.143.
    ②Rex Martin,Wolff's Defence of Philosophical Anarchism,The Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.24,No.95(Apr.,1974),p.143.
    ③Rex Martin,Wolff's Defence of Philosophical Anarchism,The Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.24,No.95(Apr.,1974),p.143.
    ④Rex Martin,Wolff's Defence of Philosophical Anarchism,The Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.24,No.95(Apr.,1974),p.143.
    ⑤Rex Martin,Wolff's Defence of Philosophical Anarchism,The Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.24,No.95(Apr.,1974),p.144.
    ⑥Rex Martin,Wolff's Defence of Philosophical Anarchism,The Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.24,No.95(Apr.,1974),p.144.
    ①Rex Martin,Wolff's Defence of Philosophical Anarchism,The Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.24,No.95(Apr.,1974),p.145.
    ②Rex Martin,Wolff's Defence of Philosophical Anarchism,The Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.24,No.95(Apr.,1974),p.145.
    ③Rex Martin,Wolff's Defence of Philosophical Anarchism,The Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.24,No.95(Apr.,1974),p.145.
    ④Rex Martin,Wolff's Defence of Philosophical Anarchism,The Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.24,No.95(Apr.,1974),p.146.
    ⑤Rex Martin,Wolff's Defence of Philosophical Anarchism,The Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.24,No.95(Apr.,1974),pp.146-147.
    ⑥Rex Martin,Wolff's Defence of Philosophical Anarchism,The Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.24,No.95(Apr.,1974),p.147.
    ⑦Rex Martin,Wolff's Defence of Philosophical Anarchism,The Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.24,No.95(Apr.,1974),pp.147-148.
    ①Rex Martin,Wolff's Defence of Philosophical Anarchism,The Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.24,No.95(Apr.,1974),p.148.在《权利体系中政治忠诚的特性(The Character of Political Allegiance)》一文中马丁对政治忠诚(political allegiance)做了更为具体的阐述,对此可参见Rex Martin,TheCharacter of Political Allegiance,in Paul Harris(ed.),On Political Obligation,London and NewYork:Routledge,1990,pp.184-217.当然,政治忠诚也是一种政治义务,而马丁之所以使用政治忠诚这一术语更大程度上是出于他个人的修辞偏好。
    ②Rex Martin,Wolff's Defence of Philosophical Anarchism,The Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.24,No.95(Apr.,1974),p.149.
    ③针对沃尔夫1970年的著作《为无政府主义辩护》(Robert Paul Wolff,In Defense ofAnarchism,New York:Harper&Row,1970.),雷曼在1972年出版了一部批判专著《为政治哲学辩护:对罗伯特·保罗·沃尔夫的〈为无政府主义辩护〉的一种回应(In Defense of Political Philosophy:AReply to Robert Paul Wolff's "In Defense of Anarchism")》(Jeffrey H.Reiman,In Defense ofPolitical Philosophy:A Reply to Robert Paul Wolff's "In Defense of Anarchism",New York:Harper&Row,1972.),这应该算是他们第一回合的争论;1976年沃尔夫在《为无政府主义辩护》的新版中附录上了一篇专门针对雷曼的批判著作的回应性论文(Robert Paul Wolff,In Defenseof Anarchism,with a Reply to Jeffrey H.Reiman's"Defense of Political Philosophy",New York:Harper&Row,1976.),而1978年雷曼又针对沃尔夫的这篇回应性论文在《伦理学(Ethics)》杂志上发表了《无政府主义与唯名论:沃尔夫关于政治哲学的最新讣告(Jeffrey H.Reiman,Anarchism and Nominalism:Wolff's Latest Obituary for Political Philosophy,Ethics,Vol.89,No.1(Oct.,1978),pp.95-110.)》一文,在这篇文章中雷曼又批判了沃尔夫对哲学无政府主义所做的新辩护,这应该算是他们第二回合的争论。
    ④Jeffrey H.Reiman,In Defense of Political Philosophy:A Reply to Robert Paul Wolff's "In Defenseof Anarchism",New York:Harper&Row,1972.
    ①Jeffrey H.Reiman,Anarchism and Nominalism:Wolff's Latest Obituary for Political Philosophy,Ethics,Vol.89,No.(Oct.,1978),p.96.
    ②Jeffrey H.Reiman,Anarchism and Nominalism:Wolff's Latest Obituary for Political Philosophy,Ethics,Vol.89,No.1(Oct.,1978),p.96.
    ③Jeffrey H.Reiman,Anarchism and Nominalism:Wolff's Latest Obituary for Political Philosophy,Ethics,Vol.89,No.1(Oct.,1978),pp.96-97.
    ④Jeffrey H.Reiman,Anarchism and Nominalism:Wolff's Latest Obituary for Political Philosophy,Ethics,Vol.89,No.1(Oct.,1978),p.97.
    ⑤Jeffrey H.Reiman,Anarchism and Nominalism:Wolff's Latest Obituary for Political Philosophy,Ethics,Vol.89,No.1(Oct.,1978),p.97.
    ⑥Jeffrey H.Reiman,In Defense of Political Philosophy:A Reply to Robert Paul Wolff's "In Defenseof Anarchism",New York: Harper&Row,1972,p.32.
    ⑦Jeffrey H.Reiman,In Defense of Political Philosophy:A Reply to Robert Paul Wolff's "In Defenseof Anarchism",New York: Harper&Row,1972,p.54.
    ①Jeffrey H.Reiman,In Defense of Political Philosophy:A Reply to Robert Paul Wolff's "In Defenseof Anarchism",New York: Harper&Row,1972,pp.56-57.
    ②Jeffrey H.Reiman,Anarchism and Nominalism:Wolff's Latest Obituary for Political Philosophy,Ethics,Vol.89,No.1(Oct.,1978),p.98.
    ③Jeffrey H.Reiman,Anarchism and Nominalism:Wolff's Latest Obituary for Political Philosophy,Ethics,Vol.89,No.1(Oct.,1978),p.98.
    ④Jeffrey H.Reiman,Anarchism and Nominalism:Wolff's Latest Obituary for Political Philosophy,Ethics,Vol.89,No.1(Oct.,1978),p.99.
    ⑤Jeffrey H.Reiman,Anarchism and Nominalism:Wolff's Latest Obituary for Political Philosophy,Ethics,Vol.89,No.1(Oct.,1978),p.99.
    ⑥Jeffrey H.Reiman,Anarchism and Nominalism:Wolff's Latest Obituary for Political Philosophy,Ethics,Vol.89,No.1(Oct.,1978),p.100.
    ①Jeffrey H.Reiman,Anarchism and Nominalism:Wolff's Latest Obituary for Political Philosophy,Ethics,Vol.89,No.1(Oct.,1978),p.103.
    ②Jeffrey H.Reiman,Anarchism and Nominalism:Wolff's Latest Obituary for Political Philosophy,Ethics,Vol.89,No.1(Oct.,1978),p.110.
    ③Jeffrey H.Reiman,Anarchism and Nominalism:Wolff's Latest Obituary for Political Philosophy,Ethics,Vol.89,No.1(Oct.,1978),p.110.
    ④Jeffrey H.Reiman,Anarchism and Nominalism:Wolff's Latest Obituary for Political Philosophy,Ethics,Vol.89,No.1(Oct.,1978),p.110.
    ⑤A.John Simmons,The Anarchist Position:A Reply to Klosko and Senor,Philosophy&PublicAffairs,Vol.16,No.3(Summer,1987),p.269.
    ①西蒙斯指出,史蒂芬·纳桑森(Stephen Nathanson)和戴维·米勒就犯了这种知识性错误,关于他们两人的相关论述可分别参见:Stephen Nathanson,Should We Consent to be Governed?,Belmont:Wadsworth,1992,p.57;David Miller,Anarchism,London:J.M.Dent&Sons,1984,pp.15-16.
    ②A.John Simmons,The Anarchist Position:A Reply to Klosko and Senor,Philosophy&PublicAffairs,Vol.16,No.3(Summer,1987),p.269.
    ③A.John Simmons,The Anarchist Position:A Reply to Klosko and Senor,Philosophy&PublicAffairs,Vol.16,No.3(Summer,1987),pp.269-270.
    ④在西蒙斯看来,约翰·霍顿和钱姆·甘斯就是这样的学者,关于霍顿的具体论述可参见JohnHorton,Political Obligation (Second Edition),Hampshire and New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2010,pp.106-134.而关于甘斯的具体论述可参见Chaim Gans,Philosophical Anarchism and PoliticalDisobedience,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992,p.2.
    ⑤A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays on Rights and Obiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.103.
    ⑥A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays on Rights and Obiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.103.
    ①A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays on Rights and Obiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.107.
    ②A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays on Rights and Obiligations, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.107.
    ③合法性的确存在一种限度问题,而关于合法性限度的研究可参见Alan Wolfe,The Limits ofLegitimacy:Political Contradictions of Contemporary Capitalism,New York:The Free Press,1977.
    ④A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays on Rights and Obiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.107.
    ①A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays on Rights and Obiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.107.
    ②A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays on Rights and Obiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.107.
    ③A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays on Rights and Obiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.108.关于这两种处理思路的进一步讨论还可参见A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1979,pp.7-11;A.John Simmons,The LockeanTheory of Rights,Princeton,New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1992,pp.93-95,111-112.
    ④A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays on Rights and Obiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.108.
    ①Essays on Rights and Obiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.109.
    ②A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays on Rights and Obiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.110.
    ③A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays on Rights and Obiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.109.
    ④A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays on Rights and Obiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.107.
    ⑤A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays on Rights and Obiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.109.
    ⑥比如我们对作为人的公民同胞的普遍责任,我们对提升正义和其他价值的普遍责任,我们其他的善待他人的非责任性道德理由(nonduty moral reasons),对此可参见A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays on Rights andObiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.110.此外,西蒙斯在《无政主义立场:对克洛斯科和塞纽尔的回应(TheAnarchist Position:AReply to Klosko and Senor)》一文中对这些论证思路有更为完整的呈现,具体可参见A.John Simmons,The Anarchist Position:AReply to Klosko and Senor,Philosophy&Public Affairs,Vol.16,No.3(Summer,1987),pp.275-279.
    ⑦A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays on Rights and Obiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.110.
    ①A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays on Rights and Obiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.111.
    ②在西蒙斯看来,即便把哲学无政府主义视为一种强理论(a strong theory)而加以辩护,它仍然必须承认反抗国家的义务是一种相对较弱的义务,对此可参见A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays on Rights andObiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,pp.111-112.
    ③A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays on Rights and Obiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.111.
    ④A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays on Rights and Obiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.113.应该说,威廉·埃德蒙森运用第二条攻击路线对哲学无政府主义发动了专门的批判,他指出存在三个无政府主义谬误(three anarchical fallacies):第一个谬误为关于政治义务失败的论述,第二个谬误为关于法律是强制的论述,第三个谬误为关于个人隐私内部领域的论述。对此,可参见William A.Edmundson,Three Anarchical Fallacies:An Essay on Political Authority,New York:Cambridge University Press,1998.理查德·达格认为埃德蒙森对哲学无政府主义的批评基本上是成功的,但不是完全成功,他一方面同意埃德蒙森对第三个无政府主义谬误的论述,另一方面又批评了埃德蒙森关于前两个无政府主义谬误的论述,具体可参见Richard Dagger,Philosophical Anarchism and Its Fallacies:A Review Essay,Law and Philosophy,Vol.19,No.3(May,2000),pp.400-406.
    ⑤Chaim Gans,Philosophical Anarchism and Political Disobedience,Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity Press,1992,p.90.与甘斯一样,戴维·米勒和杰弗里·雷曼对哲学无政府主义也做了相类似的定性处理,只不过他们使用的修辞不同而已,米勒用的是“冷酷无情(bloodless)”,而雷曼用的则是“瞎忙乎(chasing its tail)”,关于两人的论述分别可参见David Miller,Anarchism,London:J.M.Dent&Sons,1984,p.15;Jeffrey H.Reiman,In Defense of PoliticalPhilosophy:A Reply to Robert Paul Wolff's "In Defense of Anarchism",New York:Harper&Row,1972,pp.xvi,xxiii-xxiv.
    ①Chaim Gans,Philosophical Anarchism and Political Disobedience,Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity Press,1992,p.xi.
    ②A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays on Rights and Obiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.113.关于甘斯的具体论述可参见Chaim Gans,Philosophical Anarchism and Political Disobedience,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992,pp.90-91.此外,乔治·赖特(R.Geoge Wright)对哲学无政府主义的这一伪善之举亦有同感,对此可参见R.George Wright,Legal and Political Obligation:Classic and Contemporary Texts and Commentary,Lanham:University Press of America,1992,p.
    280.
    ③A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays on Rights and Obiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.114.
    ④Steven M.Delue,Political Obligation in a Liberal State, New York:State University of New YorkPress,1989,p.x.
    ⑤Steven M.Delue,Political Obligation in a Liberal State, New York:State University of New YorkPress,1989,p.1.
    ①Thomas D.Senor,What if there are no Political Obligations?A Reply to A. J.Simmons,Philosophy&Public Affairs,Vol.16,No.3,(Summer1987),p.260.
    ②Tony Honoré,Must We Obey? Necessity as a Ground of Obligation,Virginia Law Review,Vol.67,No.1,(Feb.,1981),pp.42-44.
    ③George Klosko,Political Obligation and the Natural Duties of Justice,Philosophy&Public Affairs,Vol.23,No.3(Summer,1994),pp.269-270.
    ④A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays on Rights and Obiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,pp.117-118.
    ⑤Jonathan Wolff,Anarchism and Scepticism,in John T.Sanders and Jan Narveson(eds.),For andAgainst the State:New Philosophical Readings,Lanham,MD.:Rowman and Littlefield,1996,pp.
    101-102.
    ⑥Mark Murphy,Philosphical Anarchism and Legal Indifference,American Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.32,No.2,1995,pp.195-198.
    ⑦A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays on Rights and Obiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.118-119.
    ①George Klosko,Presumptive Benefit,Fairness,and Political Obligation,Philosophy&PublicAffairs,Vol.16,No.3(Summer,1987),p.258.
    ②George Klosko,Political Obligations,New York:Oxford University Press,2005,pp.18,20.
    ③George Klosko,Political Obligations,New York:Oxford University Press,2005,pp.22-23.
    ④George Klosko,Political Obligations,New York:Oxford University Press,2005,pp.36-41.
    ⑤朱佳峰:《多元主义政治义务论:天衣无缝还是破绽百出?》,载邓正来(主编):《复旦政治哲学评论(第2辑)》,上海:上海人民出版社,2010年,第220页。
    ⑥George Klosko,The Principle of Fairness and Political Obligation,Lanham,MD.:Rowman&Littlefield Publishers,Inc.,1992,p.26.
    ⑦George Klosko,The Principle of Fairness and Political Obligation,Lanham,MD.:Rowman&Littlefield Publishers,Inc.,1992,p.24.
    ⑧A.John Simmons,Philosophical Anarchism,in A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy:Essays on Rights and Obiligations,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001,p.119-121.西蒙斯指出我们可以从莱斯利·格林的《谁相信政治义务?(Who Believes in PoliticalObligation?)》一文找到支持后三种回应办法的各种变体性的论据,具体可参见LeslieGreen,Who Believes in Political Obligation?,in John T. Sanders and Jan Narveson(eds.),For andAgainst the State:New Philosophical Readings,Lanham, MD.:Rowman and Littlefield,1996,pp.1-17.
    ①刘擎:《政治正当性与哲学无政府主义:以西蒙斯为中心的讨论》,载《华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2007年第6期。
    ①David Schmidtz,Justifying the State,Ethics,Vol.101,No.1(Oct.,1990),p.90.
    ②David Schmidtz,Justifying the State,Ethics,Vol.101,No.1(Oct.,1990),p.91.
    ③A.John Simmons,Justification and Legitimacy,Ethics,Vol.109,No.4(Jul.,1999),p.752.
    ①H.L.A.Hart,Are There Any Natural Rights?,The Philosophical Review,Vol.64,No.2(Apr.,1955),p.185.
    ②Richard J.Arneson,The Principle of Fairness and Free-Rider Problems,Ethics,Vol.92,No.4(Jul.,1982),p.617.
    ③A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979, p.101.
    ④H.L.A.Hart,Are There Any Natural Rights?,The Philosophical Review,Vol.64,No.2(Apr.,1955),p.185.当然,在哈特之前查理·布劳德(Charlie Dunbar Broad)和尤文也提到过这一原则,对此可可分别参见C.D.Broad,On the Function of False Hypotheses in Ethics,InternationalJournal of Ethics,Vol.26, No.3(Apr.,1916),pp.377-397;A.C.Ewing,What Would Happen IfEverybody Acted like Me?,Philosophy,Vol.28,No.104(Jan.,1953),pp.16-29.
    ⑤[英]H.L.A.哈特:《是否存在自然权利?》,张志铭译,载夏勇编《公法(第一卷)》,北京:法律出版社,1999年,第378页。
    ⑥A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,pp.102-103.
    ①H.L.A.Hart,Are There Any Natural Rights?,The Philosophical Review,Vol.64,No.2(Apr.,1955),pp.175-191.
    ②在西蒙斯看来,罗尔斯对公平游戏原则的阐释前后共有四种,它们前后出现在下述文本之中:(1)John Rawls,Justice as Fairness,The Philosophical Review,Vol.67,No.2(Apr.,1958),pp.164-194.(2)John Rawls,Legal Obligation and the Duty of Fair Play,in Sidney Hook(ed.),Law andPhilosophy,New York:New York University Press,1964,pp.3-18.(3)John Rawls,The Justificationof Civil Disobedience,in H.A.Bedau(ed.),Civil Disobedience:Theory and Practice,New York:Pegasus,1969,pp.240-255(.4)John Rawls,A Theory of Justice,Cambridge,Massachusetts:BelknapPress of Harvard University Press,1971.
    ③John Rawls,Legal Obligation and the Duty of Fair Play,in Sidney Hook(ed.),Law andPhilosophy, New York:New York University Press,1964,pp.9-10.
    ④David Lyons,Forms and Limits of Utilitarianism, Oxford:Clarendon Press,1965,p.164.
    ⑤A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,p.106.
    ①M.B.E.Smith,Is There a Prima Facie Obligation to Obey the Law?,The Yale Law Journal,Vol.82No.5(Apr.,1973),pp.950-976.勃兰特·彭诺克(Poland Pennock)持有与史密斯相类似的观点,可参见Poland Pennock,The Obligation to Obey the Law and the Ends of the State,in Sidney Hook
    (ed.),Law and Philosophy,New York:New York University Press,1964,pp.77-85.
    ②A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979, pp.106-107.
    ③A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979, p.106.
    ④A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,pp.104-108.西蒙斯说第一个限制性要件的确没有出现在哈特的论述中,但是第二个限制性要件可能暗含在哈特的论述中。
    ⑤A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,p.109.在西蒙斯看来,无论是哈特的“公共事业(enterprise)”还是罗尔斯的“社会合作计划(schemes of social cooperation)”都是模棱两可的概念,不仅如此,罗尔斯在不同地方阐发公平游戏理论时还用“制度(institution)”取代“社会合作计划”,对于这一点西蒙斯表示难以接受,他认为公平游戏的考量是完全与所谓的“制度”无关的,对此可参见A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1979,pp.104-105.
    ①[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第101页。
    ②A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979, pp.110-114.
    ③[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第106页。
    ④罗尔斯在《正义论》中基于自愿主义逻辑的考虑否认了“以义务为中心”的公平游戏理论,他认为从自然责任的视角就完全可以对政治义务的基础给予合理的解释,实际上他这里所谓的“政治义务”并不是严格意义上的作为义务的政治义务,而只是作为责任的政治义务,这其实就是“以责任为中心”的解释,区分了两种解释,我们就不会觉得罗尔斯否定政治义务的存在是一种不自洽的逻辑矛盾。对此可参见John Rawls,ATheory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1999,pp.98-101.
    ①A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,pp.115-116.
    ②John Ladd,Legal and Moral Obligation,in J.Roland Pennock and John W.Chapman(eds.),Political and Legal Obligation,With a Introduction by William J.Quirk,New Brunswick,N.J.:AldineTransaction,2007,p.21.
    ③A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,pp.116-117.
    ④Robert Nozick,Anarchy,State,And Utopia,New York:Basic Books,1974,p.93.
    ⑤需要指出的是,诺齐克主要针对哈特版本的公平游戏理论而提出他的反驳观点。
    ⑥Robert Nozick,Anarchy,State,And Utopia,New York:Basic Books,1974,p.94.
    ⑦Robert Nozick,Anarchy,State,And Utopia,New York:Basic Books,1974,p.94.
    ①A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,p.120.
    ②[美]罗伯特·诺齐克:《无政府、国家与乌托邦》,何怀宏等译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1991年,第101页。
    ③[加]莱斯利·雅各布:《民主的视野:当代政治哲学导论》,吴增定、刘凤罡译,北京:中国广播电视出版社,1999年,第78页。
    ④Robert Nozick,Anarchy,State,And Utopia,New York:Basic Books,1974,pp.94-95.
    ⑤A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,p.121.
    ⑥A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,p.123.
    ①[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第114页。
    ②A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979, p.125.
    ③[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第115页。
    ④[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第118页。
    ①Robert Nozick,Anarchy,State,And Utopia,New York:Basic Books,1974,p.94.
    ②A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,p.132.
    ③[美] A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第119页。
    ①A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979, p.135.
    ②[美] A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第123页。
    ③John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge, Massachusetts:The Belknap Pressof Harvard University Press,1999,p.100.
    ④John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge, Massachusetts:The Belknap Pressof Harvard University Press,1999,p.100.
    ⑤John Rawls,Legal Obligation and the Duty of Fair Play,in John Rawls,Cllected Papers,edited bySamuel Freeman,Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England:Harvard University Press,1999,p.118.
    ①John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Pressof Harvard University Press,1999,p.296.
    ②应该说,在罗尔斯看来公平游戏理论是适用于“宏观层次”的,而诺齐克则在“微观层次”寻找公平游戏理论不适用的例子进而否定罗尔斯的公平游戏理论,显然这是诺齐克对罗尔斯的一种“误解”,对此可参见Robert Nozick,Anarchy,State,And Utopia,New York:Basic Books,1974,pp.204-206.另外,西蒙斯猜测罗尔斯的公平游戏理论根本不需要来自“微观层次”的支持,不过西蒙斯怀疑能否将公平游戏理论理解为适用于“宏观层次”的理论,对此可参见
    [美] A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第124页小注①。
    ①[美] A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第124页。
    ②A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979, p.137.
    ③A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979, pp.137-138.
    ④A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979, p.138.
    ⑤[美] A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第126页。
    ①A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,p.140.
    ②George Klosko,The Principle of Fairness and Political Obligation,Lanham,MD.:Rowman&Littlefield Publishers,Inc.,1992,p.35.
    ③我们对于“goods”一词的翻译主要是依据具体的语境,因而在行文中可能会使用“利益”、“善”、“物品”、“益品”等。关于“good”和“goods”的翻译问题可参见刘莘:《关于“good”的翻译的哲学解释》,载[加]威尔·金里卡:《当代政治哲学(下)》,刘莘译,上海:上海三联书店,2004年,第832-839页。
    ①实际上在处理可排他性的利益问题时公平游戏理论可能与自愿主义理论同时发挥作用,一方面,一个人要想获得这种排他性的利益,必须首先同意加入这一排他性合作计划(excludable schemes),所以克洛斯科说人们通常又将排他性合作计划看作是自愿的联合体(voluntary associations),这体现了浓重的契约论意味(strong contractarian overtones),因而对于这些人自愿主义理论实际上就已经具有足够大的约束力了;另一方面,对于那些一开始没有同意加入这一排他性合作计划的人,只要他们一旦通过实际行动表示或意味着“主动接受”了由这一排他性合作计划所产生的排他性利益,那么他们实际上就已经加入了这一排他性合作计划,即使他们可能矢口否认他们根本就没有同意加入这一合作计划,不管怎样,这时公平游戏理论都完全有理由约束他们,使其承担其应该承担的公平份额。克洛斯科特别强调不能将公平游戏原则化约为自愿主义理论。
    ②George Klosko,The Principle of Fairness and Political Obligation,Lanham,MD.:Rowman&Littlefield Publishers,Inc.,1992,pp.35-36.
    ③克洛斯科说他所谓的推定有益的益品(presumptively beneficial goods)或推定益品(presumptive goods)类似于罗尔斯的基本善(primary goods),而推定有益的公共物品(presumptively beneficial public goods)或推定公共物品(presumptive public goods)则类似于基本善在公共领域的对等物,可以用罗尔斯的话来这样描述它们的特点:无论一个群体中的所有成员想要什么以及他们的理性计划具体是什么,这种公共物品都是他们想要的。对此可参见[美]乔治·克洛斯科:《公平原则与政治义务》,毛兴贵译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第45页。当然,它们之间又是有区别的,克洛斯科指出这种区别主要表现为两点:第一,推定公共物品的范围要比基本善狭窄得多;第二,推定公共物品对于可接受生活(acceptable lives)而言是不可或缺的。对此可参见George Klosko,The Principle of Fairnessand Political Obligation,Lanham,MD.:Rowman&Littlefield Publishers,Inc.,1992,p.40.关于罗尔斯对基本善的描述,可参见John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1999,pp.79,348,380-381.
    ④George Klosko,The Principle of Fairness and Political Obligation,Lanham,MD.:Rowman&Littlefield Publishers,Inc.,1992,p.39.
    ①[美]乔治·克洛斯科:《公平原则与政治义务》,毛兴贵译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第62页。
    ②[加]莱斯利·雅各布:《民主的视野:当代政治哲学导论》,吴增定、刘凤罡译,北京:中国广播电视出版社,1999年,第79-80页。
    ①Richard J.Arneson,The Principle of Fairness and Free-Rider Problems,Ethics,Vol.92,No.4(Jul.,1982),p.618.
    ②Richard J.Arneson,The Principle of Fairness and Free-Rider Problems,Ethics,Vol.92,No.4(Jul.,1982),p.618.
    ③Richard J.Arneson,The Principle of Fairness and Free-Rider Problems,Ethics,Vol.92,No.4(Jul.,1982),p.619.
    ④Richard J.Arneson,The Principle of Fairness and Free-Rider Problems,Ethics,Vol.92,No.4(Jul.,1982),p.619.
    ⑤Richard J.Arneson,The Principle of Fairness and Free-Rider Problems,Ethics,Vol.92,No.4(Jul.,1982),p.619.
    ⑥Richard J.Arneson,The Principle of Fairness and Free-Rider Problems,Ethics,Vol.92,No.4(Jul.,1982),p.620.
    ①Richard J.Arneson,The Principle of Fairness and Free-Rider Problems,Ethics,Vol.92,No.4(Jul.,1982),p.621
    ②Richard J.Arneson,The Principle of Fairness and Free-Rider Problems,Ethics,Vol.92,No.4(Jul.,1982),p.621
    ③Richard J.Arneson,The Principle of Fairness and Free-Rider Problems,Ethics,Vol.92,No.4(Jul.,1982),pp.622-623.
    ④阿尼森指出这些条件一共有七个,在这里我们将其具体列举如下:(1)为提供一种利益B,一群人建立了一项持续的合作计划,而对于群体G的所有成员而言,利益B是集体物品。
    (2)对于群体G的每一个成员而言,当将生产利益B所花费的成本(包括可能被用来维持合作事业的强制成本)的一份公平份额分摊给他时,利益B要比他所承担的这一公平份额的成本大得多。(3)这一持续进行的事业将生产利益B所花费的成本公平地分摊给其所有的受益者。尤其是,如果任何一个受益者有公正无私的动机为生产利益B而不对该事业做出贡献,那么他就不会被要求做出这种贡献。(4)将合作事业这样安排以便利益B的每个受益者得到足够数量的私人利益,进而促使所有受益人对于合作事业的成本都贡献出他们的公平份额,这是不可行的。(5)将生产利益B所花费的成本的一份公平份额分摊给群体G的每一个成员时,他们将其看作一种负担或者包含了负效应(disutility)。(6)群体G的所有成员在选择是否为生产利益B而对合作事业做出贡献时,他们的选择都是彼此独立的。换言之,没有哪个成员的选择是在预料到他的选择将会影响到其他成员的选择而做出的。(7)没有任何一个群体G中的成员能够从利益B中得到如此之多,以致于由其一个人单独支付生产利益B所花费的成本时,他还是有利可图。由群体G的新成员所组成的新联合体将发现这样一种情况是不可能的:根据联合体的条款规定,当由联合体的成员分担生产利益B的成本时,联合体的每个成员将发现他从利益B中所得获益还会超过他为生产利益B所承担的成本。如果要使每个人所得利益超过其所支付的成本,那么一大批人就必须为生产利益B而做出其贡献。对此,可具体参见Richard J.Arneson,The Principle of Fairness and Free-RiderProblems,Ethics,Vol.92,No.4(Jul.,1982),pp.621-622.
    ①[美]理查德·阿尼森:《公平原则与搭便车问题》,毛兴贵译,载毛兴贵(编):《政治义务:证成与反驳》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年,第72页。
    ②自利原则是阿尼森对阿兰·吉伯德(Allan Gibbard)所阐述的一个原则的称谓,吉伯德认为道德规则应该被如此建构,即如果这些规则被遵守了,那么每个人的行动只对他自身有利或有害,除非他自己选择将其行动的利益给予别人或与别人交换。对此,可参见Allan Gibbard,Natural Property Rights,No s,Vol.10,No.1(Mar.,1976),p.84.
    ①Richard J.Arneson,The Principle of Fairness and Free-Rider Problems,Ethics,Vol.92,No.4(Jul.,1982),pp.623-629.
    ①[英]迈克尔·莱斯诺夫:《社会契约论》,刘训练、李丽红、张红梅译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2005年,第108页。
    ②A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,p.47.
    ③金里卡指出,功利主义主要有两大吸引力:一是功利主义所倡导的目标不依赖于任何形而上学实体;二是功利主义所倡导的目标要根据后果论来加以评定。同时,金里卡还强调到,功利主义之所以具有这两大吸引力是因为它与我们的两个核心直觉相吻合:第一,人的福祉是重要的;第二,道德规则必须依其对人的福祉的后果而受到检验。对此,可参见[加]威尔·金里卡:《当代政治哲学(上)》,刘莘译,上海:上海三联书店,2004年,第21-24页。
    ④毛兴贵:《功利主义与政治义务》,载《哲学动态》,2011年第12期。
    ⑤A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,p.46.
    ⑥程炼:《伦理学导论》,北京:北京大学出版社,2008年,第164页。
    ①我们所举的服兵役的例子类似于理查德·布兰特所举的纳税的例子,布兰特将“公民会选择逃税作为其政治义务”视为行为功利主义对政治义务解释失败的表现,对此可参见RichardB.Brandt,A Theory of the Good and the Right,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1979,p.274.
    ①一般地,从结果的角度来看,直接功利主义可以指代行为功利主义,而间接功利主义则可以指代规则功利主义。但是,从动机的角度来看,这种指代就是有问题的,因为直接功利主义要求行为者所实施的每一个行为都必须遵循功利最大化动机,而间接功利主义则未必有这种要求,甚至有时候遵循功利最大化动机却未必能得到功利最大化的结果。所以,在霍顿看来,将直接功利主义与间接功利主义显明地区分开来的是动机问题而非结果问题。对此可参见John Horton,Political Obligation(Second Edition),Hampshire and New York:PalgraveMacmillan,2010,pp.59-60.
    ②毛兴贵:《功利主义与政治义务》,载《哲学动态》,2011年第12期。
    ①A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,p.48.对于这种便于操作的经验法则,达德利·诺里斯也给予了具体阐述,对此可参见Dudley Knowles,Political Obligation,London and New York:Routledge,2010,pp.149-150.在《两种规则概念(Two Concepts of Rules)》一文中罗尔斯则将这种规则称之为“总结性规则(summary rules)”,对此可参见John Rawls,Two Concepts of Rules,ThePhilosophical Review,Vol.64,No.1(Jan.,1955),pp.3-32.
    ②[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第44页。
    ③[英]约翰·穆勒:《功利主义》,徐大建译,上海:上海人民出版社,2008年,第6-25页。
    ④西蒙斯是基于伯纳德·威廉斯(Bernard Williams)的讨论而提醒我们注意这一点的,关于威廉斯的具体论述可参见Bernard Williams,A Critique of Utilitarianism,in J.C.C.Smart and B.Williams,Utilitarianism:For and Against,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1973,pp.118-
    134.
    ①Rolf E.Sartorius,Individual Conduct and Social Nnorms:A Utilitarian Account of Social Unionand the Rule of Law,Belmont,California:Dickenson,1975.
    ②金里卡就指出,并不是所有的偏好都必须得到满足,有些偏好是理性的或有理据的偏好(rational or informed preferences),而有些则是不正当的偏好(illegitimate preferences)。对此可参见Will Kymlicka,Contemporary Philosophy:An Introduction(Second edition),Oxford:Oxford University Press,2002,pp.17-20,26-32.
    ③[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第45页。
    ①[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第46页。
    ②Richard B.Brandt,A Theory of the Good and the Right,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1979,p.278.大卫·莱昂斯也如此称谓普遍功利主义,对此可具体参见David Lyons,Forms and Limits ofUtilitarianism,Oxford:Clarendon Press,2002,pp.1-29.
    ③Richard B.Brandt,A Theory of the Good and the Right,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1979,p.278.
    ④Marcus George Singer,Generalization in Ethics:An Essay in the Logic of Ethics,with theRudiments of a System of Moral Philosophy,New York:Alfred A.Knopf,1961,p.73.
    ①M.B.E.Smith,Is There a Prima Facie Obligation to Obey the Law?,The Yale Law Journal,Vol.82,No.5(Apr.,1973),p.950.
    ②C.D.Broad,On the Function of False Hypotheses in Ethics,International Journal of Ethics,Vol.26,No.3(Apr.,1916),pp.377-397
    ③M.B.E.Smith,Is There a Prima Facie Obligation to Obey the Law?,The Yale Law Journal,Vol.82,No.5(Apr.,1973),p.950.史密斯列举了两个荒谬的例子:一个是我们具有一种不能在5点钟吃晚餐的初确义务;一个是我们具有一种不生产食品的初确义务。尽管这两个例子都来源于道德生活,但这并不意味着政治生活中就不存在这样的荒诞例子,比如说我们具有一种在选举
    日(Election Day)那天不去投票的政治义务。
    ④David Lyons,Forms and Limits of Utilitarianism,Oxford:Clarendon Press,2002,pp.62-118.莱昂斯对普遍功利主义的这一判定引来了大量的批判,具体可参见:Boruch A.Brody,TheEquivalence of Act and Rule Utilitarianism,Philosophical Studies,Vol.18,No.6,1967,pp.81-87;J.Howard Sobel,Utilitarianisms:Simple and General,Inquiry,Vol.13,No.1,1970,pp.394-449;Harry S.Silverstein,Simple and General Utilitarianism,The Philosophical Review,Vol.83,No.3(Jul.,1974),pp.339-363.
    ①David Lyons,Forms and Limits of Utilitarianism,Oxford:Clarendon Press,2002,p.57.
    ②J.Harrison,Utilitarianism,Universalisation,and Our Duty to Be Just,Proceedings of theAristotelian Society,New Series,Vol.53(1952-1953),pp.116-117.
    ③Dan W.Brock,Recent Work in Utilitarianism,American Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.10,No.4(Oct.,1973),pp.258-259.
    ④David Hume,A Treatise of Human Nature,Vol.1:Texts,edited by David Fate Norton and Mary J.Norton,Oxford:Clarendon Press,2007,pp.307-366.
    ⑤David Hume,Of the Original Contract,in David Hume,Essays:Moral,Political and Literary,editedand with a Foreword,Notes,and Glossary by Eugene F.Miller,Indianapolis:Liberty Fund, Inc.,1985,pp.465-487.
    ⑥A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,p.46.
    ⑦A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,p.52.
    ①A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,p.53.
    ②J.Harrison,Utilitarianism,Universalisation,and Our Duty to Be Just,Proceedings of theAristotelian Society,New Series,Vol.53(1952-1953),pp.108-113.
    ③[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第48页。
    ④Lesley A.Jacobs,An Introduction to Moral Political Philosophy:The Democratic Vision ofPolitics, Upper Saddle River,New Jersey:Prentice Hall,1997,p.45.
    ①Dudley Knowles,Political Obligation,London and New York:Routledge,2010,pp.155-170.
    ②雅各布指出这种理论源于中世纪的自然法理论和自然权利理论,他说它的推理是这样的:如果个人对正义有自然责任,并且如果某个特定的国家以尊重社会正义要求的方式来行使其统治权利,那么个人服从该国家的义务就有可能从那种责任中衍生出来。对此可参见[加]莱斯利·雅各布:《民主的视野:当代政治哲学导论》,吴增定、刘凤罡译,北京:中国广播电视出版社,1999年,第83-84页。实际上,自然责任理论具有很多变种,具体可参见:John Finnis,Natural Law and Natural Rights(Second Edition),New York:Oxford University Press,2011,pp.231-350;Philip Soper,A Theory of Law,Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1984;D.D.Raphael,Problems of Political Philosophy(Seocond Edition),London:Macmillan,1990,pp.197-204;Jeremy Waldron,Special Ties and Natural Duties,Philosophy&Public Affairs,Vol.22,No.1(Winter,1993),pp.3-30.
    ①John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Pressof Harvard University Press,1999,pp.293-294.
    ②[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第134页。
    ③A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,pp.150-151.
    ①A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,pp.151-152.
    ②[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第138页。
    ③[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第138页。
    ④[美]德沃金:《法律帝国》,李常青译,北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1996年,第173页。
    ⑤[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第140页。
    ⑥Lesley A.Jacobs,An Introduction to Moral Political Philosophy:The Democratic Vision ofPolitics,Upper Saddle River,New Jersey:Prentice Hall,1997,p.47.
    ①Lesley A.Jacobs,An Introduction to Moral Political Philosophy:The Democratic Vision ofPolitics,Upper Saddle River,New Jersey:Prentice Hall,1997,p.47.
    ②Lesley A.Jacobs,An Introduction to Moral Political Philosophy:The Democratic Vision ofPolitics,Upper Saddle River,New Jersey:Prentice Hall,1997,p.48.相类似的论述也可以从沃尔德伦那里找到,对此可具体参见Jeremy Waldron,Special Ties and Natural Duties,Philosophy&Public Affairs,Vol.22,No.1(Winter,1993),pp.3-30.
    ③尽管雅各布强调他并不像威廉·纳尔逊(William N.Nelson)那样将民主视为唯一正当的政府形式,但是在他看来,即便其他形式的政府尊重正义要求的可能性是可以设想的,不过具体实施的可能性却是很小的。因而,实际的结果是:只有民主国家才有资格以正义的自然责任为由向其公民施加相应的政治义务。需要指出的就是,在涉及雅各布的相关论述时,我们所谓的政治共同体指代的就是他的民主国家或政府。此外,关于纳尔逊的论述可参见WilliamN.Nelson,On Justifying Democracy,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1980.
    ④Lesley A.Jacobs,An Introduction to Moral Political Philosophy:The Democratic Vision ofPolitics,Upper Saddle River,New Jersey:Prentice Hall,1997,p.48.
    ⑤Lesley A.Jacobs,An Introduction to Moral Political Philosophy:The Democratic Vision ofPolitics,Upper Saddle River,New Jersey:Prentice Hall,1997,p.49.关于这一点的阐述,我们还可以参见下述著作:John Finnis,Natural Law and Natural Rights(Second Edition),New York:OxfordUniversity Press,2011, pp.134-197; Robert E.Goodin,The State as a Moral Agent,in Alan P.Hamlinand Philip Pettit(eds.),The Good Polity:Normative Analysis of the State,Oxford and New York:Basil Blackwell,1989,pp.123-139;Jeremy Waldron,Special Ties and Natural Duties,Philosophy&Public Affairs,Vol.22,No.1(Winter,1993),pp.22-24.
    ①John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Pressof Harvard University Press,1999,p.296.
    ②John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Pressof Harvard University Press,1999,p.295.
    ③John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Pressof Harvard University Press,1999,p.295.
    ①[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第140页小注①。
    ②A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979,p.144.
    ③毛兴贵、谭杰:《论罗尔斯的政治义务理论》,载《现代哲学》,2005年第4期。
    ①John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Pressof Harvard University Press,1999,p.100.
    ②George Klosko,The Principle of Fairness and Political Obligation,Ethics,Vol.97,No.2(Jan.,1987),pp.353-362.
    ③George Klosko,Political Obligations,New York:Oxford University Press,2005,pp.75-97.
    ④Christopher Heath Wellman,Toward a Liberal Theory of Political Obligation,Ethics,Vol.111,No.4(Jul.,2001),p.740.
    ①Christopher Heath Wellman,Toward a Liberal Theory of Political Obligation,Ethics,Vol.111,No.4(Jul.,2001),p.742.威尔曼强调,我们应该在在政治合法性与政治义务之间做出区分,政治合法性关系到国家有权利对其选民实施强制,而政治义务关系到公民有责任去服从国家法律,实际上它们两者提出了相关但是不同的问题。威尔曼还进一步指出,将两者视为逻辑上相关联的是一种错误的认识,因为与国家实施强制的权利相对应的不是公民服从的道德义务而是公民不受强制的权利的阙如(a citizen' lack of right to not be coerced),换句话说,政治合法性产生的仅仅是创立法律约束性规则的道德自由(the moral libery to create legally bindingrules),而不是创立道德约束性规则的权力(the power to create morally binding rules)。对此,可参见Christopher Heath Wellman,Toward a Liberal Theory of Political Obligation,Ethics,Vol.111,No.4(Jul.,2001),p.742.另外,下述著作实际上也涉及到这两者之间的区分:Rolf Sartorius,Political Authority and Political Obligation,Virginia Law Review,Vol.67,No.1(Feb.,1981),pp.3-17;Leslie Green,The Authority of the State,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1988;William A.Edmundson,Three Anarchical Fallacies:An Essay on Political Authority,New York:Cambridge University Press,1998;William A.Edmundson,Legitimate Authority Without Political Obligation,Law andPhilosophy,Vol.17,No.1(Jan.,1998),pp.43-60;Mark Murphy,Moral Legitimacy and PoliticalObligation,American Philosophical Association Newsletter on Law and Philosophy,Vol.99,1999,pp.77-80.诺里斯在对威尔曼的乐善好施理论进行评述时明显不同意他所做的这种区分,对此可参见Dudley Knowles,Political Obligation, London and New York:Routledge,2010,p.160
    ②威尔曼说他在《通往一种自由主义政治义务理论(Toward a Liberal Theory of PoliticalObligation)》一文中对这两个前提的讨论修正了他先前在《自由主义、乐善好施与政治合法性(Liberalism,Samaritanism,and Political Legitimacy)》一文中所犯的霍菲尔德式错误(theHohfeldian errors)。关于威尔曼先前的讨论可参见Christopher H.Wellman,Liberalism,Samaritanism,and Political Legitimacy,Philosophy&Public Affairs,Vol.25,No.3(Summer,1996),pp.211-237.
    ③Christopher Heath Wellman,Toward a Liberal Theory of Political Obligation,Ethics,Vol.111,No.4(Jul.,2001),p.743.
    ④Christopher Heath Wellman,Toward a Liberal Theory of Political Obligation,Ethics,Vol.111,No.4(Jul.,2001),p.744.
    ⑤Christopher Heath Wellman,Toward a Liberal Theory of Political Obligation,Ethics,Vol.111,No.4(Jul.,2001),p.744.
    ①Christopher Heath Wellman,Toward a Liberal Theory of Political Obligation,Ethics,Vol.111,No.4(Jul.,2001),p.745.
    ②Christopher Heath Wellman,Toward a Liberal Theory of Political Obligation,Ethics,Vol.111,No.4(Jul.,2001),p.745.
    ③Christopher Heath Wellman,Toward a Liberal Theory of Political Obligation,Ethics,Vol.111,No.4(Jul.,2001),p.747.
    ④Christopher Heath Wellman,Toward a Liberal Theory of Political Obligation,Ethics,Vol.111,No.4(Jul.,2001),p.752“.伤害他人”原则又被称为“伤害”原则或“自由”原则(the "liberty" principle),它最早是由密尔提出的,后来乔尔·范伯格对其进行了系统性深化,在范伯格看来,伤害原则禁止一个人错误地(wrongly)导致另一个人原来境况的恶化。关于范伯格的论述可参见Joel Feinberg,The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law,Vol.1:Harm to Others,Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press,1987.威尔曼认为他的“施惠”原则实际上类似于范伯格意义上的伤害原则,因而他并不承认他的这一原则是极度反自由主义的,对此可参见Christopher HeathWellman,Toward a Liberal Theory of Political Obligation,Ethics,Vol.111,No.4(Jul.,2001),p.752.
    ①Christopher Heath Wellman,Toward a Liberal Theory of Political Obligation,Ethics,Vol.111,No.4(Jul.,2001),pp.747-748.
    ②Christopher Heath Wellman,Toward a Liberal Theory of Political Obligation,Ethics,Vol.111,No.4(Jul.,2001),p.748.
    ③Christopher Heath Wellman,Toward a Liberal Theory of Political Obligation,Ethics,Vol.111,No.4(Jul.,2001),p.748.
    ④Christopher Heath Wellman,Toward a Liberal Theory of Political Obligation,Ethics,Vol.111,No.4(Jul.,2001),p.748.
    ⑤Christopher Heath Wellman,Toward a Liberal Theory of Political Obligation,Ethics,Vol.111,No.4(Jul.,2001),pp.748-749.
    ①Christopher Heath Wellman,Toward a Liberal Theory of Political Obligation,Ethics,Vol.111,No.4(Jul.,2001),p.749.事实上,威尔曼不仅仅是援引公平原则,他认为乐善好施理论还可以与其他更多因素结合,比如有效权利的重要性(the importance of effective rights)、消费的社会性以(the social nature of consumption)及关系平等(relational equality)等,对此可参见Christopher Heath Wellman,Relational Facts in Liberal Political Theory:Is There Magic in thePronoun 'My'?,Ethics,Vol.110,No.3(April2000), pp.537-562.
    ②在威尔曼看来,一种自由主义政治义务理论必须包括四个前提条件:(1)国家提供了一些至关重要的利益,而在没有国家的情况下这些利益是不可能被提供出来的,这是一个描述性前提;(2)国家能够为它对其选民的强制行为提供一种乐善好施的证成(a samaritanjustification),这是第一个规范性前提;(3)人们彼此之间拥有乐善好施的义务,这是第二个规范性前提;(4)出于公平的考虑,我们应该为一项事业贡献自己的公平份额,即便对于整个事业来说单个人的贡献是无关紧要的,这是第三个规范性前提。对此,可参见ChristopherHeath Wellman,Toward a Liberal Theory of Political Obligation,Ethics,Vol.111,No.4(Jul.,2001),p.750.
    ③Christopher Heath Wellman,Toward a Liberal Theory of Political Obligation,Ethics,Vol.111,No.4(Jul.,2001),pp.754-759.
    ④Christopher Heath Wellman,Toward a Liberal Theory of Political Obligation,Ethics,Vol.111,No.4(Jul.,2001),p.754.
    ⑤尽管威尔曼强调了正义的自然责任理论与乐善好施的自然责任理论之间的差异性,尤其是后者比前者具有更强的适用性,但是他也承认正义的自然责任理论可以被合理地理解或限制为一种乐善好施的自然责任理论。对此可参见Christopher Heath Wellman,Toward a LiberalTheory of Political Obligation,Ethics,Vol.111,No.4(Jul.,2001),p.751.
    ⑥George Klosko,Samaritanism and Political Obligation:A Response to Christopher Wellman's"Liberal Theory of Political Obligation",Ethics,Vol.113,No.4(July2003),p.837.
    ⑦威尔曼自己也承认这一点,对此可参见Christopher Heath Wellman,Toward a Liberal Theoryof Political Obligation,Ethics, Vol.111,No.4(Jul.,2001),pp.748,752.
    ⑧George Klosko,Samaritanism and Political Obligation:A Response to Christopher Wellman's"Liberal Theory of Political Obligation",Ethics,Vol.113,No.4(July2003),p.838.
    ①George Klosko,Samaritanism and Political Obligation:A Response to Christopher Wellman's"Liberal Theory of Political Obligation",Ethics,Vol.113,No.4(July2003),p.839.
    ②Dudley Knowles,Political Obligation,London and New York:Routledge,2010,p.164.
    ③A.John Simmons,The Duty to Obey and Our Natrual Moral Duties,in Christopher HeathWellman and A.John Simmons,Is There a Duty to Obey the Law?,New York:CambridgeUniversity Press,2005,pp.182-183.
    ④A.John Simmons,The Duty to Obey and Our Natrual Moral Duties,in Christopher HeathWellman and A.John Simmons,Is There a Duty to Obey the Law?,New York:CambridgeUniversity Press,2005,pp.184-185.
    ⑤Dudley Knowles,Political Obligation, London and New York:Routledge,2010,p.165.
    ⑥Dudley Knowles,Political Obligation, London and New York:Routledge,2010,p.165.
    ①Dudley Knowles,Political Obligation, London and New York:Routledge,2010,p.165.
    ②Christopher Heath Wellman,Samaritanism and the Duty to Obey the Law, in Christopher HeathWellman and A.John Simmons,Is There a Duty to Obey the Law?,New York:CambridgeUniversity Press,2005,p.33.
    ③Dudley Knowles,Political Obligation, London and New York:Routledge,2010,p.166.
    ④Dudley Knowles,Political Obligation, London and New York:Routledge,2010,p.166.
    ⑤Dudley Knowles,Political Obligation, London and New York:Routledge,2010,p.169.
    ⑥Massimo Renzo,Duties of Samaritanism and Political Obligation,Legal Theory,Vol.14,No.3,2008,pp.193-217.
    ⑦Dudley Knowles,Political Obligation, London and New York:Routledge,2010,p.169-170.
    ①Seymour Martin Lipset,Political Man:The Social Bases of Politcs,New York:Doubleday,1960,p.77.
    ②一直以来,学者们对公民不服从这一议题保持了很高的研究兴趣,形成了大量的研究文献,具体可参见:David Spitz,Democracy and the Problem of Civil Disobedience,The AmericanPolitical Science Review,Vol.48,No.2(Jun.,1954),pp.386-403;Hugo A.Bedau,On CivilDisobedience,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.58,No.21,1961,pp.653-665;Stuart M.Brown,Jr.,CivilDisobedience,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.58,No.22,1961,pp.669-681;Charles L.Black Jr.,TheProblem of the Compatibility of Civil Disobedience with American Institutions of Government,Texas Law Review,Vol.43,1965,pp.492-506;Harry Prosch,Limits to the Moral Claim in CivilDisobedience,Ethics,Vol.75,No.2(Jan.,1965),pp.103-111;Darnell Rucker,The Moral Grounds ofCivil Disobedience,Ethics,Vol.76,No.2(Jan.,1966),pp.142-145;Wilson Carey McWilliams,CivilDisobedience and Contemporary Constitutionalism:The American Case,Comparative Politics,Vol.1,No.2(Jan.,1969),pp.211-227;Rex Martin,Civil Disobedience,Ethics,Vol.80,No.2(Jan.,1970),pp.123-139;Paul F.Power,On Civil Disobedience in Recent American Democratic Thought,TheAmerican Political Science Review,Vol.64,No.1(Mar.,1970),pp.35-47;Robert T.Hall,LegalToleration of Civil Disobedience,Ethics,Vol.81,No.2(Jan.,1971),pp.128-142;Edward A.Stettner,Political Obligation and Civil Disobedience,Polity,Vol.4,No.1,1971,pp.105-115;Carl Cohen,CivilDisobedience:Conscience,Tactics,and the Law,New York:Columbia University Press,1971;Michael P.Smith and Kenneth L. Deutsch(eds.),Political Obligation and Civil Disobedience:Readings,New York:Thomas Y. Crowell Company,Inc.,1972;Paul F.Power,Civil Disobedience asFunctional Opposition,The Journal of Politics,Vol.34,No.1(Feb.,1972),pp.37-55;Menachem MarcKellner,Democracy and Civil Disobedience,The Journal of Politics,Vol.37,No.4(Nov.,1975),pp.899-911;Paul Harris(ed.),Civil Disobedience,Lanham,Maryland:University Press of America,1989;R.George Wright,Notes on Civil Disobedience,in R.George Wright,Legal and PoliticalObligation:Classic and Contemporary Texts and Commentary,Lanham:University Press ofAmerica,1992,pp.101-107;T.R.S.Allan,Citizenship and Obligation:Civil Disobedience and CivilDissent,The Cambridge Law Journal,Vol.55,No.1(Mar.,1996),pp.89-121;David Lyons,MoralJudgment,Historical Reality,and Civil Disobedience,Philosophy&Public Affairs,Vol.27,No.1(Winter,1998),pp.31-49;James Luther Adams,Civil Disobedience:Its Occasions and Limits,in J.Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman(eds.),Political and Legal Obligation,With a Introductionby William J.Quirk,New Brunswick,N.J.:AldineTransaction,2007,pp.293-331;Kent Greenawalt,AContextual Approach to Disobedience,in J.Roland Pennock and John W.Chapman(eds.),Politicaland Legal Obligation,With a Introduction by William J.Quirk,New Brunswick,N.J.:AldineTransaction,2007,pp.332-369;Gerald C.MacCallum,Jr.,Some Truths and Untruths aboutCivil Disobedience,in J.Roland Pennock and John W.Chapman(eds.),Political and LegalObligation,With a Introduction by William J.Quirk,New Brunswick,N.J.:Aldine Transaction,2007,pp.370-400;Alfred G.Meyer,Political Change Through Civil Disobedience in the USSR andEastern Europe,in J.Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman(eds.),Political and Legal Obligation,With a Introduction by William J.Quirk,New Brunswick,N.J.:AldineTransaction,2007.
    ①Carl Cohen,Civil Disobedience:Conscience,Tactics,and the Law,New York:Columbia UniversityPress,1971,p.4.
    ②A.D.Woozley,Civil Disobedience and Punishment,Ethics,Vol.86,No.4(Jul.,1976),pp.323-331;Daniel M.Farrell,Paying the Penalty:Justifiable Civil Disobedience and the Problem ofPunishment,Philosophy&Public Affairs,Vol.6,No.2(Winter,1977),pp.165-184.
    ③Charles Fried,Moral Causation,Harvard Law Review,Vol.77,No.7(May,1964),pp.1258-1270.
    ④John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Pressof Harvard University Press,1999,p.322.
    ⑤当然,我们也不能将公民不服从完全等于非暴力(nonviolence),它们之间还是有区别的,而关于这一区别的论述可参见Berel Lang,Civil Disobedience and Nonviolence:A Distinctionwith a Difference,Ethics,Vol.80,No.2(Jan.,1970),pp.156-159.
    ①[美]马丁·路德·金:《非暴力抵抗的一个概括》,何怀宏等译,载何怀宏(编):《西方公民不服从的传统》,长春:吉林人民出版社,2001年,第110页。关于马丁·路德·金公民不服从思想的研究可参见Barbara Allen,Martin Luther King's Civil Disobedience and theAmerican Covenant Tradition,Publius,Vol.30,No.4,Essays in Memory of Daniel J.Elazar(Autumn,2000),pp.71-113.
    ②[印]莫罕达斯·甘地:《论非暴力》,何怀宏译,载何怀宏(编):《西方公民不服从的传统》,长春:吉林人民出版社,2001年,第39-60页。关于甘地的公民不服从思想的研究,可参见George Hendrick,The Influence of Thoreau's "Civil Disobedience" on Gandhi's Satyagraha,TheNew England Quarterly,Vol.29,No.4(Dec.,1956),pp.462-471;Wayne A.R.Leys and P.S.S.RamaRao,Gandhi' Synthesis of Indian Spirituality and Western Politics,in J.Roland Pennock and JohnW.Chapman(eds.),Political and Legal Obligation,With a Introduction by William J.Quirk,NewBrunswick,N.J.:AldineTransaction,2007,pp.440-455;
    ③具体来说,这三节主要为第55、57、59节,对此可参见John Rawls,ATheory of Justice(RevisedEdition),Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1999,pp.319-323,326-331,335-343.
    ④John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Pressof Harvard University Press,1999,p.319.
    ⑤John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Pressof Harvard University Press,1999,p.319.
    ①John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Pressof Harvard University Press,1999,p.320.罗尔斯认为,这个定义比亨利·大卫·索罗(HenryDavid Thoreau)的定义要狭窄,关于索罗对公民不服从的定义可参见Henry David Thoreau,Onthe Duty of Civil Disobedience,in Hugo A.Bedau(ed.),Civil Disobedience in Focus,London:Routledge,1991,pp.28-48.此外,关于比多对公民不服从的定义可参见Hugo A.Bedau,On CivilDisobedience,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.58,No.21,1961,pp.653-665.
    ②关于(1)和(2)这两个特性的论述还可参见Marshall Cohen,Civil Disobedience in aConstitutional Democracy,The Massachusetts Review,Vol.10,No.2,1969,pp.224–226,218–221.
    ③John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Pressof Harvard University Press,1999,pp.320-322.
    ①John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Pressof Harvard University Press,1999,p.327.
    ②John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Pressof Harvard University Press,1999,pp.326-329.
    ①John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Pressof Harvard University Press,1999,p.336.
    ②John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Pressof Harvard University Press,1999,p.336.
    ③John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Pressof Harvard University Press,1999,p.341.
    ④John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Pressof Harvard University Press,1999,p.342.
    ⑤John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Pressof Harvard University Press,1999,p.342.
    ①杨礼银:《论罗尔斯和哈贝马斯的“公民不服从”理论》,载《武汉大学学报(人文科学版)》,2009年第4期。
    ②Ronald Dworkin,Taking Rights Seriously,Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1978,p.207.
    ①Ronald Dworkin,Taking Rights Seriously,Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1978,p.207.
    ②Ronald Dworkin,Taking Rights Seriously,Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1978,pp.207-208.
    ①Ronald Dworkin,Taking Rights Seriously,Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1978,p.214.
    ②Ronald Dworkin,Taking Rights Seriously,Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1978,p.219.需要指出的是,德沃金对抵制兵役法的情形进行了分类处理,具体包括两类:一是个人抵制兵役法,即公民被应招入伍但拒绝入伍;二是商议抵制兵役法(counsel draftresistance),即说服其他公民一并实施抵制兵役法的行为,而在没有商议影响的情况下其他公民将不会采取这种抵制行为。
    ③关于常识性地方主义的阐述可参见王续添:《现代中国地方主义的政治解读》,载《史学月刊》,2002年第6期。
    ①A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979, p.32.
    ②这个例子我们得益于西蒙斯,对此可参见A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and PoliticalObligations,Princeton,New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1979, p.32.
    ③Jean-Paul Sartre,Colonialism and Neocolonialism,Translated by Azzedine Haddour,Steve Brewerand Terry McWilliams,London and New York:Routledge,2001.
    ①Yves Mény and Vincent Wright(eds.),Centre-Periphery Relations in Western Europe,London:George Allen&Un-win,1985.
    ②David Easton,A System Analysis of Political Life,London:John Wiely&Sons,Inc.,1965.
    ①Richard C.Schragger,The Limits of Localism,Michigan Law Review,Vol.100,No.2(Nov.,2001),pp.371-472.
    ①Robert Nozick,Coercion,in Robert Nozick,Socratic Puzzles,Cambridge,Massachusetts andLondon,England:Harvard University Press,1997,p.17.
    ②Robert Nozick,Coercion,in Robert Nozick,Socratic Puzzles,Cambridge,Massachusetts andLondon,England:Harvard University Press,1997,p.18.
    ③Robert Nozick,Coercion,in Robert Nozick,Socratic Puzzles,Cambridge,Massachusetts andLondon,England:Harvard University Press,1997,p.17.
    ④Robert Nozick,Coercion,in Robert Nozick,Socratic Puzzles,Cambridge,Massachusetts andLondon,England:Harvard University Press,1997,p.19.
    ①Christian Bay,The Structure of Freedom,Palo Alto,California:Stanford University Press,1958.
    ②Robert L.Hale,Freedom Through Law,Public Control of Private Governing Power,New York:Columbia University,1952.
    ③Robert A.Dahl,Modern Political Analysis,Englewood Cliffs,New Jersey:Prentice-Hall,1976.
    ④Harold Lasswell and Abraham Kaplan,Power and Society,New Haven:Yale University Press,1950.
    ⑤Robert Nozick,Coercion,in Robert Nozick,Socratic Puzzles,Cambridge,Massachusetts andLondon,England:Harvard University Press,1997,p.24.
    ①Robert Nozick,Coercion,in Robert Nozick,Socratic Puzzles,Cambridge,Massachusetts andLondon,England:Harvard University Press,1997,p.24.
    ②Joel Feinberg,The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law,Vol.3:Harm to Self,Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press,1989,p.219.
    ③Robert Nozick,Coercion,in Robert Nozick,Socratic Puzzles,Cambridge,Massachusetts andLondon,England:Harvard University Press,1997,p.24.
    ④Joel Feinberg,The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law,Vol.3:Harm to Self,Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press,1989,pp.218-219.而在阿兰·威瑟姆(Alan Wertheimer)看来,预知性底线除了涉及统计性标准外还应该包括心理性标准,即Q对他在一个社会中应该或将会被如何对待的正常性预期,对此可参见Alan Wertheimer,Coercion,New Jersey:Princeton UniversityPress,1990,pp.217-219.
    ⑤Joel Feinberg,The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law,Vol.3:Harm to Self,Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press,1989,pp.218-219.关于道德性底线的论述还可参见Alan Wertheimer,Coercion,New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1990,pp.217-219;Andrew Hetherington,The RealDistinction Between Threats and Offers,Social Theory and Practice,Vo.25,No.2,1999,p.207.
    ①Michael Gorr,Toward a Theory of Coercion,Canadian Journal of Philosophy,Vol.16,No.3,1986,pp.383-405.
    ②Harry G.Frankfurt,Coercion and Moral Responsibility,in Ted Honderich(ed.),Essays on Freedomof Action,London:Routledge&Kegan Paul,1973,pp.63-86.
    ③David Zimmerman,Coercive Wage Offers,Philosophy&Public Affairs,Vol.10,No.2(Spring,1981),pp.121-145.
    ④Michael R.Rhodes,The Nature of Coercion,The Journal of Value Inquiry,Vol.34,No.2-3,2000,pp.
    369-381.
    ⑤Robert Nozick,Coercion,in Robert Nozick,Socratic Puzzles,Cambridge,Massachusetts andLondon,England:Harvard University Press,1997,p.31.
    ①Christian Bay,The Structure of Freedom,Palo Alto,California:Stanford University Press,1958.
    ②H.J.McCloskey,Coercion:Its Nature and Significance,The Southern Journal of Philosophy,Vol.18,No.3,1980,p.340.
    ①迈克尔·贝里斯(Michael Bayles)就认为存在两种强制概念:一种是发生性强制(occurrentcoercion),它只包含强制者与被强制者两项,暴力本身属于这一种概念;一种是意向性强制(dispositional coercion),它包含强制者、被强制者以及被强制者的行动三项,强制性暴力则属于这一种概念。对此,可参见Michael Bayles,A Concept of Coercion,in J. Roland Pennockand John W.Chapman(eds.),Nomos XIV:Coercion,Chicago,IL:Aldine-Atherton,1972,p.17.关于这种两种概念的区分我们还可以从下述文献中找到:Martin Gunderson,Threats and Coercion,Canadian Journal of Philosophy,Vol.9,No.2(Jun.,1979),pp.247-259;Grant Lamond, Coercion,Threats,and the Puzzle of Blackmail,in A.P.Simester,A.T.H.Smith(eds.),Harm and Culpability,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1996,pp.215-238;Scott A.Anderson,How Did There Come To Be TwoKinds of Coercion?,in David A.Reidy and Walter J.Riker(eds.),Coercion and the State,pp.17-30.其实,很多学者在对强制概念的研究中都进行了不同种类的划分,如诺齐克就将强制概念区分为两类:一类是分类学上的强制(a classificatory notion ofcoercion);一类是数量学上的强制(a quantitative notion of coercion)。对此可参见Robert Nozick,Coercion,in Robert Nozick,Socratic Puzzles,Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England:Harvard University Press,1997,p.44.而特伦斯·鲍尔(Terence Ball)则以意识形态为划分标的将强制区划为自由主义的强制概念(the liberal concepts of coercion)和马克思主义的强制概念(the Marxian concepts ofcoercion)两种。对此可参见Terence Ball,Two Concepts of Coercion,Theory and Society,Vol.5,No.1(Jan.,1978),pp.97-112.
    ②Robert Nozick,Coercion,in Robert Nozick,Socratic Puzzles,Cambridge,Massachusetts andLondon,England:Harvard University Press,1997,p.40.在诺齐克看来,施予与威胁一样也可以分为施予前势(the preoffer situations)和施予势(the offer situations)。另外,诺齐克对威胁前势与威胁势之间以及施予前势与施予势之间的转换情况做了细致分析,同时他还比较了两种转换之间的差异。对此可参见Robert Nozick,Coercion,in Robert Nozick,Socratic Puzzles,Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England:Harvard University Press,1997,pp.40-44.
    ①我们可以从下述著作中找到对这一观点的支持:Harry Beran,In Defense of the ConsentTheory of Political Obligation and Authority,Ethics,Vol.87,No.3(Apr.,1977),pp.260-271;Lawrence C.Becker,Hard Choices Are Enough,Virginia Law Review,Vol.67,No.1,(Feb.,1981),pp.97-102;A.John Simmons,Consent,Free Choice,and Democratic Government,Georgia Law Review,Vol.18,No.4,1984,pp.791-819;Harry Beran,The Consent Theory of Political Obligation,London:Croom Helm,1987.
    ②Joseph Raz,Authority and Consent,Virginia Law Review,Vol.67,No.1,(Feb.,1981),pp.103-131.
    ③Margaret Gilbert,Agreements,Coercion,and Obligation,Ethics,Vol.103,No.4.(Jul.,1993),p.684.
    ④Margaret Gilbert,Agreements,Coercion,and Obligation,Ethics,Vol.103,No.4.(Jul.,1993),pp.701-706.
    ①当然,有的学者也试图为公民Q的行为做一种正当性辩护(legitimate defense/justification),比如说在战争期间,尽管Q没有做任何伤害政治共同体R的事情,但是政治共同体R的公民却一样憎恨具有侵略者身份的Q,因而,政治共同体R的一个公民S试图寻找机会将Q杀死,且不将Q杀死决不罢休,在这种情况下Q为了自卫反而将S杀死,那么我们能否为Q的行为做一种正当性辩护吗?对此可参见Peter Westen and James Mangiafico,The CriminalDefense of Duress:A Justification,Not an Excuse—And Why It Matters,Buffalo Criminal LawReview,Vol.6, No.2(January2003),pp.833-950.
    ②Michael S.Moore,Causation and the Excuses,California Law Review,Vol.73,No.4(Jul.,1985),p.1148.
    ③Paul H.Robinson,Criminal Law Defenses:A Systematic Analysis,Columbia Law Review,Vol.82,No.2(Mar.,1982),p.222.
    ①Joshua Dressler,Understanding Criminal Law,NewYork:Matthew Bender&Company,1994,p.277.
    ②Dan M.Kahan and Martha C.Nussbaum,Two Conceptions of Emotion in Criminal Law,ColumbiaLaw Review,Vol.96,No.2(Mar.,1996),pp.333-338.
    ③Sanford H.Kadish,Excusing Crime,California Law Review,Vol.75,No.1,1987,pp.257-289.
    ④德雷斯勒提出了相类似的批判,对此可参见Joshua Dressler,Exegesis of the Law of Duress:Justifying the Excuse and Searching for Its Proper Limits,Southern California Law Review,Vol.
    62,No.5,1989,pp.1363-1364.
    ⑤H.L.A.Hart,Punishment and Responsibility:Essays in the Philosophy of Law(Second Edition),With an Introduction by John Gardner,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2008,p.181.
    ⑥Joshua Dressler,Exegesis of the Law of Duress:Justifying the Excuse and Searching for Its ProperLimits,Southern California Law Review,Vol.62,No.5,1989,p.1385.
    ①Joshua Dressler,Exegesis of the Law of Duress:Justifying the Excuse and Searching for Its ProperLimits,Southern California Law Review,Vol.62,No.5,1989,p.1371.实际上,德雷斯勒在这一点上没有一个固定的立场,他有时又认为公平机会的解释能够为公民Q的行为做出免责辩护,对此可参见Joshua Dressler,Reflections on Excusing Wrongdoers:Moral Theory,New Excusesand the Model Penal Code,Rutgers Law Journal,Vol.19.No.3,1988,pp.671-716.
    ②Joshua Dressler,Exegesis of the Law of Duress:Justifying the Excuse and Searching for Its ProperLimits,Southern California Law Review,Vol.62,No.5,1989,pp.1362-1363.
    ③Craig L.Carr,Duress and Criminal Responsibility,Law and Philosophy,Vol.10,No.2(May,1991),pp.173-174.
    ④Craig L.Carr,Duress and Criminal Responsibility,Law and Philosophy,Vol.10,No.2(May,1991),p.181.
    ⑤Craig L.Carr,Duress and Criminal Responsibility,Law and Philosophy,Vol.10,No.2(May,1991),pp.181-182.
    ①玛格丽特·吉尔伯特在格奥尔格·齐美尔(Georg Simmel)思想的基础上提出了“社会群体(social groups)”这一概念,在她看来,(1)社会群体是真实的现象,而非某种类型的虚构或假象;(2)群体成员所共有的一种特定的精神状态承载着一个社会群体的核心或本质;(3)人们认为他们是通过一定的特殊纽带被维系在一起的,而人们持有的这一观念就蕴含在这种特定的精神状态之中。对此,可参见Margaret Gilbert,On Social Facts,London:Routledge,1989,pp.146-147.另外,齐美尔的论述可参见Georg Simmel,How is Society Possible?,AmericanJournal of Sociology,Vol.16,No.3(Nov.,1910),pp.372-391.
    ①J.S.McClelland,A History of Western Political Thought,London and New York:Routledge,1996,P.266.
    ②《马克思恩格斯选集(第1卷)》,北京:人民出版社,1995年,第56页。
    ③Talbot M.Brewer,Two Kinds of Commitments (And Two Kinds of Social Groups),Philosophyand Phenomenological Research,Vol.66,No.3(May,2003),p.554.
    ④需要指出的是,我们在具体论述过程中利用了很多社群主义理论资源,有时甚至直接将这些所谓的社群主义者划归到共和主义者阵营当中,我们是基于这样两点考虑:(1)社群主义是一种很庞杂的理论学说,在理论上将很多社群主义者视为共和主义者是没有任何障碍的,毕竟很多社群主义者并不喜欢被贴上社群主义者的标签,而在很多地方他们却明确地表示自己是一个共和主义者,比如桑德尔;(2)共和主义与社群主义本来就存在叠交部分,正如金里卡所说,共和主义试图将自由主义的正义要求与社群主义的成员资格要求整合在一起,因而,共和主义正是由于具备了调停自由主义与社群主义之争的理论能力才得以在当代复兴的。关于金里卡的论述,可参见Will Kymlicka,Contemporary Philosophy:An Introduction(Second edition),Oxford: Oxford University Press,2002,p.284.贝拉米甚至认为存在社群主义版本的共和主义(communitarian version of republicanism),对此可参见Richard Bellamy,Republicanism:Non-domination and the Free State,in Gerard Delanty and Stephen P.Turner(eds.)Routledge International Handbook of Contemporary Social and Political Theory,New York:Routledge,2011,p.130.
    ①Allen E.Buchanan,Assessing the Communitarian Critique of Liberalism,Ethics,Vol.99,No.4(Jul.,1989),pp.852-853.
    ②H.N.Hirsch,The Threnody of Liberalism:Constitutional Liberty and the Renewal of Community,Political Theory,Vol.14,No.3(Aug.,1986),p.423.
    ③Ronald Dworkin,Taking Rights Seriously,Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1978,pp.81-130.
    ④H.N.Hirsch,The Threnody of Liberalism:Constitutional Liberty and the Renewal of Community,Political Theory,Vol.14,No.3(Aug.,1986),pp.424-425.
    ①Michael J.Sandel,Democracy's Discontent:America in Search of a Public Philosophy,Cambridge,Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1996,p.4.
    ②Samuel Scheffler,Relationships and Responsibilities,Philosophy&Public Affairs,Vol.26,No.3(Summer,1997),pp.189-209.
    ③Talbot M.Brewer,Two Kinds of Commitments (And Two Kinds of Social Groups),Philosophyand Phenomenological Research,Vol.66,No.3(May,2003),p.556.
    ④Alasdair MacIntyre,After Virtue:A Study in Moral Theory(Third Edition),Notre Dame,Indiana:University of Notre Dame Press,2007,p.156.
    ①Michael J.Sandel,Liberalism and the Limits of Justice,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1982,p.62.与桑德尔相类似的观点,我们还可以从麦金太尔和泰勒那里找到,可分别参见Alasdair MacIntyre,After Virtue:A Study in Moral Theory(Third Edition),Notre Dame,Indiana:University of Notre Dame Press,2007,p.220;Charles Taylor,Hegel and Modern Society,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1979,pp.156-159.
    ②沃尔泽认为,由于地理、社会、婚姻和政治四种流动的存在,这使得后社会的自我(post-socialself)而非前社会的自我(pre-social self)成为自由主义实践的实际主题,而自由主义的自我是对自由主义社会的不确定性与分离性的反映。对此,可参见Michael Walzer,TheCommunitarian Critique of Liberalism,Political Theory,Vol.18,No.1(Feb.,1990),p.21.
    ③Michael J.Sandel,Liberalism and the Limits of Justice,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1982,p.179.
    ④Michael J.Sandel,Democracy's Discontent:America in Search of a Public Philosophy,Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1996,p.16.
    ⑤Alasdair MacIntyre,After Virtue:A Study in Moral Theory(Third Edition),Notre Dame,Indiana:University of Notre Dame Press,2007,p.156.
    ①Michael Walzer,The Communitarian Critique of Liberalism,Political Theory,Vol.18,No.1(Feb.,1990),p.21.
    ②Michael J.Sandel,Liberalism and the Limits of Justice,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1982,p.179.
    ③H.N.Hirsch,The Threnody of Liberalism:Constitutional Liberty and the Renewal of Community,Political Theory,Vol.14,No.3(Aug.,1986),p.429.
    ④同质性必然会导致社群的社会分层和排斥问题(the problems of social stratification andexclusion)。就社群的排斥性这一点来说,沃尔泽承认,一个政治社群要实现自我发展必然要实施排斥非成员的举措,而且在某种程度上对于政治社群而言排斥也是一种理所应当的行为,因为这是社群自我想象(the community's image of itself)的一部分。当然,政治社群也有义务对那些满足准入政策(admission policy)的非成员开放,不过,这种开放也是有限度的,因为一个政治社群不可能一味地满足陌生人的需要。具体来说,这种有限度的开放表现在下述三个方面:(1)只能分享政治社群的剩余物;(2)只进行有限度的再分配;(3)不要求实现亲密关系(intimacy)。对此,可参见Michael Walzer,Spheres of Justice:A Defense ofPluralism and Equality,New York:Basic Books,1983,pp.31-63.针对(3),赫希特别指出,在一个政治社群中,亲密关系建基于社群成员之间相互承认和感情契合等心理特质之上,它创造了一种道德纽带,这种道德纽带能够将社群的真正成员牢固地捆绑在一起。如果陌生人不能具有这种亲密关系,那么他们也就必然不能得到政治社群的真正接纳。可以说,沃尔泽的政治社群开放只是一种形式的或虚假的开放。对此,可参见H.N.Hirsch,The Threnody of Liberalism:Constitutional Liberty and the Renewal of Community,Political Theory,Vol.14,No.3(Aug.,1986),p.436.其实,在赫希之前桑德尔就对这种有限的且形式上的政治社群接纳提出了批评,对此可参见Michael J.Sandel,The Procedural Republic and the Unencumbered Self, Political Theory,Vol.12,No.1(Feb.,1984),pp.81-96.
    ⑤赫希认为,尽管一套道德教育体制(a system of moral education)有助于维持和加强一个社群,但是这也带来了灌输的幽灵(the specter of indoctrination)和对自主的损害(thecompromise of autonomy)。对此,可参见H.N.Hirsch,The Threnody of Liberalism:ConstitutionalLiberty and the Renewal of Community,Political Theory,Vol.14,No.3(Aug.,1986),p.438.
    ①H.N.Hirsch,The Threnody of Liberalism:Constitutional Liberty and the Renewal of Community,Political Theory,Vol.14,No.3(Aug.,1986),p.435.
    ②Allen E.Buchanan,Assessing the Communitarian Critique of Liberalism,Ethics,Vol.99,No.4(Jul.,1989),p.853.
    ③Allen E.Buchanan,Assessing the Communitarian Critique of Liberalism,Ethics,Vol.99,No.4(Jul.,1989),p.854.
    ④Allen E.Buchanan,Assessing the Communitarian Critique of Liberalism,Ethics,Vol.99,No.4(Jul.,1989),p.856.
    ⑤Gerald J.Postema,Collective Evils,Harms,and the Law,Ethics,Vol.97,No.2(Jan.,1987),pp.418-423.
    ①Allen E.Buchanan,Assessing the Communitarian Critique of Liberalism,Ethics,Vol.99,No.4(Jul.,1989),p.857.
    ②Allen E.Buchanan,Assessing the Communitarian Critique of Liberalism,Ethics,Vol.99,No.4(Jul.,1989),pp.866-867.
    ③Allen E.Buchanan,Assessing the Communitarian Critique of Liberalism,Ethics,Vol.99,No.4(Jul.,1989),p.867.
    ④Allen E.Buchanan,Assessing the Communitarian Critique of Liberalism,Ethics,Vol.99,No.4(Jul.,1989),p.867.
    ①Allen E.Buchanan,Assessing the Communitarian Critique of Liberalism,Ethics,Vol.99,No.4(Jul.,1989),p.869.
    ②在麦金太尔看来,内在利益与外在利益(external goods)的一个重要区别就是,内在利益的获得有益于参与实践的整个共同体。关于麦金太尔对实践的内在利益概念(the notion ofgoods internal to a practice)的论述,可参见Alasdair MacIntyre,After Virtue:A Study in MoralTheory(Third Edition),Notre Dame,Indiana:University of Notre Dame Press,2007,pp.188-191.但是,布坎南显然不是在麦金太尔的意义上使用内在利益这一概念的,他强调内在利益必须依赖于社群关系才能得到描述,虽然它们是共同生产出来的,然而它们却并不是公共物品,因为它们具有内在排斥性(intrinsically excludable)。正由于内在利益的这种排斥性,使得它可以避免搭便车现象的发生。布坎南认为,社群的独特利益就是参与的利益,这种利益内在于合作过程自身当中,因而,这种利益是不可能为那些不尽力的人获得的。对此,可参见AllenE.Buchanan,Assessing the Communitarian Critique of Liberalism,Ethics,Vol.99,No.4(Jul.,1989),p.869.不可否认,在内在利益的问题上,的确不存在搭便车者,但是这却不能成为否定社群内存在搭便车者的充分理由,因为我们没有充足的理由否定下述情况的存在:社群内依然存在着不想搭内在利益便车的搭便车者。
    ③Allen E.Buchanan,Assessing the Communitarian Critique of Liberalism,Ethics,Vol.99,No.4(Jul.,1989),pp.869-870.
    ①Talbot M.Brewer,Two Kinds of Commitments (And Two Kinds of Social Groups),Philosophyand Phenomenological Research,Vol.66,No.3(May,2003),p.556.
    ②Michael J.Sandel,Liberalism and the Limits of Justice,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1982,p.179.
    ③[美]A.麦金泰尔:《追寻美德:伦理理论研究》,宋继杰译,南京:译林出版社,2003年,第279页。
    ④Allen E.Buchanan,Assessing the Communitarian Critique of Liberalism,Ethics,Vol.99,No.4(Jul.,1989), p.873.
    ①Charles Taylor,Hegel:History and Politics,in Michael J.Sandel(eds.),Liberalism and Its Critics,New York:New York University Press,1984,p.184.
    ②Allen E.Buchanan,Assessing the Communitarian Critique of Liberalism,Ethics,Vol.99,No.4(Jul.,1989),p.874.
    ③Charles Taylor,Hegel:History and politics,in Michael J.Sandel(eds.),Liberalism and Its Critics,New York:New York University Press,1984,p.187.
    ①除了佩迪特之外,斯金纳、维罗里以及梅诺等共和主义作家也认可无支配的权力逻辑,对于他们的著作可参见Quentin Skinner,The Idea of Negative Liberty,in Richard Rorty,J.B.Schneewind,Quentin Skinner(eds.),Philosophy in History:Essays in the Historiography ofPhilosophy,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1984,pp.193-221;Maurizio Viroli,Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the "Well-ordered Society",translated by Derek Hanson,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1988;Quentin Skinner,The Republican Ideal of Political Liberty,inGisela Bock,Quentin Skinner and Maurizio Viroli(eds.),Machiavelli and Republicanism,Cambridge and New York:Cambridge University Press,1990,pp.293-309;Maurizio Viroli,Machiavelli,New York:Oxford University Press,1998;Quentin Skinner,Liberty Before Liberalism,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1998;Quentin Skinner,Against Servitude,Centre for theStudy of Democracy,Vol.7,No.2,Summer2000,pp.10-13;Maurizio Viroli,Republicanism,New York:Hill and Wang,2002;John W.Maynor,Republicanism in the Modern World,Cambridge:Polity Press,2003.
    ②Isaiah Berlin,Two Concepts of Liberty,in Isaiah Berlin,Liberty(Incorporating Four Essays onLiberty),edited by Henty Hardy,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2002,pp.169-178.
    ③Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.18.
    ①Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.19.其实,斯金纳在先前就提出了与之相类似的观点,对此可参见Quentin Skinner,TheRepublican Ideal of Political Liberty,in Gisela Bock,Quentin Skinner and Maurizio Viroli(eds.),Machiavelli and Republicanism,Cambridge and New York:Cambridge University Press,1990,pp.293-309.
    ②佩迪特是在宽泛的意义上谈论共和主义传统的,但是在一定程度上他对共和主义传统的理解又充满着矛盾,有时候他认为由于在不同时期对共同议题的关注使得共和主义传统是统一,而有时候他又认为共和主义根本不是一个传统,因为它难以满足传统所要求的足够的一贯性和连续性。对此,可参见Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom andGovernment,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.20,p.10.关于共和主义传统断裂的论述,可参见F.I.Michelman,Traces of Self-Government,Harvard Law Review,Vol.100,No.1,1986,pp.4-77;PasqualePasquino,Political Theory,Order,and Threat,in Ian Shapiro and Russell Hardin(eds.),NomosXXXVIII:Political Order,New York and London:New York University Press,1993,pp.19-41.
    ③Philip Pettit,Negative Liberty,Liberal and Republican,European Journal of Philosophy,Vol.1,No.1,1993,p.16.
    ④Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.22.
    ⑤Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.22.
    ⑥Philip Pettit,Negative Liberty,Liberal and Republican,European Journal of Philosophy,Vol.1,No.1,1993,pp.15-38.佩迪特发现,无干涉这样一种特性的弹性实现(resilient realisation)与实现之间存在差别,而它们则分别对应着共和主义传统与自由主义传统。实际上,佩迪特是从物理学类比中借用了弹性概念,并希图将其运用到物理学类比之外的其他例子上,尤其是消极自由观所指向的那种无干涉。佩迪特以在同一个平面上遵循牛顿运动定律(Newton's laws ofmotion)做直线运动的两球A和B为例对弹性概念做出了说明,设若两球唯一的区别在于球A的滚动轨道两边设有间断的标柱(posts),而球B的滚动轨道两边则没有这样的标柱。这些标柱并不影响球A的实际滚动,但是它们却具有两个相关的功能:第一,防止外力致使球A偏离它的滚动轨道;第二,如果外力致使球A偏离了它的滚动轨道,那么它们可以缓冲这种偏离并使球A最终回归原来的滚动轨道。由此可以说,球B只是实现了沿着一条直线滚动这一特性,而球A则是弹性实现了沿着一条直线滚动这一特性。因而,如果一种合适的装置(a suitable apparatus)能够保持某种特性的连续呈现并在出现外力干扰的情形下使这种特性得以恢复,那么这种特性就得到了弹性实现。佩迪特还特别强调指出,弹性概念与技术资源(technological resources)之间具有一种必然的联系。对此,可参见Philip Pettit,Negative Liberty,Liberal and Republican,European Journal of Philosophy,Vol.1,No.1,1993,pp.17-20.
    ①当然,这种假想模式是具有成为现实的可能性的,即便在当今的社会政治语境下也不能完全排除这种可能性。
    ②Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.22.在佩迪特那里,支配是一个实质性的概念(a substantive concept)而不是一种空洞的修辞(empty rhetoric),他对支配做了具有浓厚哲学意味的概念分析,这一点也得到了弗朗西斯·洛维特(Francis N. Lovett)的肯认,洛维特认为支配概念确实能够经受得住持续的哲学检验(sustained philosophical examination),对此可参见Francis N.Lovett,Domination:APreliminary Analysis,The Monist,Vol.84,No.1,2001,pp.98-112.在某种程度上,我们也可以将洛维特对支配概念的分析视为对共和主义支配概念分析的一种有益补充或修正。
    ③Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.52.佩迪特对支配的这种认识得益于马克斯·韦伯和威廉·康诺利(William Connolly),对此可分别参见Max Weber,Economy and Society:An Outline of Interpretive Sociology,editedby Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich, Berkeley,California:University California Press,1978;William Connolly,The Terms of Political Discourse(2nd edition),Princeton,NJ:PrincetonUniversity Press,1983.
    ④Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.52.
    ①Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,pp.52-53.相类似的主张还可以参见David Miller,Market,State,and Community:TheoreticalFoundations of Market Socialism,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1989,p.35.
    ②Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.53.
    ③Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.54.
    ④Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,pp.54-55.
    ⑤在这里,佩迪特还特别指出,某种干涉行为可能在程序意义上(in the procedural sense)是专断的但是在实质意义上(in the substantive sense)却不一定是专断的,因为在这种情形下干涉行为与被干涉者的利益或判断形成了事实性吻合。比如说,国家强行实施一种兵役制,而且这种实施过程也完全符合我关于恰当手段的观念,也就是说,这可能是符合我的利益的。但是,我可能并不希望国家向我施加这种服兵役的政治义务,因为国家并仅仅为我一个人提供国防安全,我想成为一个搭便车者。在这种情形下,我的直接相关的利益和思想观念是那些与其他人共享的利益和思想观念,而不是那些将我视为例外者的利益和思想观念。因而,尽管国家向我施加服兵役的政治义务是一种干涉行为,毕竟它限制了我做其他事情的自由,但是这种干涉行为并不是专断的,我履行服兵役的政治义务并不意味着我受到了国家的支配。对此,可参见Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,pp.55-56.
    ①Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.75.
    ②Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.58.泰勒就曾讨论了在边缘性领域受到支配要好于在核心性领域受到支配这一点,对此可参见Charles Taylor,What's Wrong with Negative Liberty,in Charles Taylor,PhilosophicalPapers Ⅱ:Philosophy and the Human Sciences,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1985,pp.211-229.
    ③David Levis,Philosophical Papers,Vol.1,New York and Oxford:Oxford University Press,1983,p.166.在佩迪特看来,人们之所以能够形成某种共同意识是因为规则和思想具有一种共通性(commonability),对此可参见Philip Pettit,The Common Mind:An Essay on Psychology,Society,and Politics,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1993,p.181.
    ④Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.60.通常地,支配涉及三种意识:(1)有权有势者的控制意识(the awareness of control);(2)无权无势者的脆弱意识(the awareness of vulnerability);(3)双方对这种感知的共同意识(the mutual awareness of this consciousness on each side)。
    ⑤Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.22.
    ⑥William H.Hardy,Before Domination and Dependence,The Southern Journal of Philosophy,Vol.47,No.S1,Spring2009,p.158.
    ⑦Enrique D.Dussel,Philosophy of Liberation, Translated from the Spanish by Aquilina Martinezand Chirtine Morkovsky,Maryknoll,NY:Orbis Books,1985,p.55.
    ⑧Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.62.
    ①Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,pp.62-63.
    ②Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.63.
    ③Iris Marion Young,Justice and The Politics of Difference,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton UniversityPress,1990.
    ④刘训练:《公民与共和——当代西方共和主义研究》,天津师范大学博士学位论文,2006年,第80页。
    ①Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,pp.63-64.
    ②Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.64.
    ③John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Pressof Harvard University Press,1999,p.214.
    ④刘训练:《公民与共和——当代西方共和主义研究》,天津师范大学博士学位论文,2006年,第80页。
    ⑤Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.23.
    ①Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.66.
    ②Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,pp.66-67.
    ①Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.25.
    ②Philip Pettit,Freedom as Antipower,Ethics,Vol.106,No.3(Apr.,1996),pp.576-604.
    ③[法]孟德斯鸠:《论法的精神(上)》,张雁深译,北京:商务印书馆,1961年,第154页。
    ④Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.69.
    ⑤Philip Pettit,The Common Mind:An Essay on Psychology,Society,and Politics,Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press,1993,pp.284-338.
    ⑥Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.24.
    ①在佩迪特那里,作为一种政治理想的无支配表现在三个方面:第一,它是一种个人善(apersonal good);第二,它是一种政治关怀(a political concern);第三,它是一种目标而非约束(a goal, not a constraint)。对此,可参见Philip Pettit,Republicanism:ATheory of Freedom andGovernment,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,pp.81-109.
    ②Christian Nadeau,Non-domination as a Moral Ideal,Critical Review of International Social andPolitical Philosophy,Vol.6,No.1,2003,pp.120-134.
    ③Richard Bellamy,Republicanism:Non-domination and the Free State,in Gerard Delanty andStephen P.Turner(eds.) Routledge International Handbook of Contemporary Social and PoliticalTheory,New York: Routledge,2011,pp.130-138.
    ①Iseult Honohan,Civic Republicanism,London and New York:Routledge,2002,pp.185-187.
    ②Ian Carter,A Critique of Freedom as Non-domination,The Good Society,Vol.9,No.3,2000,pp.43-46.
    ①Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,pp.74-78.关于佩利的具体论述可参见William Paley,The Principles of Moral and PoliticalPhilosophy,forword by D.L.Le Mahieu,Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,Inc.,2002.
    ②Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,pp.73-74.
    ①Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.76.
    ②Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.77.
    ①Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.78.
    ②Ian Carter,A Critique of Freedom as Non-domination,The Good Society,Vol.9,No.3,2000,p.41.
    ③Patricia Springborg,Republicanism,Freedom from Domination,and the Cambridge ContextualHistorians,Political Studies,Vol.49,No.5,2001,pp.851-853.
    ④Michael J.Sandel,Reply to Critics,in Anita L.Allen and Milton C.Regan,Jr.(eds.),DebatingDemocracy's Discontent:Essays on American Politics,Law,and Public Philosophy,New York:Oxford University Press,1998,pp.325-327.
    ①J.G.A.Pocock,Virtues,Rights,and Manners:A Model for Historians of Political Thought,PoliticalTheory,Vol.9,No.3(Aug.,1981),p.358.
    ②Michael Walzer,Civility and Civic Virtue in Contemporay America,in Bryan S.Turner and PeterHamilton(eds.),Citizenship:Critical Concepts,Vol.Ⅱ,London and New York:Routledge,1994,p.
    182.
    ③Quentin Skinner,The Republican Ideal of Political Liberty,in Gisela Bock,Quentin Skinner andMaurizio Viroli(eds.),Machiavelli and Republicanism,Cambridge and New York:CambridgeUniversity Press,1990,p.303.
    ④Derek Heater,A History of Education for Citizenship,London:Routledge,2004,p.2.
    ⑤Will Kymlicka,Liberal Egalitarianism and Civic Republicanism:Friends or Enemies?,in WillKymlicka,Politics in the Vernacular:Nationalism,Multiculturalism,and Citizenship,Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press,2001,p.337.
    ⑥刘训练:《公民与共和——当代西方共和主义研究》,天津师范大学博士学位论文,2006年,第133页。
    ⑦Bill Brugger,Republican Theory in Political Thought:Virtuous or Virtual?,Hampshire:MacmillanPress,1999,p.3.
    ⑧Alasdair MacIntyre,After Virtue:A Study in Moral Theory(Third Edition),Indiana:University ofNotre Dame Press,2007,p.191.
    ①[英]齐斯·佛克:《公民身份》,黄俊龙译,台北:巨流图书公司,2003年,第46页。
    ②Quentin Skinner,The Idea of Negative Liberty,in Richard Rorty,J.B.Schneewind,QuentinSkinner(eds.),Philosophy in History:Essays in the Historiography of Philosophy,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1984,p.214.
    ③彭斌:《公共生活的和谐之道——以共和理论为视角的研究》,吉林大学博士学位论文,2008年,第27页。
    ④Bill Brugger,Republican Theory in Political Thought:Virtuous or Virtual?,Hampshire:MacmillanPress,1999,p.4.
    ⑤Bruce A.Ackerman,Social Justice in the Liberal State,New Haven:Yale University Press,1980,p.115.
    ①Cass R.Sunstein,The Partial Constitution,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1994,pp.68-92.
    ②Cass R.Sunstein,The Partial Constitution,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1994,p.3.
    ③John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Pressof Harvard University Press,1999, pp.54-55.
    ④Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.96.
    ⑤Philip Pettit,Reworking Sandel's Republicanism,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.95,No.2(Feb.,1998),p.90.
    ①Derek Heater,A History of Education for Citizenship,London:Routledge,2004,p.2.
    ②Susan D.Collins,Aristotle and the Rediscovery of Citizenship,Cambridge:Cambridge UniversityPress,2006,p.50.
    ③[古希腊]亚里士多德:《尼各马可伦理学》,廖申白译注,北京:商务印书馆,2003年,第78页。
    ④[古希腊]亚里士多德:《尼各马可伦理学》,廖申白译注,北京:商务印书馆,2003年,第49页。
    ⑤[古希腊]亚里士多德:《尼各马可伦理学》,廖申白译注,北京:商务印书馆,2003年,第77-78页。
    ⑥[古希腊]亚里士多德:《尼各马可伦理学》,廖申白译注,北京:商务印书馆,2003年,第78页。
    ①[古罗马]西塞罗:《论老年论友谊论责任》,徐奕春译,北京:商务印书馆,1998年,第120页。
    ②[古罗马]西塞罗:《论老年论友谊论责任》,徐奕春译,北京:商务印书馆,1998年,第120页。
    ③[古罗马]西塞罗:《论义务》,王焕生译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999年,第15页。
    ④[古罗马]西塞罗:《论义务》,王焕生译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999年,第63页。
    ⑤萧高彦:《西塞罗与马基维利论政治道德》,载《政治科学论丛》,2002年6月第16期,第5页。
    ⑥[古罗马]西塞罗:《论老年论友谊论责任》,徐奕春译,北京:商务印书馆,1998年,第126页。
    ⑦[古罗马]西塞罗:《论老年论友谊论责任》,徐奕春译,北京:商务印书馆,1998年,第134页。此外,有关“男子汉气概”的论述可参见Harvey C.Mansfield,Manliness,New Haven andLondon:Yale University Press,2006.
    ①Quentin Skinner,The Republican Ideal of Political Liberty,in Gisela Bock,Quentin Skinner andMaurizio Viroli(eds.),Machiavelli and Republicanism,Cambridge and New York:CambridgeUniversity Press,1990,p.303.
    ②王寅丽:《波考克对马基雅维利德性语言的共和主义阐释》,载《华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2012年第2期。
    ③Fridrich Meinecke,Machiavellianism:The Doctrine of Raison D'etat and Its Place in ModernHistory,translated by Douglas Scott,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd.,1957.
    ④J.G.A.Pocock,The Machiavellian Moment:Florentine Political Thought and the AtlanticRepublican Tradition,Princeton,New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1975,p.37.
    ⑤J.G.A.Pocock,The Machiavellian Moment:Florentine Political Thought and the AtlanticRepublican Tradition,Princeton,New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1975,p.201.
    ①P.F.Strawson,Freedom and Resentment,New York:Routledge,2008,p.7.
    ②慈继伟:《正义的两面》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2001年,第11-12页。
    ③P.F.Strawson,Freedom and Resentment and Other Essays,New York:Routledge,2008,p.17.
    ④慈继伟:《正义的两面》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2001年,第14页。
    ⑤格林斯潘(P.S.Greenspan)对负罪感做了进一步的研究,对此可参见P.S.Greenspan,PracticalGuilt:Moral Dilemmas,Emotions,and Social Norms,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1995.
    ⑥Judith N.Shklar,The Faces of Injustice,New Haven:Yale University Press,1990,p.88.
    ①Jürgen Habermas,Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action,translated by ChristianLenhardt and Shierry Weber Nicholsen,introduction by Thomas McCarthy,Cambridge,Massachusetts:The MIT Press,1990,p.48.
    ②慈继伟:《正义的两面》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2001年,第16页。
    ③慈继伟:《正义的两面》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2001年,第18页。
    ④[古希腊]柏拉图:《理想国》,郭斌和、张竹明译,北京:商务印书馆,1986年,第42页。
    ⑤[古希腊]柏拉图:《理想国》,郭斌和、张竹明译,北京:商务印书馆,1986年,第154页。
    ⑥[德]黑格尔:《哲学史讲演录(第二卷)》,贺麟、王太庆译,北京:商务印书馆,1960年,第255-256页。
    ⑦[美]E.博登海默:《法理学:法律哲学与法律方法》,邓正来译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1998年,第264页。
    ①Alasdair MacIntyre,Whose Justice?Which Rationality?,Notre Dame,Indiana:University of NotreDame Press,1988,p.39.
    ②Richard Dagger,Republican Citizenship,in Engin F.Isin and Bryan S.Turner(eds.),Handbook ofCitizenship Studies,London,Thousand Oaks and New Delhi:Sage Publications,2002,p.149.
    ①Will Kymlicka,Contemporary Philosophy:An Introduction(Second edition),Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press,2002,p.294.
    ②Jürgen Habermas,Between Facts and Norms:Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law andDemocracy Studies in Contemporary German Social Thought,translated by William Rehg,Cambridge, Massachusetts:The MIT Press,1996,p.78.
    ③[古希腊]亚里士多德:《政治学》,吴寿彭译,北京:商务印书馆,1965年,第7页。
    ④Adrian Oldfield,Citizenship and Community:Civic Republicanism and the Modern World,London and New York:Routledge,1990,p.6.
    ⑤Adrian Oldfield,Citizenship:An Unnatural Practice?,The Political Quarterly,Vol.61,No.2,,April1990,p.187.
    ⑥[法]卢梭:《社会契约论(修订第3版)》,何兆武译,北京:商务印书馆,2003年,第20页。
    ①Will Kymlicka,Contemporary Philosophy:An Introduction(Second edition),Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press,2002,p.297.唐·赫佐格(Don Herzog)和雪莱·伯特(Shelley Burtt)就认为过渡问题是共和主义面临的一个中心问题,对此可参见Don Herzog,Some Questions forRepublicans,Political Theory,Vol.14,No.3(Aug.,1986),pp.473-493;Shelley Burtt,The Politics ofVirtue Today:A Critique and a Proposal,The American Political Science Review,Vol.87,No.2(Jun.,1993),pp.360-368.
    ②Will Kymlicka,Contemporary Philosophy:An Introduction(Second edition),Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press,2002,pp.297-298.
    ③Derek Heater,A History of Education for Citizenship,London:Routledge,2004,p.17.
    ④[英]德里克·希特:《何为公民身份》,郭忠华译,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2007年,第62页。
    ⑤[英]德里克·希特:《何为公民身份》,郭忠华译,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2007年,第62页。
    ①Aristotle,Politics,translated by Benjamin Jowett,Kitchener:Batoche Books,1999,pp.65-66.
    ②[英]德里克·希特:《何为公民身份》,郭忠华译,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2007年,第63页。
    ③Susan D.Collins,Aristotle and the Rediscovery of Citizenship,Cambridge:Cambridge UniversityPress,2006,p.91.
    ④Adrian Oldfield,Citizenship and Community:Civic Republicanism and the Modern World,London and New York:Routledge,1990,pp.48-49.在某种意义上,斯金纳和拉塞尔·普莱斯
    (Russell Price)也认为马基雅维里不信赖审慎这种美德品质,他将之视为马基雅维里的宿命论(a fatalistic note),对此可参见Quentin Skinner&Russell Price,Introduction,in NiccolòMachiavelli,The Prince,editd by Quentin Skinner&Russell Price,Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity Press,1988,p.xxiii.
    ⑤Niccolò Machiavelli,Words to be Spoken on the Law for Appropriating Money,in Machiavelli:Chief Works and Others,Vol.III,translated by Allan H.Gilbert,Durham:Duke University Press,1989,p.1439.
    ⑥傅乾:《马基雅维利的virtù》,载韩潮(主编):《谁是马基雅维利(思想史研究第8辑)》,上海:上海人民出版社,2010年,第119页。
    ①[法]卢梭:《社会契约论(修订第3版)》,何兆武译,北京:商务印书馆,2003年,第48-49页。
    ②[英]德里克·希特:《何为公民身份》,郭忠华译,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2007年,第64页。
    ③Quentin Skinner,The Republican Ideal of Political Liberty,in Gisela Bock,Quentin Skinner andMaurizio Viroli(eds.),Machiavelli and Republicanism,Cambridge and New York:CambridgeUniversity Press,1990,pp.303-304.
    ①在自由主义看来共和主义没有能力来充足地证明它可以合法地垄断公民美德话语权,于是,史蒂芬·马塞多(Stephen Macedo)、盖尔斯顿等人修正了共和主义的公民美德清单,提出了另一份自由主义美德清单(list of liberal virtues)。对此可参见Stephen Macedo,LiberalVirtues,Constitutional Community,The Review of Politics,Vol.50,No.2(Spring,1988),pp.215-240;William A.Galston,Liberal Virtues,The American Political Science Review,Vol.82,No.4(Dec.,1988),pp.1277-1290;Stephen Macedo,Liberal Virtues:Citizenship,Virtue,and Community inLiberal Constitutionalism,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1990;William A.Galston,Liberal Purposes:Goods,Virtues,and Diversity in the Liberal State,Cambridge and New York:Cambridge UniversityPress,1991;David J.Kahane,Cultivating Liberal Virtues,Canadian Journal of Political Science,Vol.29, No.4(Dec.,1996),pp.699-728.
    ②俞可平:《社群主义》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1998年,第98页。
    ①俞可平:《社群主义》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1998年,第98页。
    ②约瑟夫·熊彼特(JosephA.Schumpeter)就从三个方面对这种共同善观念提出了批判:(1)作为一种为所有人能够同意或通过合理的论证力量(the force of rational argument)使所有人能够同意的独一无二的确定的共同善(a uniquely determined common good)是不存在的;(2)即使存在一种充分明确的共同善,并且证明这种共同善能够为所有人接受,但是这并不意味着它能同等明确地回答各个问题;(3)作为前面两个命题的结果,人民意志这一特殊概念(theparticular concept of the will of the people or the volonté générale)就瓦解了,因为它存在的先决条件是存在一种能够为所有人辨认的独一无二的确定的共同善。对此,可参见Joseph A.Schumpeter,Capitalism,Socialism&Democracy,with a new introduction by Richard Swedberg,London and New York:Routledge,2003,pp.251-252.
    ①Chantal Mouffe,Democratic Citizenship and the Political Community,in Chantal Mouffe(ed.),Dimensions of Radical Democracy:Pluralism,Citizenship,Community,London and New York:Verso,1992,p.230-231.
    ②泰勒认为,本质性共同善具有两种:一种是“间接的”共同善(''mediately'' common goods);一种是“直接的”共同善(''immediately'' common goods)。但是,工具性共同善与此都不相同,它是一种“聚合的”善(''convergent'' goods)。在泰勒看来,尽管由于这些工具性共同善事实上是集体得到保障的,而且通过任何其他方法我们都无法得到它们,因而我们通常可以将它们称为“共同的”或“公共的”,但是我们需要认识这样一点:它们之所以被视为共同善只是因为我们用共同的或公共的聚合方式提供了它们,而不是因为它们本身就是一种善。对此可参见Charles Taylor,Cross-Purposes:The Liberal-Communitarian Debate,in Nancy L.Rosenblum(ed.),Liberalism and the Moral Life,Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England:Harvard University Press,1989,pp.168-169.
    ③Quentin Skinner,The Republican Ideal of Political Liberty,in Gisela Bock,Quentin Skinner andMaurizio Viroli(eds.),Machiavelli and Republicanism,Cambridge and New York:CambridgeUniversity Press,1990,pp.293-309.
    ④Iseult Honohan,Civic Republicanism,London and New York:Routledge,2002,p.152.
    ⑤Iseult Honohan,Civic Republicanism,London and New York:Routledge,2002,pp.151-152.
    ①刘训练:《公民与共和——当代西方共和主义研究》,天津师范大学博士学位论文,2006年,第135页。
    ②Michael Walzer,Spheres of Justice:A Defense of Pluralism and Equality,New York:Basic Books,1983,p.65.
    ③Michael Walzer,Spheres of Justice:A Defense of Pluralism and Equality,New York:Basic Books,1983,p.65.
    ④Michael Walzer,Spheres of Justice:A Defense of Pluralism and Equality,New York:Basic Books,1983,p.84.
    ⑤Michael Walzer,Spheres of Justice:A Defense of Pluralism and Equality,New York:Basic Books,1983,p.91.
    ①俞可平:《社群主义》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1998年,第102-103页。
    ②俞可平:《社群主义》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1998年,第104-105页。
    ③Robert A.Dahl,Dilemma of Pluralist Democracy:Autonomy vs.Control,New Haven and London:Yale University Press,1982,p.144.
    ④刘训练:《公民与共和——当代西方共和主义研究》,天津师范大学博士学位论文,2006年,第136页。
    ①Isaiah Berlin,Two Concepts of Liberty,in Isaiah Berlin,Liberty(Incorporating Four Essays onLiberty),edited by Henty Hardy, Oxford:Oxford University Press,2002,pp.211-217.关于伯林价值多元论难题的论述可参见张国清:《在善与善之间:以赛亚·伯林的价值多元论难题及其批判》,载《哲学研究》,2004年第7期。
    ②Iseult Honohan,Civic Republicanism,London and New York:Routledge,2002,p.157.
    ③Jeremy Bentham,An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation,Kitchener:BatocheBooks,2000,p.15.
    ④Richard Dagger,Civic Virtues:Rights,Citizenship,and Republican Liberalism,New York andOxford:Oxford University Press,1997,p.195.
    ①[法]托克维尔:《论美国的民主(下卷)》,董果良译,北京:商务印书馆,1988年,第653页。
    ②[法]托克维尔:《论美国的民主(下卷)》,董果良译,北京:商务印书馆,1988年,第653页。
    ③Ayn Land,What Is Capitalism,in Ayn Land,Capitalism:The Unknown Ideal,with additionalarticles by Nathaniel Branden,Alan Greenspan,and Robert Hessen,New York:Signet,1967,pp.20-21.
    ①Maurizio Viroli,Republicanism,New York:Hill and Wang,2002,p.76.
    ②Maurizio Viroli,Republicanism,New York:Hill and Wang,2002,p.76.
    ③Ronald Terchek,Republican Paradoxes and Liberal Anxieties:Retrieving Neglected Fragments ofPolitical Theory,Lanham:Rowman&Littlefield,1997.
    ①Iseult Honohan,Civic Republicanism,London and New York:Routledge,2002,p.157.
    ②Michael Ignatieff,The Myth of Citizenship,in Ronald Beiner(ed.),Theorizing Citizenship,NewYork:State University of New York Press,1995,p.56.
    ③Richard Dagger,Civic Virtues:Rights,Citizenship,and Republican Liberalism,New York andOxford:Oxford University Press,1997,p.79.
    ④刘训练:《公民与共和——当代西方共和主义研究》,天津师范大学博士学位论文,2006年,第133页。
    ⑤[英]德里克·希特:《何为公民身份》,郭忠华译,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2007年,第64页。
    ⑥Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman,Return of the Citizen:A Survey of Recent Work onCitizenship Theory,Ethics,Vol.104,No.2(Jan.,1994),pp.352-381.
    ①Norberto Bobbio and Maurizio Viroli,The Idea of the Republic,translated by Allan Cameron,Cambridge:Polity Press,2003,p.12.
    ②刘训练:《公民与共和——当代西方共和主义研究》,天津师范大学博士学位论文,2006年,第133页。
    ③Cass R.Sunstein,Beyond the Republican Revival,The Yale Law Journal,Vol.97,No.8,Symposium:The Republican Civic Tradition(Jul.,1988),p.1560.关于美德与恐怖之间联系的论述还可参见Carol Blum,Rousseau and the Republic of Virtue:The Language of Politis in the FrenchRevolution,Ithaca and London:Cornell University Press,1986;Simon Schama,Citizens:A Chronicleof the French Revolution,London:Penguin Books,2004.
    ④James Madison,The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the FederalConstitution,Vol.III,collected and revised from contemporary publications by Jonathan Elliot,Washington:Printed for the Editor,1836,pp.536-537.
    ⑤佩迪特有时也将公民美德称之为良好公民身份(good citizenship)或者公民性(civility),对此可参见Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.245.在佩迪特看来,公民美德作为一项规范要想存在必须满足四个条件:(1)相关各方通常遵循相关的行为模式;(2)通常对相关的行为模式的遵循会得到人们的赞赏,而对相关的行为模式的不遵循则会得到人们的鄙视;(3)这种赞赏的习惯能够使得对相关的行为模式的遵循更加可能或更加有保证;(4)对于人们来说,至少是对相关群体的人们来说,满足(1)(2)和(3)三个条件成为一种共同意识。对此,可参见PhilipPettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.244.
    ①Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.241.
    ②Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.246.
    ③Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.246.
    ④Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.247.
    ①Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.247.
    ②Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.249.
    ③Philip Pettit,Enfranchising Silence:An Argument for Freedom of Speech,in Tom Campbell andWojciech Sadurski(eds.),Freedom of Communication,Aldershot:Dartmouth,1994,pp.45-55.
    ④Mathew D.McCubbins, Thomas Schwartz,Congressional Oversight Overlooked:Police Patrolsversus Fire Alarms,American Journal of Political Science,Vol.28,No.1(Feb.,1984),p.166.
    ⑤Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.250.
    ⑥Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,pp.250-251.
    ①在桑德尔看来,共和主义主张一种塑造性政治(a formative politics),它要求在公民中培养有利于自治的某些品质或公民美德。对此,可参见Michael J.Sandel,Democracy's Discontent:America in Search of a Public Philosophy,Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Press ofHarvard University Press,1996,p.6.
    ②Annette C.Baier,Moral Prejudices:Essays on Ethics,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1994,p.222.
    ③Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.252.
    ④Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.252.
    ⑤Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.252.
    ⑥Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.253.
    ⑦Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.254.
    ①Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,pp.254-255.
    ②F.I.Michelmann,Law's Republic,The Yale Law Journal,Vol.97,No.8,Symposium:The RepublicanCivic Tradition(Jul.,1988),p.1531.
    ③Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.257.
    ④Herbert C.Kelman,Compliance,Identification,and Internalization:Three Processes of AttitudeChange,The Journal of Conflict Resolution,Vol.2,No.1,Studies on Attitudes and Communication
    (Mar.,1958),pp.51-60.
    ⑤Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.257.
    ⑥Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.257.
    ⑦Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.258.
    ⑧Philip Pettit,The Virtual Reality of "Homo Economicus",The Monist,Vol.78,No.3,1995,pp.308-329;Philip Pettit,The Consequentialist Perspective,in Marcia W.Baron,Philip Pettit and MichaelSlote,Three Methods of Ethics:A Debate,Malden:Blackwell Publisher,1997,pp.92-174.
    ①J.C.Turner,M.A.Hogg,P.J.Oakes,S.D.Reicher,and M.S.Wetherell,Rediscovering the Social Group:A Self-Categorization Theory,Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1987.
    ②Valerie Braithwaite,Games of Engagement:Postures Within the Regulatory Community,Law&Policy,Vol.17,No.3,July1995,pp.225-255.
    ③Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,pp.258-259.
    ④Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.259.
    ⑤David Miller,On Nationality,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1995;Maurizio Viroli,For Love ofCountry:An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1995.
    ⑥Benjamin R.Barber,An Aristocracy of Everyone:The Politics of Eeducation and the Future ofAmerica,New York:Ballantine Books,1992.
    ⑦Robert D.Putnam,Making Democracy Work:Civic Traditions in Modern Italy,with RobertLeonardi and Raffaella Y.Nonetti, Princeton,New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1993,p.182.
    ⑧Mary Ann Glendon,Rights Talk:The Impoverishment of Political Discourse,New York:The FreePress,1991,p.109;Mary Ann Glendon,David Blankenhorn(eds.),Seedbeds of Virtue:Sources ofCompetence, Character,and Citizenship in American Society, New York: Madison Books,1995.
    ①Will Kymlicka,Contemporary Philosophy:An Introduction(Second edition),Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press,2002,p.305.
    ②John Rawls,Political Liberalism,New York:Columbia University Press,1996,p.205.
    ③刘训练:《公民与共和——当代西方共和主义研究》,天津师范大学博士学位论文,2006年,第141页。
    ④Robert D.Putnam,Making Democracy Work:Civic Traditions in Modern Italy,with RobertLeonardi and Raffaella Y.Nonetti,Princeton,New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1993,p.87.
    ①Herman Van Gunsterrn,Notes Towards A Theory of Citizenship,in Pierre Birnbaum,Jack Lively,Geraint Parry(eds.),Democracy,Consensus&Social Contract,London:Sage Publications,1978,p.9.
    ②Will Kymlicka,Contemporary Philosophy:An Introduction(Second edition),Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press,2002,p.284.
    ③Derek Heater,Citizenship:The Civic Ideal in World History,Politics and Education,London:Longman,1990,p.293.彼得·雷森伯格(Peter N.Reisenberg)对西方公民身份传统进行了细致的考察,对此可参见Peter N.Reisenberg,Citizenship in the Western Tradition:Plato to Rousseau,Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,1992.
    ④Will Kymlicka,Contemporary Philosophy:An Introduction(Second edition),Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press,2002,p.284.
    ⑤Keith Faulks,Citizenship,New York:Routledge,2000,p.1.
    ⑥Keith Faulks,Citizenship,New York:Routledge,2000,p.1.
    ①Adrian Oldfield,Citizenship and Community:Civic Republicanism and the Modern World,London and New York:Routledge,1990,p.159.
    ②[法]邦雅曼·贡斯当:《古代人的自由与现代人的自由——贡斯当政治论文选》,阎克文、刘满贵译,北京:商务印书馆,1999年,第27页。
    ③Richard Dagger,Republican Citizenship,in Engin F.Isin and Bryan S.Turner(eds.),Handbook ofCitizenship Studies,London,Thousand Oaks and New Delhi:Sage Publications,2002,p.145.
    ④J.G.A.Pocock,The Ideal of Citizenship Since Classical Times,in Ronald Beiner(ed.),TheorizingCitizenship,New York:State University of New York Press,1995,p.29.波考克强调他所说的时期在双重意义上是“古典的”:(1)就这些时期对我们理当具有某种权威而言它们是古典的,因为这种权威源于以持久而经典的形式(in durable and canonical form)表达的一种“理想”;(2)古典时期习惯性指地中海的古代文明(the ancient civilization of the Mediterranean),尤其是公元前4、5世纪的雅典以及从公元前3世纪到公元1世纪的罗马。对此,可参见J.G.A.Pocock,The Ideal of Citizenship Since Classical Times,in Ronald Beiner(ed.),TheorizingCitizenship,New York:State University of New York Press,1995,p.29.
    ①J.G.A.Pocock,The Ideal of Citizenship Since Classical Times,in Ronald Beiner(ed.),TheorizingCitizenship,New York:State University of New York Press,1995,pp.30-31.
    ②关于从女性主义视角对公民身份进行考察的著作可参见Mary G.Dietz,Citizenship with aFeminist Face:The Problem with Maternal Thinking,Political Theory,Vol.13,No.1(Feb.,1985),pp.19-37;Iris Marion Young,Impartiality and the Civic Public:Some Implications of FeministCritiques of Moral and Political Theory,Praxis International,Vol.5,No.4,January1986,pp.381-401;Anna Yeatman,Feminism and Citizenship,in Nick Stevenson(ed.),Culture and Citizenship,London:Sage Publications,2001,pp.138-152;Ruth Lister,Citizenship:Feminist Perspectives,New York:NewYork University Press,2003;Birte Siim and Hege Skjeie,The Scandinavian Model of Citizenshipand Feminist Debates,in Richard Bellamy,Dario Castiglione and Emilio Santoro(eds.),Lineages ofEuropean Citizenship:Rights,Belonging,and Participation in Eleven Nation-States,New York:Palgrave,2004,pp.148-166;Iris Marion Young,On Female Body Experience:"Throwing Like aGirl" and Other Essays,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2005.
    ③J.G.A.Pocock,The Ideal of Citizenship Since Classical Times,in Ronald Beiner(ed.),TheorizingCitizenship,New York:State University of New York Press,1995,pp.31-32.
    ④J.G.A.Pocock,The Ideal of Citizenship Since Classical Times,in Ronald Beiner(ed.),TheorizingCitizenship,New York:State University of New York Press,1995,p.32.
    ①J.G.A.Pocock,The Ideal of Citizenship Since Classical Times,in Ronald Beiner(ed.),TheorizingCitizenship,New York:State University of New York Press,1995,p.32.
    ②J.G.A.Pocock,The Ideal of Citizenship Since Classical Times,in Ronald Beiner(ed.),TheorizingCitizenship,New York:State University of New York Press,1995,p.32.
    ③J.G.A.Pocock,The Ideal of Citizenship Since Classical Times,in Ronald Beiner(ed.),TheorizingCitizenship,New York:State University of New York Press,1995,p.32.
    ④J.G.A.Pocock,The Ideal of Citizenship Since Classical Times,in Ronald Beiner(ed.),TheorizingCitizenship,New York:State University of New York Press,1995,p.34.
    ①J.G.A.Pocock,The Ideal of Citizenship Since Classical Times,in Ronald Beiner(ed.),TheorizingCitizenship,New York:State University of New York Press,1995,p.34.
    ②J.G.A.Pocock,The Ideal of Citizenship Since Classical Times,in Ronald Beiner(ed.),TheorizingCitizenship,New York:State University of New York Press,1995,p.35.
    ③J.G.A.Pocock,The Ideal of Citizenship Since Classical Times,in Ronald Beiner(ed.),TheorizingCitizenship,New York:State University of New York Press,1995,p.34.与波考克的观点不同,列奥·施特劳斯则将占有性个人主义的起源追溯至洛克,对此可参见Leo Strauss,Natural Rightand History,Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1953.而关于占有性个人主义更为细致的考察可参见C.B.Macpherson,The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism:Hobbes to Locke,Oxford and New York:Oxford University Press,1962.
    ④J.G.A.Pocock,The Ideal of Citizenship Since Classical Times,in Ronald Beiner(ed.),TheorizingCitizenship,New York:State University of New York Press,1995,pp.40-41.
    ①J.G.A.Pocock,The Ideal of Citizenship Since Classical Times,in Ronald Beiner(ed.),TheorizingCitizenship,New York:State University of New York Press,1995,p.41.
    ②J.G.A.Pocock,The Ideal of Citizenship Since Classical Times,in Ronald Beiner(ed.),TheorizingCitizenship,New York:State University of New York Press,1995,p.42.
    ③J.G.A.Pocock,The Ideal of Citizenship Since Classical Times,in Ronald Beiner(ed.),TheorizingCitizenship,New York:State University of New York Press,1995,pp.46-52.
    ④Herman van Gunsteren,Foure Conceptions of Citizenship,in Bart van Steenbergen(ed.),TheCondition of Citizenship, London:Sage Publications,1994,p.36.
    ⑤Herman van Gunsteren,Foure Conceptions of Citizenship,in Bart van Steenbergen(ed.),TheCondition of Citizenship, London:Sage Publications,1994,p.42.
    ⑥Herman van Gunsteren,Foure Conceptions of Citizenship,in Bart van Steenbergen(ed.),TheCondition of Citizenship, London:Sage Publications,1994,pp.41-42.
    ①Herman van Gunsteren,Foure Conceptions of Citizenship,in Bart van Steenbergen(ed.),TheCondition of Citizenship, London:Sage Publications,1994,pp.42-43.
    ②[英]德里克·希特:《何为公民身份》,郭忠华译,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2007年,第75页。
    ③关于公民身份的多重性的论述可参见蔡英文:《公民身份的多重性——政治观念史的阐述》,载许纪霖(主编):《公共性与公民观(知识分子论丛第5辑)》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2006年,第80-97页。
    ①高景柱:《论共和主义公民身份理论的复兴及其局限》,载《内蒙古大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2011年第2期。
    ②Iris Marion Young,Justice and The Politics of Difference,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton UniversityPress,1990,p.117.
    ③Sheldon S.Wolin,Politics and Vision:Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought,Princeton,New Jersey,Princeton University Press,1960,p.434.
    ①Richard Dagger,Republican Citizenship,in Engin F.Isin and Bryan S.Turner(eds.),Handbook ofCitizenship Studies,London,Thousand Oaks and New Delhi:Sage Publications,2002,pp.148-152.
    ②Herman van Gunsteren,Foure Conceptions of Citizenship,in Bart van Steenbergen(ed.),TheCondition of Citizenship, London:Sage Publications,1994,p.44.
    ③Herman van Gunsteren,Foure Conceptions of Citizenship,in Bart van Steenbergen(ed.),TheCondition of Citizenship, London:Sage Publications,1994,pp.47-48.
    ①Herman van Gunsteren,Foure Conceptions of Citizenship,in Bart van Steenbergen(ed.),TheCondition of Citizenship, London:Sage Publications,1994,p.48.
    ②Herman R.van Gunsteren,A Theory of Citizenship:Organizing Plurality in ContemporaryDemocracies,Boulder,Colorado:Westview Press,1998,pp.11-30;David Miller,Citizenship andNational Identity,Cambridge:Polity Press,2000,pp.41-61.
    ③Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman,Return of the Citizen:A Survey of Recent Work onCitizenship Theory,Ethics,Vol.104,No.2(Jan.,1994),p.354.
    ④T.H.Marshall,Citizenship and Social Class,in Jeff Manza,Michael Sauder(eds.),Inequality andSociety:Social Science Perspectives on Social Stratification,New York:W.W.Norton&Company,2009,pp.148-149.
    ⑤T.H.Marshall,Citizenship and Social Class,in Jeff Manza,Michael Sauder(eds.),Inequality andSociety:Social Science Perspectives on Social Stratification,New York:W.W.Norton&Company,2009,pp.148-154.
    ⑥Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman,Return of the Citizen:A Survey of Recent Work onCitizenship Theory,Ethics,Vol.104,No.2(Jan.,1994),pp.354-355.
    ⑦Will Kymlicka,Contemporary Philosophy:An Introduction(Second edition),Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press,2002, p.288.
    ⑧H.R.G.Greeves,The Foundations of Political Theory,London:Allen&Unwin,1958.
    ①Stephen Macedo,Liberal Virtues:Citizenship,Virtue,and Community in Liberal Constitutionalism,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1990,p.39.
    ②罗尔斯强调我们应该在合理性多元主义事实与一般性多元主义事实之间做出区分,对此可参见John Rawls,Political Liberalism,New York:Columbia University Press,1996,pp.36-37.
    ③David Miller,Citizenship and National Identity,Cambridge:Polity Press,2000,p.46.
    ④Keith Faulks,Citizenship,New York:Routledge,2000,p.6.
    ⑤刘训练:《公民与共和——当代西方共和主义研究》,天津师范大学博士学位论文,2006年,第129-130页。
    ⑥Charles Tilly,The Emergence of Citizenship in France and Elsewhere,International Review ofSocial History,Vol.40,Supplement S3,1995,pp.223-236.
    ⑦Diemut E.Bubeck,A Feminist Approach to Citizenship,Florence:European University Institute,1995.
    ⑧Keith Faulks,Citizenship,New York:Routledge,2000,p.10.
    ①[英]德里克·希特:《何为公民身份》,郭忠华译,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2007年,第51页。
    ②[英]德里克·希特:《何为公民身份》,郭忠华译,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2007年,第52页。
    ①Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman,Return of the Citizen:A Survey of Recent Work onCitizenship Theory,Ethics,Vol.104,No.2(Jan.,1994),p.353.
    ②Charles Taylor,Sources of the Self:The Making of the Modern Identity,Cambridge,Massachusetts,Havard University Press,1989,p.27.
    ①Manuel Castells,The Information Age:Economy,Society,and Culture,Vol.II:The Power of Identity(Second edition),Oxford:Wiley-Blackwell,2010,p.7.
    ②Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.262.
    ①Jürgen Habermas,The Theory of Communicative Action,Vol.II,Lifeworld and System:A Critiqueof Functionalist Reason,translated by Thomas McCarthy,Boston:Beacon Press,1987.
    ②Nick Crossley,Citizenship,Intersubjectivity and The Lifeworld,in Nick Stevenson(ed.),Cultureand Citizenship,London:Sage Publications,2001,p.34.
    ③Nick Crossley,Citizenship,Intersubjectivity and The Lifeworld,in Nick Stevenson(ed.),Culture andCitizenship,London:Sage Publications,2001,p.35.
    ①George Hubert Mead,Mind,Self,and Society:From the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist,editedand with an Introduction by Charles W.Morris,Chicago and London:The University of ChicagoPress,1972,p.154.
    ②George Hubert Mead,Mind,Self,and Society:From the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist,editedand with an Introduction by Charles W.Morris,Chicago and London:The University of ChicagoPress,1972,p.270.
    ③George Hubert Mead,Mind,Self,and Society:From the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist,editedand with an Introduction by Charles W.Morris,Chicago and London:The University of ChicagoPress,1972,pp.163-164.
    ④Nick Crossley,Citizenship,Intersubjectivity and The Lifeworld,in Nick Stevenson(ed.),Culture andCitizenship,London:Sage Publications,2001,pp.34-35.
    ⑤莫里斯·罗奇(Maurice Roche)从社会学的角度也涉及到与此相类似的议题,他认为公民要想认同并享有社会公民身份必须以履行社会义务为前提条件,而社会义务既包括个人社会义务又包括集体社会义务,他说当代政治中的新“义务话语”高度适用于现代社会条件,因而,对义务的强调不能、不会、也不应该简单地被推翻。对此可参见[英]莫里斯·罗奇:《重新思考公民身份——现代社会中的福利、意识形态和变迁》,郭忠华、黄冬娅、郭韵、何惠莹译,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2010年,第216-219页。
    ①Nick Crossley,Citizenship,Intersubjectivity and The Lifeworld,in Nick Stevenson(ed.),Cultureand Citizenship,London:Sage Publications,2001,p.37.
    ②Richard Sennett,The Fall of Public Man,New York:Alfred A. Knopf Inc.,1977.
    ③Richard Rorty,Contingency,Irony and Solidarity,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1989,pp.73-137.
    ④[美]埃里希·弗洛姆:《逃避自由》,刘林海译,北京:国际文化出版公司,2000年,第14页。
    ①Richard Sennett and Jonathan Cobb,The Hidden Injuries of Class,Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity Press,1972,pp.33-34.
    ②John Shotter,Psychology and Citizenship:Identity and Belonging,in Bryan S.Turner(ed.),Citizenship and Social Theory,London:Sage Publications,2000,p.128.
    ③John Shotter,Psychology and Citizenship:Identity and Belonging,in Bryan S.Turner(ed.),Citizenship and Social Theory,London:Sage Publications,2000,p.125.
    ④Benedict Anderson,Imagined Communities:Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism
    (Revised Edition),London and New York:Verso,1991.
    ⑤Robert N.Bellah,et al(eds.),Habits of the Heart:Individualism and Commitment in American Life,Berkeley:University of California Press,1985.
    ⑥John Shotter,Psychology and Citizenship:Identity and Belonging,in Bryan S.Turner(ed.),
    Citizenship and Social Theory,London:Sage Publications,2000,pp.125-126.
    ①John S.Dryzek,Deliberative Democracy and Beyond:Liberals,Critics,Contestations,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2000,p.1.
    ②谈火生:《民主审议与政治合法性》,北京:法律出版社,2007年,第3页。
    ③约·埃尔斯特(Jon Elster)就强调指出在当代西方哲学中审议观念本身的发展代表了一种复兴而非创新,对此可参见Jon Elster,Introduction,in Jon Elster(ed.),Deliberative Democracy,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1998,p.1.
    ④Michael Saward,Democratic Innovation,in Michael Saward(ed.),Democratic Innovation:Deliberation,Representation,and Association,London and New York:Routledge,2000,pp.3-13.关于审议与民主想象之间关系的具体阐述,可参见许国贤:《商议式民主与民主想像》,载《政治科学论丛》,2000年12月第13期,,第61-92页。
    ①Susan Bickford,Beyond Friendship:Aristotle on Conflict,Deliberation,and Attention,The Journalof Politics,Vol.58,No.2(May,1996),pp.398-421.
    ②Bernard Manin,On Legitimacy and Political Deliberation,Political Theory,Vol.15,No.3(Aug.,1987),pp.338-368.
    ③谈火生:《民主审议与政治合法性》,北京:法律出版社,2007年,第290页。
    ④谈火生:《民主审议与政治合法性》,北京:法律出版社,2007年,第291页。关于聚合与审议的差异比较可参见Jack Knight and James Johnson,Aggregation and Deliberation:On thePossibility of Democratic Legitimacy,Political Theory,Vol.22,No.2(May,1994),pp.277-296.
    ⑤谈火生:《民主审议与政治合法性》,北京:法律出版社,2007年,第291页。
    ①谈火生:《民主审议与政治合法性》,北京:法律出版社,2007年,第291-292页。
    ②Dudley Knowles,Political Philosophy,London:Routledge,2001,p.334.
    ③Robert E.Goodin,Democratic Deliberation within,Philosophy&Public Affairs,Vol.29,No.1(Winter,2000),pp.81-109.莫奎尔(J.G.Merquior)、约书亚·柯恩(Joshua Cohen)以及巴纳德(F.M.Barnard)等人都认为卢梭具有审议思想,对此可分别参见J.G.Merquior,Rousseau andWeber:Two Studies in the Theory of Legitimacy,London:Routledge&Kegan Paul,1980;JoshuaCohen,Reflections on Rousseau:Autonomy and Democracy,Philosophy&Public Affairs,Vol.15,No.3(Summer,1986),pp.275-297;F.M.Barnard,Self-Direction and Political Legitimacy:Rousseauand Herder,New York:Oxford University Press,1988.
    ④不过,佩迪特等人似乎并不认同伯纳德的看法,他们认为卢梭也主张一种对话式审议。
    ⑤Bernard Manin,On Legitimacy and Political Deliberation,Political Theory,Vol.15,No.3(Aug.,1987),pp.338-368.
    ⑥Jürgen Habermas,The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere,translated by ThomasBurger,with assistance of Frederick Lawrence,Cambridge,Massachusetts:The MIT Press,1989,pp.97-98.
    ⑦谈火生:《民主审议与政治合法性》,北京:法律出版社,2007年,第128页。
    ⑧谈火生:《民主审议与政治合法性》,北京:法律出版社,2007年,第293页。
    ①不过,罗尔斯将工具论共和主义称之为古典共和主义,尽管名称不同,但是指代的内容却是一样的。对此,可参见John Rawls,Political Liberalism,New York:Columbia UniversityPress,1996,p.205.
    ②Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,p.105.
    ③Iseult Honohan,Civic Republicanism,London and New York:Routledge,2002,p.214.波·穆里特森(Per Mouritsen)就曾探讨了自治与共和主义自由之间的关联,对此可参见Per Mouritsen,Four Models of Republican Liberty and Self-Government,in Iseult Honohan and Jeremy Jennings
    (eds.),Republicanism in Theory and Practice,London and New York: Routledge,2006,pp.17-38.
    ④Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,p.110.
    ⑤Jürgen Habermas,Equal Treatment of Cultures and the Limits of Postmodern Liberalism,TheJournal of Political Philosophy,Vol.13,No.1,2005,p.3.
    ①Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,p.111.
    ②Jürgen Habermas,Equal Treatment of Cultures and the Limits of Postmodern Liberalism,TheJournal of Political Philosophy,Vol.13,No.1,2005,p.3.
    ③Jürgen Habermas,Between Facts and Norms:Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law andDemocracy Studies in Contemporary German Social Thought,translated by William Rehg,Cambridge,Massachusetts:The MIT Press,1996,p.285.
    ④Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,p.111.
    ⑤Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,p.111.
    ⑥[美]约翰·罗尔斯:《政治自由主义》,万俊人译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2000年,第225-226页。
    ⑦Duncan Ivison,The Secret History of Public Reason:Hobbes to Rawls,History of PoliticalThought,Vol.18,No.1,Spring1997,p.126.
    ①John Rawls,Political Liberalism,New York:Columbia University Press,1996,p.214.
    ②Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,p.125.
    ③Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,p.126.
    ④John Rawls,Political Liberalism,New York:Columbia University Press,1996,p.218.迈卡·洛特
    (Micah Lott)指出,罗尔斯的公共理性的理想有时候并不能为公民的政治义务承担行为提供好的限制理由,即便公民已经接受了公共理性的理想。在洛特看来,公共理性的理想所能证成的政治义务要比罗尔斯所假定的那种政治义务更加适度(modest)。对此,可参见MicahLott,Restraint on Reasons and Reasons for Restraint:A Problem for Rawls' Ideal of Public Reason,Pacific Philosophical Quarterly,Vol.87,No.1,2006,pp.75-95.
    ①John Rawls,Political Liberalism,New York:Columbia University Press,1996,p.224.
    ②John Rawls,Political Liberalism,New York:Columbia University Press,1996,p.225.
    ③Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,p.127.
    ④Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,p.127.
    ⑤Jürgen Habermas,Reply to Symposium Participants,Benjamin N.Cardozo School ofLaw,Cardozo Law Review,Vol.17,No.4-5,March1996,p.1482.
    ⑥John Rawls,The Idea of Public Reason Revisited,The University of Chicago Law Review,Vol.64,No.3(Summer,1997),pp.765-807.
    ⑦Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,pp.128-135.
    ①关于哈贝马斯有关“重建”方法的论述可参见Michael K.Power,Habermas and theCounterfactual Imagination,Cardozo Law Review,Vol.17,No.4-5,March1996,pp.1005-1025.
    ②Jürgen Habermas,Communication and the Evolution of Society,translated and with anIntroduction by Thomas McCarthy,Boston:Beacon Press,1979,p.95.
    ③亚历桑德罗·费瓦雷(Alessandro Ferrara)认为哈贝马斯通过几个阶段的理论发展才逐渐完善了有关共识真理论的阐释,对此可参见Alessandro Ferrara,A Critique of Habermas'sConsensus Theory of Truth,Philosophy Social Criticism,Vol.13,No.1,1987,pp.39-67.
    ④Jürgen Habermas,The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity:Twelve Lectures,translated byFredrick Lawrence,Cambridge:Polity Press,1990,p.7.
    ⑤Thomas McCarthy,Kantian Constructivism and Reconstructivism:Rawls and Habermas inDialogue,Ethics,Vol.105,No.1(Oct.,1994),pp.44-63.
    ①Jürgen Habermas,The Inclusion of the Other:Studies in Political Theory,edited by Ciaran Croninand Pablo De Greiff,Cambridge,Massachusetts:The MIT Press,1998,p.91.
    ②Jürgen Habermas,The Inclusion of the Other:Studies in Political Theory,edited by Ciaran Croninand Pablo De Greiff,Cambridge,Massachusetts:The MIT Press,1998,pp.89-90.
    ③汪行福:《通向话语民主之路:与哈贝马斯对话》,成都:四川人民出版社,2002年,第86页。另外,亦可参见谈火生:《民主审议与政治合法性》,北京:法律出版社,2007年,第215页。
    ①John Rawls,Political Liberalism,New York:Columbia University Press,1996,p.373.
    ②John Rawls,Political Liberalism,New York:Columbia University Press,1996,p.387.
    ③John Rawls,Political Liberalism,New York:Columbia University Press,1996,p.387.
    ④John Rawls,Political Liberalism,New York:Columbia University Press,1996,p.389.
    ①这就是哈贝马斯试图建构的有关民主理论的“双轨制”模型(the 'two-track' model),不过在詹姆斯·博曼(James Bohman)看来这种“双规制”模型存在着自身的缺陷,他指出哈贝马斯为了在制度层面上取得整合而不惜将民主自治的内涵大量牺牲掉,从而使得人民主权这一激进民主思想的实质性内涵几乎被掏空殆尽,而且由于哈贝马斯对交往的“无主体性(subjectless)”或“匿名性的(anonymous)”理解使得他没有解决在复杂的审议中谁是政治主体(political subject)这一问题。总的来说,博曼认为哈贝马斯的“双规制”模型并没有成功地处理社会复杂性给审议民主所带来的诸多问题,尤其是他遗漏了公众与制度之间的宪政性交流(constitutional interchange),这是一种双向的交流。于是,博曼提出了他自己的另一种二元主义的建议(alternative dualist proposal)。对此,可具体参见James Bohman,PublicDeliberation:Pluralism,Complexity,and Democracy,Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England:The MIT Press,1996,pp.172-181.
    ②Chanral Mouffe,The Democratic Paradox,London and New York:Verso,2000,pp.84-86.
    ③Chantal Mouffe,Deliberative Democracy or Agonistic Pluralism?,Social Research,Vol.66,No.3,Fall1999,pp.745-758.
    ④Chantal Mouffe,Democratic Identity and Pluralist Politics,in Ron Bontekoe and MariettaStepaniants(eds.),Justice and Democracy:Cross-cultural Perspectives,Honolulu,Hawaii:Universityof Hawai'i Press,1997,pp.381-391.
    ⑤Chantal Mouffe,The Return of the Political, London and New York:Verso,1993,pp.1-8.
    ⑥Chanral Mouffe,The Democratic Paradox,London and New York:Verso,2000,p.104.
    ①Chantal Mouffe,The Return of the Political, London and New York:Verso,1993,p.4.
    ②Iseult Honohan,Civic Republicanism,London and New York:Routledge,2002,p.222.
    ③Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,p.143.
    ④Robert E.Goodin,Folie Républicaine,Annual Review of Political Science,Vol.6,No.1,2003,pp.55-76.
    ⑤Iseult Honohan,Civic Republicanism,London and New York:Routledge,2002,p.215.
    ①Iseult Honohan,Civic Republicanism,London and New York:Routledge,2002,p.223.
    ②Maeve Cooke,Are Ethical Conflicts Irreconcilable?,Philosophy Social Criticism,Vol.23,No.2,1997,p.4.
    ③Iseult Honohan,Civic Republicanism,London and New York:Routledge,2002,p.221.
    ④Hanna Fenichel Pitkin,Justice:On Relating Private and Public,Political Theory,Vol.9,No.3(Aug.,1981),p.349.
    ⑤Iseult Honohan,Civic Republicanism,London and New York:Routledge,2002,p.221.
    ⑥Jürgen Habermas,The Theory of Communicative Action,Vol.1:Reason and the Rationalization ofSociety,Boston:Beacon Press,1984,p.285.
    ⑦Jürgen Habermas,Between Facts and Norms:Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law andDemocracy Studies in Contemporary German Social Thought,translated by William Rehg,Cambridge,Massachusetts:The MIT Press,1996,p.139.
    ⑧谈火生:《民主审议与政治合法性》,北京:法律出版社,2007年,第216页。
    ①Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.187.
    ②Iseult Honohan,Civic Republicanism,London and New York:Routledge,2002,p.220.
    ③Jürgen Habermas,The Theory of Communicative Action,Vol.1:Reason and the Rationalization ofSociety,Boston:Beacon Press,1984,p.285.需要注意的是,沟通行为与沟通的行为或言语行为(acts of communication or speech acts)是不同的,对此可参见Kenneth Baynes,The NormativeGrounds of Social Criticism:Kant,Rawls, and Habermas,New York:State University of New YorkPress,1992,p.84.
    ④Jürgen Habermas,Between Facts and Norms:Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law andDemocracy Studies in Contemporary German Social Thought,translated by William Rehg,Cambridge,Massachusetts:The MIT Press,1996,p.139.
    ⑤谈火生:《民主审议与政治合法性》,北京:法律出版社,2007年,第216页。
    ⑥Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.187.
    ⑦Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.187.另外,还可参见T.M.Scanlon,Contractualism and Utilitarianism,in Amartya Sen andBernard Williams(eds.),Utilitarianism and Beyond,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1982,pp.103-128;David Gauthier,Morals By Agreement,Oxford:The Clarendon Press,1986;Cass R.Sunstein,The Partial Constitution,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1994;Brian Barry,Justiceas Impartiality,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1995.
    ①Jürgen Habermas,Between Facts and Norms:Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law andDemocracy Studies in Contemporary German Social Thought,translated by William Rehg,Cambridge,Massachusetts:The MIT Press,1996,pp.139-140.
    ②佩迪特指出推论困境实际上是对法理学学者所称之为原则悖论(the doctrinal paradox)的概括,而原则悖论在很多领域都将普遍化(generalization),其中包括社会的普遍化(the socialgeneralization)、历时性的普遍化(the diachronic generalization)以及否定后论的普遍化(themodus tollens generalization)。对此,可参见Philip Pettit,Deliberative Democracy,the DiscursiveDilemma,and Republican Theory,in James S.Fishkin and Peter Laslett(eds.),Debating DeliberativeDemocracy,Malden:Blackwell Publishing,2003,pp.140-147.另外,有关原则悖论的论述可参见Lewis A.Kornhauser,Modeling Collegial Courts I:Path-dependence,International Review of Lawand Economics,Vol.12,No.2,(June1992),pp.169-185;Lewis A.Kornhauser,Modeling CollegialCourts.II.Legal Doctrine,Journal of Law,Economics,&Organization,Vol.8,No.3(Oct.,1992),pp.441-470;Lewis A.Kornhauser and Lawrence G.Sager,The One and the Many:Adjudication inCollegial Courts,California Law Review,Vol.81,No.1(Jan.,1993),pp.1-59;Bruce Chapman,MoreEasily Done than Said:Rules,Reasons and Rational Social Choice,Oxford Journal of LegalStudies,Vol.18,No.2(Summer1998),pp.293-329;Bruce Chapman,Law,Incommensurability,andConceptually Sequenced Argument,University of Pennsylvania Law Review,Vol.146,No.5(Jun.,1998),pp.1487-1528.
    ③Kenneth Baynes,The Normative Grounds of Social Criticism:Kant,Rawls,and Habermas,NewYork:State University of New York Press,1992,pp.80-83.
    ④Philip Pettit,Deliberative Democracy,the Discursive Dilemma,and Republican Theory,in James S.Fishkin and Peter Laslett(eds.),Debating Deliberative Democracy,Malden:Blackwell Publishing,2003,p.138.
    ⑤Jürgen Habermas,The Theory of Communicative Action,Vol.1:Reason and the Rationalization ofSociety,Boston:Beacon Press,1984,p.94.
    ①Seyla Benhabib,Toward a Deliberative Model of Democratic Legitimacy,in Seyla Benhabib(ed.),Democracy and Difference:Contesting the Boundaries of the Political,Princeton,New Jersey:Princeton University Press,1996,pp.71-72.
    ②许国贤:《商议式民主与民主想像》,载《政治科学论丛》,第十三期,2000年12月,第70页。
    ③Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson,Democracy and Disagreement,Cambridge,Massachusettsand London, England:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1997,p.53.
    ④审议本身具有两个明显的维度:一个是独白式的慎思;一个是对话式的明辨。对此,可参见谈火生:《审议概念的变迁:从慎思到明辨》,载谈火生:《民主审议与政治合法性》,北京:法律出版社,2007年,第296-306页。
    ⑤Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.185.
    ①Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,pp.186-187.需要指出的是,佩迪特并不认为对话必须集中在一个单一的论坛当中,对此可参见Philip Pettit,Deliberative Democracy,the Discursive Dilemma,and Republican Theory,in James S.Fishkin and Peter Laslett(eds.),Debating Deliberative Democracy,Malden:BlackwellPublishing,2003,p.140.
    ②Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,pp.187-200.
    ③J.Donald Moon,Practical Discourse and Communicative Ethics,in Stephen K.White(ed.),TheCambridge Companion to Habermas,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995,pp.143-164.
    ①Omid A.Payrow Shabani,Democracy,Power,and Legitimacy:The Critical Theory of JürgenHabermas,Toronto:University of Toronto Press,2003,p.4.
    ②Seyla Benhabib,Communicative Ethics and Current Controversies in Practical Philophy,in SeylaBenhabib and Fred Dallmayr(eds.),The Communicative Ethics and Controversy,Cambridge,Massachusetts:The MIT Press,1990,pp.330-369.
    ③Jürgen Habermas,Morality and Ethical Life:Does Hegel's Critique of Kant Apply to DiscourseEthics?,Northwestern University Law Review,Vol.83,No.1-2,1988-1989,pp.39-41.
    ④汪行福:《通向话语民主之路:与哈贝马斯对话》,成都:四川人民出版社,2002年,第176-177页。
    ⑤谈火生:《民主审议与政治合法性》,北京:法律出版社,2007年,第222页。
    ⑥Jürgen Habermas,The Inclusion of the Other:Studies in Political Theory Studies in ContemporaryGerman Social Thought,edited by Ciaran Cronin and Pablo De Greiff,Cambridge,Massachusetts:The MIT Press,1998,p.42.
    ⑦Jürgen Habermas,Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action,translated by ChristianLenhardt and Shierry Weber Nicholsen,introduction by Thomas McCarthy,Cambridge,Massachusetts:The MIT Press,1990,p.66.
    ①托马斯·麦卡锡(Thomas McCarthy)归纳了康德和哈贝马斯两人对“普遍性原则”的不同理解,对此可参见Thomas McCarthy,The Crtical Theory of Jürgen Habermas,Cambridge,Massachusetts:The MIT Press,1978,pp.325-330.而对于这一归纳,哈贝马斯本人也是认可的,对此可参见Jürgen Habermas,A Reply to My Critics,in John B.Thompson and David Held(eds.),Habermas:Critical Debates,Cambridge, Massachusetts:The MIT Press,1982,p.257.
    ②Kenneth Baynes,The Normative Grounds of Social Criticism:Kant,Rawls, and Habermas, NewYork:State University of New York Press,1992,p.108.
    ③Jürgen Habermas,The Inclusion of the Other:Studies in Political Theory Studies in ContemporaryGerman Social Thought,edited by Ciaran Cronin and Pablo De Greiff,Cambridge,Massachusetts:The MIT Press,1998,pp.42-43.
    ④Jürgen Habermas,The Inclusion of the Other:Studies in Political Theory Studies in ContemporaryGerman Social Thought,edited by Ciaran Cronin and Pablo De Greiff,Cambridge,Massachusetts:The MIT Press,1998,p.42.
    ①谈火生:《民主审议与政治合法性》,北京:法律出版社,2007年,第224页。
    ②Jürgen Habermas,The Inclusion of the Other:Studies in Political Theory Studies in ContemporaryGerman Social Thought,edited by Ciaran Cronin and Pablo De Greiff,Cambridge,Massachusetts:The MIT Press,1998,p.42.哈贝马斯的这一看法实际上对先前看法的一种修正,他曾经认为D原则从属于U原则,对此可参见汪行福:《通向话语民主之路:与哈贝马斯对话》,成都:四川人民出版社,2002年,第179页。
    ③Kenneth Baynes,The Normative Grounds of Social Criticism:Kant,Rawls,and Habermas,NewYork:State University of New York Press,1992,p.112.
    ④江宜桦:《公共领域中理性沟通的可能性》,“公共知识分子与现代中国”国际学术研讨会会议论文,上海:华东师范大学中国现代思想文化研究所,2002年12月。
    ⑤江宜桦:《公共领域中理性沟通的可能性》,“公共知识分子与现代中国”国际学术研讨会会议论文,上海:华东师范大学中国现代思想文化研究所,2002年12月。在谈火生看来,尽管江宜桦对“超越”和“实用”的理解是准确的,但是他将transcendental-pragmatic argument翻译为“超越-实用”论证却并不是很合适,他主张应该将其翻译为“超越性的语用学论证”。对此,可参见谈火生:《民主审议与政治合法性》,北京:法律出版社,2007年,第224页。
    ⑥Jürgen Habermas,Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action,translated by ChristianLenhardt and Shierry Weber Nicholsen,introduction by Thomas McCarthy,Cambridge,Massachusetts:The MIT Press,1990,p.89.
    ①显然,共和主义爱国主义不同于自由主义爱国主义(liberal patriotism),因此,它又被艾伦·帕
    顿(Alan Patten)称之为非自由主义爱国主义(non-liberal patriotism)。对此,可参见Alan Patten,The Republican Critique of Liberalism,British Journal of Political Science,Vol.26,No.1(Jan.,1996),p.40.350
    ①Laura Andronache,A National Identity Republicanism?,European Journal of Political Theory,Vol.5,No.4,2006,pp.399-414.
    ②Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,pp.67-68.
    ①Iseult Honohan,Civic Republicanism,London and New York:Routledge,2002,pp.276-282.
    ②Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,p.69.
    ①Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,pp.69-70.
    ②Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,p.70.
    ③Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,p.70.
    ④David Miller,Citizenship and National Identity,Cambridge:Polity Press,2000,p.87.
    ⑤David Miller,Citizenship and National Identity,Cambridge:Polity Press,2000,p.87.
    ⑥Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,p.71.
    ⑦David Miller,Citizenship and National Identity,Cambridge:Polity Press,2000,p.53.
    ①David Miller,Citizenship and National Identity,Cambridge:Polity Press,2000,p.58.
    ②David Miller,On Nationality,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1995,pp.194-195.
    ③Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,p.72.
    ④David Miller,On Nationality,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1995,pp.88-90.
    ⑤David Miller,On Nationality,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1995,p.88.
    ⑥David Miller,Citizenship and National Identity,Cambridge:Polity Press,2000,pp.83-84.
    ①Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,p.83.
    ②David Miller,Citizenship and National Identity,Cambridge:Polity Press,2000,p.30.
    ③Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,p.88.
    ①Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,pp.89-90.
    ②Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,p.90.
    ③David Miller,Citizenship and National Identity,Cambridge:Polity Press,2000,p.29.
    ④Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,p.90.
    ⑤David Miller,Citizenship and National Identity,Cambridge:Polity Press,2000,p.29.
    ⑥Laura Andronache,A National Identity Republicanism?,European Journal of Political Theory,Vol.5,No.4,2006,p.410.
    ⑦Laura Andronache,A National Identity Republicanism?,European Journal of Political Theory,Vol.5,No.4,2006,p.410.
    ①Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,p.92.
    ②Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,p.99.
    ③[古罗马]西塞罗:《论老年论友谊论责任》,徐奕春译,北京:商务印书馆,1998年,第116页。
    ①[意]尼科洛·马基雅维里:《论李维》,冯克利译,上海:上海人民出版社,2005年,第213页。应该说,查尔斯·泰勒持有与马基雅维里相同的观点,在泰勒看来爱国主义是维持自由社会的一个条件,他将此称之为“共和主义论题(the republican thesis)”。对此可参见CharlesTaylor,Cross-Purposes:The Liberal-Communitarian Debate,in Nancy L.Rosenblum(ed.),Liberalism and the Moral Life,Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England:Harvard UniversityPress,1989,pp.171-172.不过,艾伦·帕顿则对泰勒所谓的共和主义论题提出了批评,他认为自由主义爱国主义并不像更深层的共和主义反驳(the deeper republican objection)所认为的那样不具有任何可行性。如果自由主义爱国主义是可行的,那么我们根本没有必要诉诸于非自由主义爱国主义,也即说,非自由主义爱国主义对于维持自由社会来说并不必然是一个不可或缺的条件。对此,可参见Alan Patten,The Republican Critique of Liberalism,British Journalof Political Science,Vol.26,No.1(Jan.,1996),pp.36-44.
    ②[法]孟德斯鸠:《论法的精神(上)》,张雁深译,北京:商务印书馆,1961年,第41页。
    ③[法]孟德斯鸠:《论法的精神(上)》,张雁深译,北京:商务印书馆,1961年,第41页。
    ④[法]孟德斯鸠:《论法的精神(上)》,张雁深译,北京:商务印书馆,1961年,第41页。
    ⑤[法]孟德斯鸠:《论法的精神(上)》,张雁深译,北京:商务印书馆,1961年,第42页。
    ⑥[法]卢梭:《论政治经济学》,王运成译,北京:商务印书馆,1962年,第19-20页。
    ①[意]莫里奇奥·维罗里:《共和主义的复兴及其局限》,刘训练译,载应奇、刘训练(主编):《公民共和主义》,北京:东方出版社,2006年,第163-164页。
    ②[意]莫里奇奥·维罗里:《共和主义的复兴及其局限》,刘训练译,载应奇、刘训练(主编):《公民共和主义》,北京:东方出版社,2006年,第164页。
    ③[意]莫里奇奥·维罗里:《共和主义的复兴及其局限》,刘训练译,载应奇、刘训练(主编):《公民共和主义》,北京:东方出版社,2006年,第164页。
    ④[意]莫里奇奥·维罗里:《共和主义的复兴及其局限》,刘训练译,载应奇、刘训练(主编):《公民共和主义》,北京:东方出版社,2006年,第165页。
    ⑤Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,p.100.
    ①[意]莫里奇奥·维罗里:《共和主义的复兴及其局限》,刘训练译,载应奇、刘训练(主编):《公民共和主义》,北京:东方出版社,2006年,第166页。
    ②[意]莫里奇奥·维罗里:《共和主义的复兴及其局限》,刘训练译,载应奇、刘训练(主编):《公民共和主义》,北京:东方出版社,2006年,第167页。
    ③[意]莫里奇奥·维罗里:《共和主义的复兴及其局限》,刘训练译,载应奇、刘训练(主编):《公民共和主义》,北京:东方出版社,2006年,第167-168页。
    ④[意]莫里奇奥·维罗里:《共和主义的复兴及其局限》,刘训练译,载应奇、刘训练(主编):《公民共和主义》,北京:东方出版社,2006年,第169页。
    ⑤[意]莫里奇奥·维罗里:《共和主义的复兴及其局限》,刘训练译,载应奇、刘训练(主编):《公民共和主义》,北京:东方出版社,2006年,第170-171页。
    ①Charles Taylor,Cross-Purposes:The Liberal-Communitarian Debate,in Nancy L.Rosenblum(ed.),Liberalism and the Moral Life,Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England:Harvard UniversityPress,1989,pp.159-160.
    ①Charles Taylor,Cross-Purposes:The Liberal-Communitarian Debate,in Nancy L.Rosenblum(ed.),Liberalism and the Moral Life,Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England:Harvard UniversityPress,1989,p.160.
    ②[法]卢梭:《社会契约论(修订第3版)》,何兆武译,北京:商务印书馆,2003年,第26页。
    ③Benjamin R.Barber,Strong Democracy:Participatory Politics for a New Age,Berkeley,LosAngeles and London:University of California Press,2003,p.24.
    ④Benjamin R.Barber,Strong Democracy:Participatory Politics for a New Age,Berkeley,LosAngeles and London:University of California Press,2003,p.20.
    ①Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.260.
    ①Richard Sennett,The Fall of Public Man,New York:Alfred A. Knopf Inc.,1977,p.34.
    ②Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.333.在哈迪蒙看来,角色性义务一直被当代道德哲学家所忽视,即使在伦理学主流(the ethicalmainstream)的批评者那里这种义务也充其量只被视为边缘性的(marginal)。相关的文献可参见:Michael J.Sandel,Liberalism and the Limits of Justice,Cambridge:Cambridge UniversityPress,1982;Christina Hoff Sommers,Filial Morality,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.83,No.8(Aug.,1986),pp.439-456;Thomas Nagel,The View from Nowhere,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1986;Bernard Williams,Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy,With a commentary on the text by A.W.Moore,New York and London:Routledge,2006;Alasdair MacIntyre,After Virtue:A Study in MoralTheory(Third Edition),Indiana:University of Notre Dame Press,2007;Laurence A.Blum,Friendship,Altruism and Morality,New York and London:Routledge,2010.当然,并不是所有的道德哲学家都如此轻视角色性义务,德沃金就是一个例外,对此可参见Ronald Dworkin,Law's Empire,Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England:Harvard University Press,1986.
    ①Richard Sennett,The Fall of Public Man,New York:Alfred A. Knopf Inc.,1977,p.35.
    ②Richard Sennett,The Fall of Public Man,New York:Alfred A. Knopf Inc.,1977,p.33.
    ③Richard Sennett,The Fall of Public Man,New York:Alfred A. Knopf Inc.,1977,p.33.
    ④Richard Sennett,The Fall of Public Man,New York:Alfred A. Knopf Inc.,1977,p.33.
    ⑤Richard Sennett,The Fall of Public Man,New York:Alfred A. Knopf Inc.,1977,p.34.
    ①Richard Sennett,The Fall of Public Man,New York:Alfred A. Knopf Inc.,1977,p.34.
    ②Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.334.
    ③R.S.Downie,Roles and Values:An Introduction to Social Ethics,New York:Methuen,1971,pp.127-128.
    ④Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.334.
    ⑤Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.334.
    ⑥[美]理查德·桑内特:《公共人的衰落》,李继宏译,上海:上海译文出版社,2008年,第44页。
    ①[美]理查德·桑内特:《公共人的衰落》,李继宏译,上海:上海译文出版社,2008年,第44页。
    ②[美]理查德·桑内特:《公共人的衰落》,李继宏译,上海:上海译文出版社,2008年,第44页。
    ③[美]理查德·桑内特:《公共人的衰落》,李继宏译,上海:上海译文出版社,2008年,第44页。
    ④在这里我们还有必要指出的是,对于公民角色的占有存在两种情况:一种是名义上的占有(nominal occupancy),一种是实际上的占有(real occupancy)。比如说,M出生于政治共同体P当中,随后不久就被其父母带到了政治共同体Q,其间M一直生活在在Q并且从未回过P,不过M并没有归化到Q,也就是说,M一直是P的公民。在这种情形下,我们说M对政治共同体P的公民角色的占有只是一种名义上的占有而非实际上的占有。
    ⑤Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.334.
    ①Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,p.185.
    ②G.A.Cohen,Rescuing Justice and Equality,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2008,p.43.
    ③Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,p.191.
    ④Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.338.
    ⑤Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.338.
    ⑥Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel,Lectures on the Philosophy of World History:Introduction,translated from the German edition of Johannes Hoffmeister by H.B.Nisbet,with an Introductionby Duncan Forbes,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1975,p.80.
    ⑦Alasdair MacIntyre,After Virtue:A Study in Moral Theory(Third Edition),Indiana:University ofNotre Dame Press,2007,pp.114-122.
    ①Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.338.
    ②Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.338.
    ③Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel,Lectures on the Philosophy of World History:Introduction,translated from the German edition of Johannes Hoffmeister by H.B.Nisbet,with an Introductionby Duncan Forbes,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1975,p.89.
    ④Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),pp.339-340.
    ⑤Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.340.
    ⑥Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),pp.340-341.
    ①Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.341.
    ②Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.342.
    ③Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,p.176.
    ④Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.335.
    ⑤Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.335.
    ⑥Ronald Dworkin,Law's Empire,Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England:HarvardUniversity Press,1986,pp.45-86.
    ①Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.354.
    ②Norman Daniels,Duty to Treat or Right to Refuse?,The Hastings Center Report,Vol.21,No.2(Mar.-Apr.,1991),p.43.
    ③Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.354.
    ①Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.355.
    ②Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.355.
    ③需要指出的是,弱势共和主义所持有的这种狭窄的参与容易出现“委托-代理问题(theprinciple-agent problem)”,这主要是因为普通公民与代理人之间会出现严重的信息不对称(the information asymmetry),从而导致他们缺乏做出正确抉择的能力。对此,可参见LauraAndronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion of PoliticalObligation,Central European University,2009,p.178.
    ①Norman Daniels,Duty to Treat or Right to Refuse?,The Hastings Center Report,Vol.21,No.2(Mar.-Apr.,1991),p.43.
    ②Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.356.
    ③Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.356.
    ④Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.356.
    ⑤Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.356.
    ①Christina Hoff Sommers,Filial Morality,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.83,No.8(Aug.,1986),pp.439-456.
    ②Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.342.
    ③Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.343.
    ④Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.344.
    ①Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.344.
    ②Michael J.Sandel,Liberalism and the Limits of Justice,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1982,pp.148-149.
    ③Michael J.Sandel,Liberalism and the Limits of Justice,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1982,p.150.
    ④Yael Tamir,Liberal Nationalism,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1993,p.135.
    ①Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.345.对于这一点,哈迪蒙在他的著作《黑格尔的社会哲学:和解方案(Hegel's Social Philosophy:TheProject of Reconciliation)》一书中做了更为细致的探讨,对此可参见Michael O.Hardimon,Hegel's Social Philosophy:The Project of Reconciliation,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1994,pp.144-173.
    ②Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.346.
    ③Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.347.
    ④Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.347.
    ⑤John Rawls,The Independence of Moral Theory,Proceedings and Addresses of the AmericanPhilosophical Association,Vol.48(1974-1975),pp.7-8;John Rawls,Political Liberalism,New York:Columbia University Press,1996,pp.8,28,45,72.John Rawls,A Theory of Justice(Revised Edition),Cambridge,Massachusetts:The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1999,pp.18-19,42-45.
    ⑥Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.343.
    ⑦Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.350.
    ①Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.348.
    ②Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.348.
    ③Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.348.
    ④Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.348.
    ⑤Habermas,Legitimation Crisis, translated by Thomas McCarthy,Cambridge:Polity Press,1976,p.
    108.同时,亦可参见Raymond Geuss,The Idea of a Critical Theory:Habermas and the FrankfurtSchool,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1981,pp.48-50.
    ⑥Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),pp.348-349.
    ①Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.351.
    ②Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.362.
    ①Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.357.
    ②Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.358.
    ③Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.358.
    ④Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.358.
    ①Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.358.
    ②Gerald A.Cohen,Beliefs and R les,Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society,New Series,Vol.67(1966-1967), p.34.
    ③Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.359.
    ④[法]萨特:《存在与虚无(修订译本)》,陈宜良等译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2007年,第77-106页。
    ⑤John T.Noonan,Jr.,Persons and Masks of the Law:Cardozo,Holmes,Jefferson and Wythe asMakers of the Masks,Berkeley and Los Angeles,California:University of California Press,2002,pp.3-28.
    ⑥Michael O.Hardimon,Role Obligations,The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.91,No.7(Jul.,1994),p.359.
    ①Will Kymlicka,Contemporary Philosophy:An Introduction(Second edition),Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press,2002,p.15.
    ②Jon Elster,Sour Grapes:Studies in the Subversion of Rationality,Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity Press,1983.
    ③Will Kymlicka,Contemporary Philosophy:An Introduction(Second edition),Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press,2002,p.15.
    ①Will Kymlicka,Contemporary Philosophy:An Introduction(Second edition),Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press,2002,p.38.
    ②Will Kymlicka,Contemporary Philosophy:An Introduction(Second edition),Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press,2002,p.16.
    ①Ronald Dworkin,Law's Empire,Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England:HarvardUniversity Press,1986,p.206.
    ②Ronald Dworkin,Law's Empire,Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England:HarvardUniversity Press,1986,p.196.
    ③Ronald Dworkin,Law's Empire,Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England:HarvardUniversity Press,1986,p.196.
    ④Christopher Heath Wellman,Associative Allegiances and Political Obligations,Social Theory andPractice,Vol.23,No.2(Summer1997),p.182.
    ①[英]约翰·霍顿:《政治义务再思考》,谭杰译,载毛兴贵(编):《政治义务:证成与反驳》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年,第319页。
    ②[英]约翰·霍顿:《政治义务再思考》,谭杰译,载毛兴贵(编):《政治义务:证成与反驳》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年,第319页。早在霍顿之前,麦克弗森就持有这种观点,在麦克弗森看来如果政治共同体的成员否认他们需要承担一种对于政治共同体的团体性政治义务,那么他们就没有真正理解作为政治共同体的成员到底意味着什么,换句话说,政治共同体的成员身份本身就包含着对于政治共同体的政治义务。对此,可具体参见ThomasMcPherson,Political Obligation,London:Routledge&Kegan Paul,1967,pp.64-65.
    ③罗伯特·菲尔麦爵士(Sir Robert Filmer)在17世纪的时候就试图阐明家长权威与政治权威之间的相似关系,对此可参见Sir Robert Filmer,Patriarcha and Other Writings,edited by JohannP.Sommerville,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1991.很大程度上,这种类比是为了说明父权制或者家长制的政治关系,关于这一点的说明可参见G.J.Schochet,Patriarchalism inPolitical Thought:The Authoritarian Family and Political Speculation and Attitudes Especially inSeventeenth-Century England, New York:Basic Books,1975.洛克正是出于对父权制或者家长制的警惕才对菲尔麦加以批判,而他的《政府论》上篇则是专门用来说明政治权威与家长权威两者之间类比的荒谬性的,对此可参见[英]洛克:《政府论(上篇)》,瞿菊农、叶启芳译,北京:商务印书馆,1982年。不可否认,将政治权威类比于家长权威的确存在许多不当之处,但是在霍顿看来运用这种类似来对政治义务加以说明未必就意味着父权制或家长制,对此可参见[英]约翰·霍顿:《政治义务再思考》,谭杰译,载毛兴贵(编):《政治义务:证成与反驳》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年,第320页。
    ①Rush Rhees,Without Answers,London:Routledge&K. Paul,1969,pp.81-82.
    ②A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979, p.160.
    ③Jeffie G.Murphy,In Defense of Obligation,in J.Roland Pennock and John W.Chapman(eds.),Political and Legal Obligation,With a Introduction by William J.Quirk,New Brunswick,N.J.:AldineTransaction,2007,pp.42-43.
    ①A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979, pp.179-180.
    ②Richard E.Flathman,Political obligation,New York:Atheneum,1972,pp.270-280.
    ③A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979, p.184.
    ①[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年,第160页。
    ②A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979, p.189.
    ①A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979, p.185.
    ②A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979, p.186.
    ③Nannerl O.Henry,Political Obligation and Collective Goods,in J.Roland Pennock and JohnW.Chapman (eds.), Political and Legal Obligation,With a Introduction by William J.Quirk,NewBrunswick,N.J.: AldineTransaction,2007,p.270.
    ④Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.110.
    ①Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.113.
    ②Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,pp.113-114.
    ③Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.115.
    ④Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.116.
    ⑤Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.118.
    ①Philip Pettit,The Common Mind:An Essay on Psychology,Society, and Politics,Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press,1993,pp.117-163.
    ②David Miller,Market,State,and Community:Theoretical Foundations of Market Socialism,Oxford:The Clarendon Press,1989.
    ③佩迪特指出,共同善可以划分为两种:一种是部分的共同善(a partially common good),一种是完全的共同善(a perfectly common good)。对此,可参见Philip Pettit,Republicanism:ATheory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.121.
    ④Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.121.
    ⑤[美]菲利普·塞尔兹尼克:《社群主义的说服力》,马洪、李清伟译,上海:上海世纪出版集团,2009年,第121页。
    ⑥Philip Pettit,Republicanism:A Theory of Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,p.125.
    ①Michael Walzer,Spheres of Justice:A Defense of Pluralism and Equality,New York:BasicBooks,1983,p.31.
    ②Michael Walzer,Spheres of Justice:A Defense of Pluralism and Equality,New York:BasicBooks,1983,p.32.
    ①[法]卢梭:《论政治经济学》,王运成译,北京:商务印书馆,1962年,第17页。
    ②Michael Walzer,Spheres of Justice:A Defense of Pluralism and Equality,New York:BasicBooks,1983,p.64.
    ③H.N.Hirsch,The Threnody of Liberalism:Constitutional Liberty and the Renewal of Community,Political Theory,Vol.14,No.3(Aug.,1986),p.425.
    ④A.John Simmons,Moral Principles and Political Obligations,Princeton,New Jersey:PrincetonUniversity Press,1979, p.162.
    ⑤[法]卢梭:《论政治经济学》,王运成译,北京:商务印书馆,1962年,第1页。
    ⑥[法]卢梭:《论政治经济学》,王运成译,北京:商务印书馆,1962年,第1页。
    ①[英]约翰·霍顿:《政治义务再思考》,谭杰译,载毛兴贵(编):《政治义务:证成与反驳》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年,第320-321页。
    ②[英]约翰·霍顿:《政治义务再思考》,谭杰译,载毛兴贵(编):《政治义务:证成与反驳》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年,第322页。
    ③[英]约翰·霍顿:《政治义务再思考》,谭杰译,载毛兴贵(编):《政治义务:证成与反驳》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年,第329页。
    ④[英]约翰·霍顿:《政治义务再思考》,谭杰译,载毛兴贵(编):《政治义务:证成与反驳》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年,第329页。
    ⑤Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,p.174.
    ①John Horton,In Defence of Associative Political Obligations:Part Two,Plitical Studies,Vol.55,No.1,2007,p.8.
    ②[法]雅克·德里达:《〈友爱的政治学〉及其他》,夏可君译,长春:吉林人民出版社,2006年,第13页。
    ③[法]雅克·德里达:《〈友爱的政治学〉及其他》,夏可君译,长春:吉林人民出版社,2006年,第13页。
    ①[法]雅克·德里达:《〈友爱的政治学〉及其他》,夏可君译,长春:吉林人民出版社,2006年,第14页。
    ②Ronald Dworkin,Law's Empire,Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England:HarvardUniversity Press,1986,p.201.
    ③Ronald Dworkin,Law's Empire,Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England:HarvardUniversity Press,1986,pp.199-201.
    ①Ronald Dworkin,Law's Empire,Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England:HarvardUniversity Press,1986,p.201.
    ②Ronald Dworkin,Law's Empire,Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England:HarvardUniversity Press,1986,pp.202-206.
    ③Ronald Dworkin,Law's Empire,Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England:HarvardUniversity Press,1986,p.209.
    ①Ronald Dworkin,Law's Empire,Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England:HarvardUniversity Press,1986,p.210.
    ②Ronald Dworkin,Law's Empire,Cambridge,Massachusetts and London,England:HarvardUniversity Press,1986,p.211.
    ①Laura Andronache,Contemporary Republican Strategies for "Civic Virtue" and the Notion ofPolitical Obligation,Central European University,2009,pp.156-169.
    ②关于道义论共和主义和目的论共和主义的论述,可参见Philip Pettit,Republicanism:ATheoryof Freedom and Government,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1997,pp.99-102.
    1、蔡英文:《政治实践与公共空间:阿伦特的政治思想》,北京:新星出版社,2006年。
    2、蔡英文:《主权国家与市民社会》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年。
    3、陈弱水:《公共意识与中国文化》,北京:新星出版社,2006年。
    4、陈伟:《阿伦特与政治的回归》,北京:法律出版社,2008年。
    5、程炼:《伦理学导论》,北京:北京大学出版社,2008年。
    6、慈继伟:《正义的两面》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2001年。
    7、丛日云:《西方政治文化传统》,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2007年。
    8、韩冬梅:《西方协商民主理论研究——兼论比较视野中的中国协商民主理论构想》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2008年。
    9、洪汉鼎:《诠释学——它的历史和当代发展》,北京:人民出版社,2001年。
    10、霍伟岸:《洛克权利理论研究》,北京:法律出版社,2011年。
    11、江宜桦:《自由民主的理路》,北京:新星出版社,2006年。
    12、孔新峰:《从自然之人到公民:霍布斯政治思想新诠》,北京:国家行政学院出版社,2011年。
    13、李石:《积极自由的悖论》,北京:商务印书馆,2011年。
    14、廖申白:《伦理学概论》,北京:北京师范大学出版社,2009年。
    15、林火旺:《正义与公民》,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2008年。
    16、刘诚:《现代社会中的国家与公民——共和主义宪法理论为视角》,北京:法律出版社,2006年。
    17、刘训练:《公民与共和——当代西方共和主义研究》,天津师范大学博士学位论文,2006年。
    18、彭斌:《公共生活的和谐之道——以共和理论为视角的研究》,吉林大学博士学位论文,2008年。
    19、石元康:《罗尔斯》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2004年。
    20、谈火生:《民主审议与政治合法性》,北京:法律出版社,2007年。
    21、万绍红:《美国宪法中的共和主义》,北京:人民出版社,2009年。
    22、汪行福:《通向话语民主之路:与哈贝马斯对话》,成都:四川人民出版社,2002年
    23、文正邦:《当代法哲学研究与探索》,北京:法律出版社,1999年。
    24、肖滨、郭忠华、郭台辉:《现代政治中的公民身份》,上海:上海人民出版社,2010年。
    25、徐贲:《通往尊严的公共生活》,北京:新星出版社,2009年。
    26、徐向东:《自由主义、社会契约与政治辩护》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年。
    27、许国贤:《个人自由的政治理论》,北京:法律出版社,2008年。
    28、许国贤:《马克弗森:民主的政治哲学》,台北:东大图书公司,1993年。
    29、应奇:《从自由主义到后自由主义》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2003年。
    30、应奇:《社群主义》,台北:扬智文化事业股份有限公司,1999年
    31、俞可平:《社群主义》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1998年。
    32、曾纪茂:《共和主义的民主——自治的承诺与实现的可能》,复旦大学博士学位论文,2005年。
    33、张昌林:《共和主义公民身份与当代中国政治发展》,济南:山东大学出版社,2010年。
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    1、[爱尔兰]菲利普·佩迪特:《语词的创造:霍布斯论语言、心智与政治》,北京:北京大学出版社,2010年。
    2、[澳]菲利普·佩迪特:《共和主义:一种关于自由与政府的理论》,刘训练译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2006年。
    3、[澳]菲利普·佩迪特:《人同此心:论心理、社会与政治》,应奇、王华平、张曦译,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2010年。
    4、[德]斐迪南·滕尼斯:《共同体与社会:纯粹社会学的基本概念》,林荣远译,北京:北京大学出版社,2010年。
    5、[德]黑格尔:《法哲学原理或自然法和国家学纲要》,范扬、张企泰译,北京:商务印书馆,1961年。
    6、[德]黑格尔:《哲学史讲演录(第二卷)》,贺麟、王太庆译,北京:商务印书馆,1960年。
    7、[德]康德:《历史理性批判文集》,何兆武译,北京:商务印书馆,1990年。
    8、[德]康德:《任何一种能够作为科学出现的未来形而上学——导论》,庞景仁译,北京:商务印书馆,1978年。
    9、[德]马克斯·韦伯:《经济与社会(上卷)》,林荣远译,北京:商务印书馆,1997年。
    10、[法]邦雅曼·贡斯当:《古代人的自由与现代人的自由——贡斯当政治论文选》,阎克文、刘满贵译,北京:商务印书馆,1999年。
    11、[法]卢梭:《爱弥尔(上卷)》,李平沤译,北京:商务印书馆,1996年。
    12、[法]卢梭:《论政治经济学》,王运成译,北京:商务印书馆,1962年。
    13、[法]卢梭:《社会契约论(修订第3版)》,何兆武译,北京:商务印书馆,2003年。
    14、[法]孟德斯鸠:《论法的精神(上)》,张雁深译,北京:商务印书馆,1961年.
    15、[法]萨特:《存在与虚无(修订译本)》,陈宜良等译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2007年。
    16、[法]托克维尔:《论美国的民主(上卷)》,董果良译,北京:商务印书馆,1988年。
    17、[法]托克维尔:《论美国的民主(下卷)》,董果良译,北京:商务印书馆,1988年。
    18、[法]雅克·德里达:《〈友爱的政治学〉及其他》,夏可君译,长春:吉林人民出版社,2006年。
    19、[法]亚历山大·科耶夫:《权威的概念》,姜志辉译,南京:译林出版社,2011年。
    20、[芬兰]凯瑞·帕罗内:《昆廷·斯金纳思想研究:历史·政治·修辞》,李宏图、胡传胜译,上海:华东师范大学出版社,2003年。
    21、[古罗马]西塞罗:《国家篇法律篇》,沈叔平、苏力译,北京:商务印书馆,1999年。
    22、[古罗马]西塞罗:《论老年论友谊论责任》,徐奕春译,北京:商务印书馆,1998年。
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    25、[古希腊]柏拉图:《苏格拉底最后的日子》,[英]休·特里德尼克、谢善元译,上海:上海译文出版社,2007年。
    26、[古希腊]亚里士多德:《尼各马可伦理学》,廖申白译注,北京:商务印书馆,2003年。
    27、[古希腊]亚里士多德:《政治学》,吴寿彭译,北京:商务印书馆,1965年。
    28、[加]L.W.萨姆纳:《权利的道德基础》,李茂森译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011年。
    29、[加]查尔斯·泰勒:《自我的根源:现代认同的形成》,韩震等译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2001年。
    30、[加]莱斯利·雅各布:《民主的视野:当代政治哲学导论》,吴增定、刘凤罡译,北京:中国广播电视出版社,1999年。
    31、[加]威尔·金里卡:《当代政治哲学(上)》,刘莘译,上海:上海三联书店,2004年。
    32、[加]威尔·金里卡:《当代政治哲学(下)》,刘莘译,上海:上海三联书店,2004年。
    33、[加]威尔·金里卡:《自由主义、社群与文化》,应奇、葛水林译,上海:上海译文出版社,2005年。
    34、[美]A.麦金泰尔:《追寻美德:伦理理论研究》,宋继杰译,南京:译林出版社,2003年。
    35、[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《道德原则与政治义务》,郭为桂、李艳丽译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年。
    36、[美]E.博登海默:《法理学:法律哲学与法律方法》,邓正来译,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1998年。
    37、[美]阿米·古特曼、丹尼斯·汤普森:《民主与分歧》,杨立峰、葛水林、应奇译,北京:东方出版社,2007年。
    38、[美]埃里希·弗洛姆:《逃避自由》,刘林海译,北京:国际文化出版公司,2000年。
    39、[美]本杰明·巴伯:《强势民主》,彭斌、吴润洲译,长春:吉林人民出版社,2006年。
    40、[美]查尔斯·拉莫尔:《现代性的教训》,刘擎、应奇译,北京:东方出版社,2010年。
    41、[美]菲利普·塞尔兹尼克:《社群主义的说服力》,马洪、李清伟译,上海:上海世纪出版集团,2009年。
    42、[美]汉娜·阿伦特:《人的境况》,王寅丽译,上海:上海人民出版社,2009年。
    43、[美]汉娜·鄂兰:《共和危机》,蔡佩君译,台北:时报文化出版企业股份有限公司,1996年。
    44、[美]理查德·桑内特:《公共人的衰落》,李继宏译,上海:上海译文出版社,2008年。
    45、[美]列奥·施特劳斯:《自然权利与历史》,彭刚译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2003年。
    46、[美]罗伯特·诺齐克:《苏格拉底的困惑》,郭建玲、程郁华译,北京:新星出版社,2006年。
    47、[美]罗伯特·诺奇克:《无政府、国家和乌托邦》,姚大志译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2008年。
    48、[美]罗纳德·德沃金:《法律帝国》,李常青译,北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1996年。
    49、[美]罗纳德·德沃金:《认真对待权利》,信春鹰、吴玉章译,上海:上海三联书店,2008年。
    50、[美]罗纳德·德沃金:《原则问题》,张国清译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2005年。
    51、[美]玛丽·安·格伦顿:《权利话语:穷途末路的政治言辞》,周威译,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年。
    52、[美]迈克尔·J.桑德尔:《民主的不满:美国在寻求一种公共哲学》,曾纪茂译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2008年。
    53、[美]迈克尔·J.桑德尔:《自由主义与正义的局限》,万俊人等译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2001年。
    54、[美]迈克尔·扎科特:《自然权利与新共和主义》,王岽兴译,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2008年。
    55、[美]乔治·霍兰·萨拜因:《政治学说史》,盛葵阳、崔妙因译,北京:商务印书馆,1986年。
    56、[美]乔治·克洛斯科:《公平原则与政治义务》,毛兴贵译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2009年。
    57、[美]史蒂芬·霍尔姆斯,凯斯·R.桑斯坦:《权利的成本——为什么自由依赖于税》,毕竞悦译,北京:北京大学出版社,2004年。
    58、[美]托马斯·斯坎伦:《我们彼此负有什么义务》,陈代东、杨伟清、杨选等译,北京:人民出版社,2008年。
    59、[美]威廉·A·盖尔斯顿:《自由多元主义:政治理论与实践中的价值多元主义》,佟德志、庞金友译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2005年。
    60、[美]威廉·K.弗兰克纳:《伦理学》,关键译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1987年。
    61、[美]约翰·凯克斯:《反对自由主义》,应奇译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2005年。
    62、[美]约翰·罗尔斯:《正义论》,何怀宏、何包钢、廖申白译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988年。
    63、[美]约翰·罗尔斯:《政治自由主义》,万俊人译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2000年。
    64、[美]约翰·麦克里兰:《西方政治思想史》,彭淮栋译,海口:海南出版社。
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    67、[意]莫瑞兹奥·维罗里:《从善的政治到国家理由》,郑红译,长春:吉林人民出版社,2011年。
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    69、[英]A.J.M.米尔恩:《人的权利与人的多样性——人权哲学》,夏勇、张志铭译,北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1995年。
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    75、[英]德里克·希特:《何为公民身份》,郭忠华译,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2007年。
    76、[英]亨利·西季威克:《伦理学方法》,廖申白译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1993年。
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    80、[英]昆廷·斯金纳:《霍布斯与共和主义自由》,管可秾译,上海三联书店,2011年。
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    82、[英]昆廷·斯金纳:《自由主义之前的自由(修订版)》,李宏图译,上海:上海三联书店,2003年。
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    1、蔡英文:《公民身份的多重性——政治观念史的阐述》,载许纪霖(主编):《公共性与公民观(知识分子论丛第5辑)》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2006年,第80-97页。
    2、曾国祥:《自由民主之困局:第一人称观点的公民社会理念之检讨》,载《中国地方自治》,2002年第5期。
    3、陈思贤:《近代自由主义政治的古典前驱:希腊化时代反城邦政治与自然法的兴起》,载《政治科学论丛》,1999年6月第10期,第195-226页。
    4、陈伟:《试论西方古典共和主义政治哲学的基本理念》,载《复旦学报(社会科学版)》,2004年第5期。
    5、陈喜贵:《论政治义务和政治权威的证立及其困境》,载《同济大学学报(社会科学版)》,2009年第4期。
    6、程炼:《公平游戏与政治义务》,载于赵敦华(主编):《哲学门(第一卷·第一册)》,武汉:湖北教育出版社,2000年,第131-143页。
    7、傅乾:《马基雅维利的virtù》,载韩潮(主编):《谁是马基雅维利(思想史研究第8辑)》,上海:上海人民出版社,2010年,第103-142页。
    8、高景柱:《论共和主义公民身份理论的复兴及其局限》,载《内蒙古大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2011年第2期。
    9、江畅:《论德性与善、义务、正当及道德许可的关系》,载《上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2011年第5期。
    10、江宜桦:《公共领域中理性沟通的可能性》,“公共知识分子与现代中国”国际学术研讨会会议论文,上海:华东师范大学中国现代思想文化研究所,2002年12月。
    11、江宜桦:《政治社群与生命共同体——亚里士多德城邦理论的若干启示》,载许纪霖(主编):《共和、社群与公民(知识分子论丛第2辑)》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2004年,第127-168页。
    12、李庆平、刘明海:《还原论的论证和核心信念》,载《自然辩证法研究》,2009年第1期。
    13、刘擎:《国家中立性原则的道德维度》,载《华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2009年第2期。
    14、刘擎:《政治正当性与哲学无政府主义:以西蒙斯为中心的讨论》,载《华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2007年第6期。
    15、马庆:《正义与相互性——罗尔斯理论中的可欲性与可行性》,载《内蒙古社会科学(汉文版)》,2007年第6期。
    16、毛兴贵、谭杰:《论罗尔斯的政治义务理论》,载《现代哲学》,2005年第4期。
    17、毛兴贵:《功利主义与政治义务》,载《哲学动态》,2011年第12期。
    18、毛兴贵:《政治合法性、政治正当性与政治义务》,载《马克思主义与现实(双月刊)》,2010年第4期。
    19、施治生:《西塞罗的共和国政治理论》,载《史学理论研究》,1998年第1期。
    20、石元康:《政治自由主义之中立性原则及其证成》,载刘擎、关小春(编):《自由主义与中国现代性的思考——“中国近现代思想的演变”研讨会论文集(下)》,香港:香港中文大学出版社,2002年,第3-35页。
    21、石元康:《自由主义与现代社会》,载《开放时代》,2003年第1期。
    22、苏文流:《洛克的同意论》,载《政治科学论丛》,2002年12月第17期,第199-218页。
    23、王续添:《现代中国地方主义的政治解读》,载《史学月刊》,2002年第6期。
    24、王寅丽:《波考克对马基雅维利德性语言的共和主义阐释》,载《华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2012年第2期。
    25、萧高彦:《西塞罗与马基维利论政治道德》,载《政治科学论丛》,2002年6月第16期,第1-28页。
    26、谢世民:《政治权力、政治权威与政治义务》,载《政治与社会哲学评论》,2002年6月第1期,第1-41页。
    27、徐百军:《政治义务的概念考量》,载《南京政治学院学报》,2012年第5期。
    28、徐贲:《苏格拉底对话中的“公民服从”:思想者的政治技艺》,载邓正来(主编):《中国社会科学辑刊·冬季卷》,上海:复旦大学出版社,2008年,第60-66页。
    29、许国贤:《商议式民主与民主想像》,载《政治科学论丛》,2000年12月第13期,第61-92页。
    30、杨礼银:《论罗尔斯和哈贝马斯的“公民不服从”理论》,载《武汉大学学报(人文科学版)》,2009年第4期。
    31、詹康:《圣奥斯丁的共和主义、圣教徒共和国与存有学的政治学》,载《人文及社会科学集刊》,第二十一卷第二期,1998年6月,第189-246页。
    32、张国清:《在善与善之间:以赛亚·伯林的价值多元论难题及其批判》,载《哲学研究》,2004年第7期。
    33、郑成良:《权利本位论》,载《中国法学》,1991年第1期。
    34、周濂:《政治正当性与政治义务》,载《吉林大学社会科学学报》,2006年第2期。
    35、周濂:《政治正当性的四重根》,载《学海》,2007年第2期。
    36、朱佳峰:《多元主义政治义务论:天衣无缝还是破绽百出?》,载邓正来(主编):《复旦政治哲学评论(第2辑)》,上海:上海人民出版社,2010年,第223-225页。
    37、朱振:《政治权威与道德自主性:悖论及协调的可能性——对沃尔夫哲学无政府主义论证思路的一种反思》,载《法制与社会发展(双月刊)》,2010年第5期。
    38、邹晓红、尹奎杰:《论权利对义务和责任的优先性》,载《中央民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2010年第1期。
    1、[爱尔兰]伊休尔特·霍诺汉:《处理差异:共和主义的公共与私人的区别》,张峰译,载[爱尔兰]玛丽亚·巴格拉米安、埃克拉克塔·英格拉姆(编):《多元论:差异性哲学和政治学》,重庆:重庆出版社,2010年,第167-189页。
    2、[澳]菲利普·佩迪特:《城市的自由:一种共和主义的理想》,王波译,载许纪霖(主编):《公共性与公民观(知识分子论丛第5辑)》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2006年,第138-171页。
    3、[澳]菲利普·佩迪特:《桑德尔共和主义的重构》,魏莉译,载马德普、[加]威尔·金里卡(主编):《中西政治文化论丛(第四辑)》,天津:天津人民出版社,2004年,第126-158页。
    4、[澳]菲利普·佩迪特:《重申共和主义》,刘训练译,载应奇、刘训练(主编):《公民共和主义》,北京:东方出版社,2006年,第115-144页。
    5、[澳]哈格·帕塔潘:《朋友与公民:转变中的现代共同体基础》,汪宏伦译,载许纪霖(主编):《公共性与公民观(知识分子论丛第5辑)》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2006年,第172-186页。
    6、[澳大利亚]菲利普·佩迪特:《从共和到民主》,涂文娟译,载《马克思主义与现实(双月刊)》,2008年第1期。
    7、[澳大利亚]菲利普·佩迪特:《反权力的自由》,彭斌、李安平译,载应奇、刘训练(编):《第三种自由》,北京:东方出版社,2005年,第219-257页。
    8、[澳大利亚]菲利普·佩迪特:《共和主义的政治理论》,刘训练译,载许纪霖(主编):《共和、社群与公民》(知识分子论丛第2辑),南京:江苏人民出版社,2003年,第84-110页。
    9、[澳大利亚]菲利普·佩迪特:《消极自由:自由主义的与共和主义的》,刘训练译,载应奇、刘训练(编):《第三种自由》,北京:东方出版社,2005年,第182-218页。
    10、[德]尤尔根·哈贝马斯:《民主的三种规范模式》,载[德]尤尔根·哈贝马斯:《包容他者》,曹卫东译,上海:上海人民出版社,2002年,第279-293页。
    11、[法]阿兰·博耶:《论古代共和主义的现代意义》,应奇译,载应奇、刘训练(主编):《公民共和主义》,北京:东方出版社,2006年,第7-36页。
    12、[法]让-施皮兹:《共和国的黄昏?》,应奇译,载应奇、刘训练(编):《共和的黄昏:自由主义、社群主义和共和主义》,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2007年版,第411-426页。
    13、[加]查尔斯·泰勒:《答非所问:自由主义—社群主义之争》,应奇译,载应奇、刘训练(主编):《公民共和主义》,北京:东方出版社,2006年,第370-401页。
    14、[加]莱斯利·格林:《谁相信政治义务?》,毛兴贵译,载毛兴贵(编):《政治义务:证成与反驳》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年,第259-273页。
    15、[加]罗伊·张:《共和主义公民身份的世界主义视界》,孟军译,载应奇、刘训练(编):《共和的黄昏:自由主义、社群主义和共和主义》,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2007年版,第456-475页。
    16、[美]A·约翰·西蒙斯:《政治义务和政治权威》,载[美]罗伯特·L·西蒙(主编):《社会政治学》,陈喜贵译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2009年,第19-41页。
    17、[美]G.克劳斯科:《政治义务与正义的自然责任》,毛兴贵译,载《世界哲学》,2003年第2期。
    18、[美]M.B.E.史密斯:《有一种服从法律的初确义务吗?》,陈高华译,载毛兴贵(编):《政治义务:证成与反驳》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年,第207-230页。
    19、[美]艾伦·帕顿:《共和主义对自由主义的批评》,葛水林译,载马德普、[加]威尔·金里卡(主编):《中西政治文化论丛(第四辑)》,天津:天津人民出版社,2004年版,第186-217页。
    20、[美]保罗·韦索曼:《政治共和主义与至善论共和主义》,杨立峰译,载应奇、刘训练(编):《共和的黄昏:自由主义、社群主义和共和主义》,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2007年版,第427-455页。
    21、[美]查尔斯·拉莫尔:《自由主义的和共和主义的自由观》,应奇译,载应奇、刘训练(编):《共和的黄昏:自由主义、社群主义和共和主义》,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2007年版,第386-410页。
    22、[美]丹尼尔·罗杰斯:《共和主义:概念之旅》,孟军译,载应奇、刘训练(编):《共和的黄昏:自由主义、社群主义和共和主义》,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2007年,第24-63页。
    23、[美]弗兰克·米歇尔曼:《法律共和国》,杨立峰、应奇译,载应奇、刘训练(主编):《公民共和主义》,北京:东方出版社,2006年,第178-236页。
    24、[美]哈维·曼斯菲尔德:《马基雅维里的virtù》,宗成河、任军锋译,载任军锋(主编):《共和主义:古典与现代(思想史研究第2辑)》,第91-155页。
    25、[美]汉娜·皮特金:《义务与同意》,甘会斌译,载毛兴贵(编):《政治义务:证成与反驳》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年,第3-18页。
    26、[美]杰弗里·C.艾萨克:《再思考:共和主义vs.自由主义?》,郑红译,载马德普、[加]威尔·金里卡(主编):《中西政治文化论丛(第四辑)》,天津:天津人民出版社,2004年版,第218-267页。
    27、[美]杰里米·沃尔德伦:《特殊束缚与自然责任》,毛兴贵译,载毛兴贵(编):《政治义务:证成与反驳》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年,第149-172页。
    28、[美]卡里·尼德尔曼:《修辞、理性与共和——古代、中世纪以及现代的共和主义》,赵琦译,载任军锋(主编):《共和主义:古典与现代(思想史研究第2辑)》,上海:上海人民出版社,2006年,第156-183页。
    29、[美]卡斯·R·森斯坦:《共和主义的永久遗产》,载[美]斯蒂芬·L·埃尔金、卡罗尔·爱德华·索乌坦(编):《新宪政论——为美好的社会设计政治制度》,周叶谦译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1997年,第212-252页。
    30、[美]凯斯·森斯坦:《超越共和主义复兴》,应奇译,载应奇、刘训练(主编):《公民共和主义》,北京:东方出版社,2006年,第275-333页。
    31、[美]克里斯托弗·希斯·威尔曼:《团体性忠顺与政治义务》,毛兴贵译,载毛兴贵(编):《政治义务:证成与反驳》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年,第339-356页。
    32、[美]克里斯托弗·希斯·威尔曼:《走向一种自由主义政治义务理论》,毛兴贵译,载毛兴贵(编):《政治义务:证成与反驳》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年,第173-197页。
    33、[美]理查德·阿尼森:《公平原则与搭便车问题》,毛兴贵译,载毛兴贵(编):《政治义务:证成与反驳》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年,第66-82页。
    34、[美]理查德·达格:《成员身份、公平游戏与政治义务》,王略译,载毛兴贵(编):《政治义务:证成与反驳》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年,第110-126页。
    35、[美]理查德·达格:《共和主义公民权》,王小章译,载[英]恩勒·伊辛、布雷恩·特纳(主编):《公民权研究手册》,杭州:浙江人民出版社,2007年,第196-214页。
    36、[美]罗伯特·诺齐克:《强迫》,载[美]罗伯特·诺齐克:《苏格拉底的困惑》,郭建玲、程郁华译,北京:新星出版社,2006年,第3-45页。
    37、[美]罗纳德·德沃金:《政治合法性的困境与拯救》,常瑞娟译,载毛兴贵(编):《政治义务:证成与反驳》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年,第295-312页。
    38、[美]迈克尔·桑德尔:《程序共和国和无牵无挂的自我》,柴宝勇译,载应奇、刘训练(主编):《公民共和主义》,北京:东方出版社,2006年,第334-354页。
    39、[美]迈克尔·桑德尔:《论共和主义与自由主义:桑德尔访谈录》,刘婵琪译,载应奇、刘训练(主编):《公民共和主义》,北京:东方出版社,2006年,第355-369页。
    40、[美]迈克尔·沃尔泽:《政治疏离与兵役》,甘会斌译,载毛兴贵(编):《政治义务:证成与反驳》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年,第19-32页。
    41、[美]乔治·克劳斯科:《公平原则与政治义务》,毛兴贵译,载毛兴贵(编):《政治义务:证成与反驳》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年,第83-93页。
    42、[美]乔治·克劳斯科:《乐善好施与政治义务——与威尔曼商榷》,毛兴贵译,载毛兴贵(编):《政治义务:证成与反驳》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年,第198-203页。
    43、[美]乔治·克劳斯科:《推定利益、公平与政治义务》,毛兴贵译,载毛兴贵(编):《政治义务:证成与反驳》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年,第94-109页。
    44、[美]唐·赫佐格:《共和主义者的问题》,孟军译,载应奇、刘训练(编):《共和的黄昏:自由主义、社群主义和共和主义》,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2007年版,第1-23页。
    45、[美]托马斯·庞格尔:《“古典共和主义”与美利坚立国:一项批判》,宗成河译,载任军锋(主编):《共和主义:古典与现代(思想史研究第2辑)》,第65-90页。
    46、[美]威廉·史密斯:《公民不服从与公共领域》,毛兴贵译,载《马克思主义与现实(双月刊)》,2011年第6期。
    47、[美]约翰·罗尔斯:《法律义务与公平游戏责任》,毛兴贵译,载毛兴贵(编):《政治义务:证成与反驳》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年,第55-65页。
    48、[美]约翰·麦考米克:《马基雅维里反对共和主义:论剑桥学派的“圭恰尔迪尼克时刻”》,郑红译,载应奇、刘训练(编):《共和的黄昏:自由主义、社群主义和共和主义》,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2007年,第94-127页。
    49、[美]约翰·西蒙斯:《隐然同意与政治义务》,毛兴贵译,载毛兴贵(编):《政治义务:证成与反驳》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年,第33-52页。
    50、[美]约翰·西蒙斯:《哲学无政府主义》,毛兴贵译,载毛兴贵(编):《政治义务:证成与反驳》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年,第274-291页。
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