高压静电场中液体射流的雾化研究及应用
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摘要
利用静电场来提高液体射流的雾化效果是近年来发展的一项新技术,它是应用高压静电技术使液体介质经过喷嘴后通过不同方法带上电荷,形成荷电雾滴群。该技术被广泛应用在静电喷涂,静电印刷,污染研究,气象试验,农药喷洒以及核反应堆燃料添加等领域。应用液体射流雾化技术在一定的高压静电场中即可有效地实现液滴的微粒化,它可以降低雾滴尺寸、提高雾滴谱的均匀性和沉积效率,同时在节省原料、提高液体利用效率、减少污染等方面的作用日益突出。因此,高压静电场中的液体射流雾化是当前必须研究的一个新课题,具有非常重要的理论意义和实际应用价值。
本文针对目前国内外静电雾化技术的初步研究现状,依据静电学原理和针-板电极电晕放电机理,在荷电液体射流雾化试验的基础上,建立相关仿真模型,运用数值分析方法,从试验研究和数值模拟与计算等方面深入阐述高压静电场中液体射流的雾化机理,它将为荷电液体射流的大规模工业应用提供重要的参考依据。本文还对静电涂油机的喷涂雾化试验和数学模型进行了深入探讨,对提高其喷涂雾化效果的关键技术进行了必要的分析。该课题的研究对于开发新型的静电涂油机和高效节能的静电喷涂设备、拓展现有的高压静电场和射流理论有十分重要的意义。本文的主要研究工作及创新点如下:
①对液体射流在高压静电场中的荷电机理及雾化过程进行了理论分析与研究,将射流长度、雾化角和液滴粒径及其分布作为静电场中描述液体射流雾化的主要指标。提出将荷电液体射流的雾化过程分为射流区、过渡区和雾化区,研究了液体在各个区的运动,深化了荷电液体射流雾化的实质。依据静电学原理,对静电场中液滴的荷电方式进行了深入探讨,给出了高压静电场中液滴荷电量的计算方法和液滴破碎的理论临界场强;
②依据高压静电场中液滴的受力情况,确定了液体射流荷电液滴的运动方程,在此基础上推导出了荷电液滴的理论最大运动速率。根据初始液滴总能量原则,通过理论分析与计算得到了荷电液滴一次分裂为两个和一次分裂为多个的理论数学模型,它为进一步研究荷电液滴的多次分裂提供了理论依据;
③对不同荷电液体射流的雾化过程和现象进行全面和系统地试验研究,通过自行设计、组装荷电液体射流雾化的试验装置,分别从宏观(射流长度和雾化角)和微观(浓度分布和液滴粒径)观察同一环境下煤油、乳化剂、酒精和柴油等不同液体介质在高压静电场中的雾化过程,总结不同液体射流在高压静电场中的雾化规律;
④对针-板电极负电晕放电特性进行分析,建立了喷嘴与接地电极之间的高压静电场简化模型,结合电磁场仿真软件和有限元数值计算方法分别探讨了完全空气介质和空气介质中掺有液态介质的针-板电极空间静电场变化规律,它将为获得荷电液体射流最佳的雾化效果和控制液滴在空间静电场中的运动轨迹提供重要的参考依据;
⑤基于荷电液体射流的数学和物理模型,利用广义坐标下的拉格朗日方程,建立了针-板电极静电场作用下无粘性液体射流的色散方程。结合不同的液体介质,分析了电欧拉数、电极间距、射流半径等因素对荷电液体射流的轴对称模型和非轴对称模型的影响,揭示了荷电液体射流不稳定性的实质;
⑥将有限差分技术耦合到流体力学中,解决了在荷电液体射流表面的Poisson方程和Navier-Stokes方程。基于CFD求解方法,对二维荷电液体射流的雾化进行了数值模拟,它为荷电液体射流的深入仿真研究提供了重要的理论基础;
⑦通过静电涂油机的油液雾化试验得到了影响油液雾化质量的主要因素。根据MATLAB程序来定量计算、分析得到了静电涂油机喷射雾化的射流长度、雾化角和油线间距的试验数据,采用多元回归法,分别归纳计算出三者同电压、刀梁到钢板之间的距离二因素的理论回归数学模型。依据所建立的数学模型,实现了静电涂油机喷涂雾化过程的动态模拟;
⑧依据静电喷涂原理,从静电涂油机的油液荷电装置方面对现已研制的静电涂油机做进一步改进,理论结合试验,找出了提高现有静电涂油机喷涂质量的关键技术,它为开发和研制出新一代高效、节能环保型的静电涂油机提供了重要的参考依据。
Improving the effects of liquids jets atomization with a high voltage electrostatic field is a new technology in recently years. Liquid medium can be charged by various ways after passing through the nozzle to form charged fog drops groups based on the high-voltage technique. It is widely used in electrostatic spraying, electrostatic printing, pollution research, meteorological experiment, pesticide spraying and stock of the nuclear reactor. The liquid can be micronized effectively using liquid jets technology in a high voltage electrostatic field. It can reduce the size of the fog drop; increase the uniformity and the efficiency of aggradations of the fog drops. The advantage is more and more outstanding in saving the materials, elevating the used efficiency of the liquid and reducing the environment pollution. So it is a necessary investigative new task, which has an important theoretical significance and practical application value.
According to initiative researches of electrostatic atomization technology at home and abroad in this thesis, based on electrostatics theory and corona discharge mechanism, the experiments of charged liquid jets is researched and the related simulation models is established. Applying numerical solution, atomization mechanism of charged liquid jets is represented deeply in a high voltage electrostatic field from experimental study, numerical simulation and calculation, which provides an important reference for a large-scale industrial use of charged liquid jets. Atomizing spraying experiment and mathematical model in the electrostatic oiler are studied and their key technologies for increasing the effects of atomizing spraying are also essential discussed in the thesis. It is a very important significance that develops a new type of electrostatic oiler and energy-efficient electrostatic spraying equipments and extends the existing theories of high-voltage electrostatic field and jets. The main studies and creative points of the thesis are followed:
①Charged mechanism and atomization procedure of liquid jets in a high voltage electrostatic field are theoretical analyzed, jet length, atomizing angle and liquid droplets particle size distribution are main factors for describing charged liquid jets. Jet area, transient area and atomization area are proposed for charged liquid jets in a high voltage electrostatic field and the movement of every area is discussed, which deepens the parenchyma for atomization of charged liquid jets. Based on electrostatics theory, charged ways of liquid droplets in a high voltage electrostatic field is discussed. At the same time, computational method of carrying capacity and theoretic critical electrical strength for breaking of liquid droplets is calculated.
②Charged liquid droplets equation of motion is determined in a high-voltage electrostatic field by means of studying its stress, and its maximum theoretic velocity is deduced from the equation. According to the primary total energy principle, the theoretic mathematical model of charged liquid droplets divided is determined for dividing two or more once, which can provide the rationale as liquid droplets of liquid jets dividing more and more.
③The process and phenomenon of atomization are experimental researched fully and systematically for different charged liquid jets. The equipment is self-designed and assembled in a high voltage electrostatic field. Under the same environment, atomization process for the different liquid medium of kerosene, emulsifier, alcohol and diesel oil are studied form macroscopic view (the jet length and the atomizing angle) and microscopic view (the concentration distribution and the particle size of liquid droplets). Finally, the regular pattern of atomization is summarized for different liquid jets in a high voltage electrostatic field.
④According to analyzing the properties of negative corona discharge for the needle-plate electrodes, the simplified model between the nozzle and the grounded electrode is established in a high-voltage electrostatic field. Variations of the electric field intensity is analyzed in depth for absolute air dielectric and liquid dielectrics contained in air dielectric based on the finite element method of numeric computation and simulation software in an electromagnetic field. It will supply important references for getting the best effects of charged liquid jets atomization and controlling the movement of charged liquid droplets in a high-voltage electrostatic field.
⑤Based on the physical model and mathematical model of charged liquid jets, the dispersion equations of inviscid liquid jets in an electrostatic field are established according to Lagrange equation under the generalized coordinate. Combining different liquid medium, the effects of electrical Euler number, electrode spacing and jet radius on axisymmetric modes and non-axisymmetric modes of charged liquid jets are studied, which reveals the essence of instability of charged liquid jets.
⑥A finite difference technique is coupled with a computational fluid dynamic code to solve Poisson’s equation and the Navier-Stokes equations at the electrostatic fluid-flow interface. The simulation of a two-dimensional electrified liquid jet is analyzed based on the solving method of CFD. So it will offer a significant basic theory for the research in depth of numerical simulation of charged liquid jets.
⑦Spray quality is decided by oil atomization in electrostatic oiler. The main factors of atomizing quality for oil are obtained by the experiment of oil atomization in electrostatic oiler. Using MATLAB program to calculate and solve experimental data of the jet length, the atomizing angle and the oil-line interval for spraying atomization in electrostatic oiler, the regression mathematical model that reflects three results and the voltage, the distance of blade and steel plate are inductive calculated individually by making use of multiple regression method. Finally, dynamic simulation of atomizing spraying process is realized based on the established mathematical model.
⑧Improvements are done based on electrostatic oiler have researched and designed according to the theory of electrostatic spraying. The charged device of oil drops in the electrostatic oiler is studied in depth. Based on combing the theory and the experiment, the key technology for improving the spray quality of electrostatic oiler is gained. It will provide crucial references for developing and manufacturing a new generation electrostatic oiler that is efficient, energy-saved and environment protected.
本文针对目前国内外静电雾化技术的初步研究现状,依据静电学原理和针-板电极电晕放电机理,在荷电液体射流雾化试验的基础上,建立相关仿真模型,运用数值分析方法,从试验研究和数值模拟与计算等方面深入阐述高压静电场中液体射流的雾化机理,它将为荷电液体射流的大规模工业应用提供重要的参考依据。本文还对静电涂油机的喷涂雾化试验和数学模型进行了深入探讨,对提高其喷涂雾化效果的关键技术进行了必要的分析。该课题的研究对于开发新型的静电涂油机和高效节能的静电喷涂设备、拓展现有的高压静电场和射流理论有十分重要的意义。本文的主要研究工作及创新点如下:
①对液体射流在高压静电场中的荷电机理及雾化过程进行了理论分析与研究,将射流长度、雾化角和液滴粒径及其分布作为静电场中描述液体射流雾化的主要指标。提出将荷电液体射流的雾化过程分为射流区、过渡区和雾化区,研究了液体在各个区的运动,深化了荷电液体射流雾化的实质。依据静电学原理,对静电场中液滴的荷电方式进行了深入探讨,给出了高压静电场中液滴荷电量的计算方法和液滴破碎的理论临界场强;
②依据高压静电场中液滴的受力情况,确定了液体射流荷电液滴的运动方程,在此基础上推导出了荷电液滴的理论最大运动速率。根据初始液滴总能量原则,通过理论分析与计算得到了荷电液滴一次分裂为两个和一次分裂为多个的理论数学模型,它为进一步研究荷电液滴的多次分裂提供了理论依据;
③对不同荷电液体射流的雾化过程和现象进行全面和系统地试验研究,通过自行设计、组装荷电液体射流雾化的试验装置,分别从宏观(射流长度和雾化角)和微观(浓度分布和液滴粒径)观察同一环境下煤油、乳化剂、酒精和柴油等不同液体介质在高压静电场中的雾化过程,总结不同液体射流在高压静电场中的雾化规律;
④对针-板电极负电晕放电特性进行分析,建立了喷嘴与接地电极之间的高压静电场简化模型,结合电磁场仿真软件和有限元数值计算方法分别探讨了完全空气介质和空气介质中掺有液态介质的针-板电极空间静电场变化规律,它将为获得荷电液体射流最佳的雾化效果和控制液滴在空间静电场中的运动轨迹提供重要的参考依据;
⑤基于荷电液体射流的数学和物理模型,利用广义坐标下的拉格朗日方程,建立了针-板电极静电场作用下无粘性液体射流的色散方程。结合不同的液体介质,分析了电欧拉数、电极间距、射流半径等因素对荷电液体射流的轴对称模型和非轴对称模型的影响,揭示了荷电液体射流不稳定性的实质;
⑥将有限差分技术耦合到流体力学中,解决了在荷电液体射流表面的Poisson方程和Navier-Stokes方程。基于CFD求解方法,对二维荷电液体射流的雾化进行了数值模拟,它为荷电液体射流的深入仿真研究提供了重要的理论基础;
⑦通过静电涂油机的油液雾化试验得到了影响油液雾化质量的主要因素。根据MATLAB程序来定量计算、分析得到了静电涂油机喷射雾化的射流长度、雾化角和油线间距的试验数据,采用多元回归法,分别归纳计算出三者同电压、刀梁到钢板之间的距离二因素的理论回归数学模型。依据所建立的数学模型,实现了静电涂油机喷涂雾化过程的动态模拟;
⑧依据静电喷涂原理,从静电涂油机的油液荷电装置方面对现已研制的静电涂油机做进一步改进,理论结合试验,找出了提高现有静电涂油机喷涂质量的关键技术,它为开发和研制出新一代高效、节能环保型的静电涂油机提供了重要的参考依据。
Improving the effects of liquids jets atomization with a high voltage electrostatic field is a new technology in recently years. Liquid medium can be charged by various ways after passing through the nozzle to form charged fog drops groups based on the high-voltage technique. It is widely used in electrostatic spraying, electrostatic printing, pollution research, meteorological experiment, pesticide spraying and stock of the nuclear reactor. The liquid can be micronized effectively using liquid jets technology in a high voltage electrostatic field. It can reduce the size of the fog drop; increase the uniformity and the efficiency of aggradations of the fog drops. The advantage is more and more outstanding in saving the materials, elevating the used efficiency of the liquid and reducing the environment pollution. So it is a necessary investigative new task, which has an important theoretical significance and practical application value.
According to initiative researches of electrostatic atomization technology at home and abroad in this thesis, based on electrostatics theory and corona discharge mechanism, the experiments of charged liquid jets is researched and the related simulation models is established. Applying numerical solution, atomization mechanism of charged liquid jets is represented deeply in a high voltage electrostatic field from experimental study, numerical simulation and calculation, which provides an important reference for a large-scale industrial use of charged liquid jets. Atomizing spraying experiment and mathematical model in the electrostatic oiler are studied and their key technologies for increasing the effects of atomizing spraying are also essential discussed in the thesis. It is a very important significance that develops a new type of electrostatic oiler and energy-efficient electrostatic spraying equipments and extends the existing theories of high-voltage electrostatic field and jets. The main studies and creative points of the thesis are followed:
①Charged mechanism and atomization procedure of liquid jets in a high voltage electrostatic field are theoretical analyzed, jet length, atomizing angle and liquid droplets particle size distribution are main factors for describing charged liquid jets. Jet area, transient area and atomization area are proposed for charged liquid jets in a high voltage electrostatic field and the movement of every area is discussed, which deepens the parenchyma for atomization of charged liquid jets. Based on electrostatics theory, charged ways of liquid droplets in a high voltage electrostatic field is discussed. At the same time, computational method of carrying capacity and theoretic critical electrical strength for breaking of liquid droplets is calculated.
②Charged liquid droplets equation of motion is determined in a high-voltage electrostatic field by means of studying its stress, and its maximum theoretic velocity is deduced from the equation. According to the primary total energy principle, the theoretic mathematical model of charged liquid droplets divided is determined for dividing two or more once, which can provide the rationale as liquid droplets of liquid jets dividing more and more.
③The process and phenomenon of atomization are experimental researched fully and systematically for different charged liquid jets. The equipment is self-designed and assembled in a high voltage electrostatic field. Under the same environment, atomization process for the different liquid medium of kerosene, emulsifier, alcohol and diesel oil are studied form macroscopic view (the jet length and the atomizing angle) and microscopic view (the concentration distribution and the particle size of liquid droplets). Finally, the regular pattern of atomization is summarized for different liquid jets in a high voltage electrostatic field.
④According to analyzing the properties of negative corona discharge for the needle-plate electrodes, the simplified model between the nozzle and the grounded electrode is established in a high-voltage electrostatic field. Variations of the electric field intensity is analyzed in depth for absolute air dielectric and liquid dielectrics contained in air dielectric based on the finite element method of numeric computation and simulation software in an electromagnetic field. It will supply important references for getting the best effects of charged liquid jets atomization and controlling the movement of charged liquid droplets in a high-voltage electrostatic field.
⑤Based on the physical model and mathematical model of charged liquid jets, the dispersion equations of inviscid liquid jets in an electrostatic field are established according to Lagrange equation under the generalized coordinate. Combining different liquid medium, the effects of electrical Euler number, electrode spacing and jet radius on axisymmetric modes and non-axisymmetric modes of charged liquid jets are studied, which reveals the essence of instability of charged liquid jets.
⑥A finite difference technique is coupled with a computational fluid dynamic code to solve Poisson’s equation and the Navier-Stokes equations at the electrostatic fluid-flow interface. The simulation of a two-dimensional electrified liquid jet is analyzed based on the solving method of CFD. So it will offer a significant basic theory for the research in depth of numerical simulation of charged liquid jets.
⑦Spray quality is decided by oil atomization in electrostatic oiler. The main factors of atomizing quality for oil are obtained by the experiment of oil atomization in electrostatic oiler. Using MATLAB program to calculate and solve experimental data of the jet length, the atomizing angle and the oil-line interval for spraying atomization in electrostatic oiler, the regression mathematical model that reflects three results and the voltage, the distance of blade and steel plate are inductive calculated individually by making use of multiple regression method. Finally, dynamic simulation of atomizing spraying process is realized based on the established mathematical model.
⑧Improvements are done based on electrostatic oiler have researched and designed according to the theory of electrostatic spraying. The charged device of oil drops in the electrostatic oiler is studied in depth. Based on combing the theory and the experiment, the key technology for improving the spray quality of electrostatic oiler is gained. It will provide crucial references for developing and manufacturing a new generation electrostatic oiler that is efficient, energy-saved and environment protected.
引文
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