寄主植物-蚜虫-捕食性瓢虫三营养层相互作用关系的研究
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摘要
瓜蚜（Aphis Gossypii Glover）又称棉蚜，是一种世界范围的植食性害虫，广泛分布于热带，亚热带和温带地区。已知寄主有74科285种，我国记载有113种，其中瓜类受害较为严重。瓜蚜寄主范围广、繁殖力强等特点使其迅速成为棚室瓜类作物的主要害虫之一。长期使用化学农药对瓜蚜进行防治，不仅会使瓜蚜产生抗药性，而且造成果实污染，影响了瓜类作物的品质和产量。本文研究了5种不同瓜类寄主植物、瓜蚜和多异瓢虫三者之间的相互作用关系，为有效利用捕食性瓢虫控制瓜蚜的发生危害，减少农药污染，奠定了必要的基础。
1.寄主植物对瓜蚜种群增长有显著差异影响。在5种不同寄主植物上，瓜蚜的各个龄期的历期、成蚜寿命、日均产仔量、净增值率、内禀增长率、周限增长率、平均世代历期和种群加倍时间等均存在显著差异。瓜蚜完成1代所需时间在瓢葫芦上最长，其他4种供试植物上差异不显著。成蚜寿命在黄瓜上最长为20.04d，其他4种供试植物上差异不显著。瓜蚜种群存活曲线在所有供试寄主植物上均为I型，即死亡主要发生在后期，而且在黄瓜上的存活率高于其他4种供试植物。根据瓜蚜内禀增长率大小排序，寄主适合性依次为哈密瓜>瓢葫芦>南瓜>黄瓜>搅瓜。
2.分别测定5种不同寄主植物受瓜蚜危害前后叶片内可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、单宁及黄酮含量的变化。结果表明，瓜蚜危害寄主植物后，植物叶片中的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量显著降低，而单宁和黄酮的含量明显上升。
3.在多数猎物密度下，1~3龄幼虫对南瓜和黄瓜上蚜虫的捕食量较高，而对瓢葫芦和哈密瓜上蚜虫的捕食量则相对较低。在蚜虫密度较低时，4龄幼虫和成虫对南瓜和黄瓜上蚜虫的捕食量较高，而蚜虫密度相对较高时，对瓢葫芦和搅瓜上蚜虫的捕食量较高。多异瓢虫各龄幼虫和成虫对5种寄主植物上瓜蚜的功能反应均符合Holling II反应。随着龄期的增大，猎物处理时间缩短，瞬时攻击率增大，最大捕食量增加，成虫的猎物处理时间长于4龄幼虫，而瞬时攻击率和最大捕食量小于4龄幼虫。多异瓢虫捕食不同寄主植物上饲养的蚜虫时，猎物处理时间、瞬时攻击率和最大捕食量也有所不同。
4.应用取食指数（CI）、食物利用率（ECI）、食物转化率（ECD）、相对生长率（RGR）和食物近似消化率（AD）等指标对多异瓢虫的食物利用效率进行了评价。寄主植物对多异瓢虫雌虫和4龄幼虫对瓜蚜的利用效率有显著影响。多异瓢虫4龄幼虫和雌虫对南瓜上的蚜虫取食量最大，对葫芦上的蚜虫取食量最小。4龄幼虫取食哈密瓜上的蚜虫时，RGR、ECI、ECD最高，CI较高；雌成虫在取食黄瓜上的蚜虫时，RGR、ECI、ECD最高，CI较高。因此，4龄幼虫对哈密瓜上蚜虫的利用效率最高，而雌成虫对黄瓜上的蚜虫利用效率最高。
5.不同寄主植物受到瓜蚜危害后对多异瓢虫的行为有显著的影响。瓜蚜为害寄主植物后，不管是否去掉蚜虫，受害后的植株对多异瓢虫均有明显的引诱作用，而健康植株没有引诱作用。
6.5种寄主植物虽均属于葫芦科，但在瓜蚜危害前后植物挥发性化合物的种类和数量均存在较大的差异。除哈密瓜和瓢葫芦种类数不变或减少，其他3种植物无论是否去掉蚜虫，挥发物种类均有所增加。从黄瓜健康植株、蚜害植株和有蚜植株分别鉴定出9，19和12种挥发物，主要组分为十八烯、E-5-二十碳烯、正十六烷和正十七烷，诱导出的新组分为对二甲苯、邻二甲苯、正十三烷、α-法呢烯、雪松醇、正十八烷、正二十六烷及7种未知种类；从搅瓜健康植株、蚜害植株和有蚜植株分别鉴定出11，20和18种挥发物，主要组分为石竹烯、十八烯、正十六烷和正十七烷，诱导出的新组分为苯乙烷、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、α-蒎烯、正十四烷、长叶烯、α-石竹烯及2种未知种类；从南瓜健康植株、蚜害植株和有蚜植株分别鉴定出5，7和12种，主要组分为石竹烯、正十六烷、正十七烷和一种未知成分，诱导出的新组分为α-蒎烯、大牛儿烯D、正十四烷、正十五烷、正十六烷、高甲基水杨酸盐、十八烯及3种未知种类；从哈密瓜健康植株、蚜害植株和有蚜植株分别鉴定出13，6和12种，主要组分为3,7-二甲基-1,3,7-辛三烯、正十六烷、正十五烷，对二甲苯和α-蒎烯，诱导后未产生新的挥发物，但未检测到苯乙烷、对二甲苯、间二甲苯和3,7-二甲基-1，3,7-辛三烯；从瓢葫芦健康植株、蚜害植株和有蚜植株分别鉴定出12，14和11种，主要组分为十八烯、正十六烷、正十七烷、α-石竹烯和E-5-二十碳，诱导出的新组分为对二甲苯、长叶烯及1种未知种类。
The cotton aphid, Aphis Gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), is acosmopolitan species widely distributed in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. Itis polyphagous specie that can attack285plant species from74families. In China, A.gossypii, a main pest in fields and greenhouses, can attack113plant species andespecially for the cucurbit crops. Chemical pesticides, as a main control method, causedthe aphis resistance, declined the quality of fruits and deteriorated the environment. Inorder to explore efficient biological control agents, the tritrophic interactions amongplant-aphis-ladybird system were studied. The change of nutrient and the secondarycompounds of the plants before and after damaged by aphis were studied. The behavioralresponse of aphis and predator for five different plants were studied. It will provide thetheory basis of highly effective biocontrol agent against A.gossypii.
1. The life table parameters of A.gossypii reared on five Host plants species havesignificant difference. The results showed that there were significant differences in theduration for various developmental stages, adult longevity, mean offspring number perday, net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, meangeneration time and population doubling time among the populations reared on the fiveHost plants. The time for the aphids to complete one generation was the longest onLagenaria siceraria var. turbinate, and had no significant differences among the rest fourplants. The population survival curves belonged to Deevey I on all tested plants, that was,the death occurred mainly during late period. Survival rate on C. sativus was higher thanthose on the rest four Host plants. Based on the intrinsic rates of increase, the sizes ofhost suitability were Cucumis melo var. saccharinus> Lagenaria siceraria var. turbinate> Cucurbita moschata var. melonaeformis> Cucumis sativus> Cucurbita pepo var.medullosa.
2. The main nutrient and the secondary compounds of five aphis Host plantschanged after attacked by aphis. The soluble sugar, soluble protein, tannin and flavonewere detected. The results showed that contents of tannin and flavone increased after thehost plants were fed by the aphids, whereas the contents of the soluble sugar and solubleprotein were decreased significantly.
3. The effects of five Host plants on the functional response of Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) to A.gossypii were studied. At the most prey densities, for the first tothird instar larvae of H.variegata, the amount of consumption to aphids reared on C.moschata and C.sativus was higher than that on L. siceraria and C. melo. For the fourthlarvae and adults, the amount of consumption on C. moschata and C. sativus was higherwhen the prey density was lower whereas higher on L.siceraria and C.pepo. Thefunctional responses of all instar larvae and adults were of Holling-II type. The handlingtimes decreased, and the instantaneous attack rates and maximum of predation increasedwith the increase of instar. The handling times of adults were longer than those of thefourth larvae whereas the instantaneous attack rates and maximum of predation werelower. All three above parameters were different when the predators predated the aphidsreared on different Host plants.
4. Utilization was assessed with measures of consumption index (CI), relativegrowth rate (RGR), approximate digestibility (AD), efficiency of conversion of digestedfood (ECD) and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI). The Host plants havesignificant effects on the consumption and utilization of fourth-instar and female H.variegate. Consumption by instars and females was highest for aphids reared on C.moschata and lowest on L. siceraria. For instars, RGR, ECI and ECD values werehighest and CI was higher when fed aphids from C. melo. For females, RGR, ECI andECD values were highest and CI was higher when fed aphids reared on C. sativus. Thus,aphids reared on C. melo were more suitable prey for fourth instar H. variegata, whereasaphids reared on C. sativus were more suitable prey for female adults.
5. Behavioral responses of H.variegata were influenced significantly by volatilesfrom five different plants after feeding by aphis. Whether removing aphis from Hostplants or not, volatiles of the plants after feeding aphis attracted H.variegata apparently,whereas the health plants had no attractiveness.
6. The five plants all belong to Cucurbitaceae. However, the components of themhave significant difference among them before and after fed by aphis. The variety ofcomponents of C. pepo, C. sativus and C. moschata increased after damaging by aphisexcept C. melo. Nine, nineteen and twelve components were identified from the extractsof the intact plants, aphid-infested and aphid-plant complex plants of C. sativus,respectively. The main components include1-octadecene,[E]-5-eicosene, hexadecaneand heptadecane. Aphid-induced components are p-xylene,1,2-dimethy-benzene,tridecane, α-farnesene, cedrol, octadecane, hexacosane and other seven unknowncomponents；Eleven, twenty and eighteen components were identified from the extracts of the intact plants, aphid-infested and aphid-plant complex plants of C. pepo,respectively. The main components include caryophyllene,1-octadecene, hexadecane andheptadecane. Aphid-induced components are ethylbenzene, p-xylene, m-xylene, α-pinene,tetradecane, longifolene, α-caryophyllene and other two unknown components；Five,seven and twelve components were identified from the extracts of the intact plants,aphid-infested and aphid-plant complex plants of C. moschata, respectively. The maincomponents include caryophyllene, hexadecane, heptadecane and one unknowncomponent. Aphid-induced components are α-pinene, Germacrene D, tetradecane,pentadecane, hexadecane, Homomenthyl salicylate,1-octadecene and other threeunknown components; Thirteen, six and twelve components were identified from theextracts of the intact plants, aphid-infested and aphid-plant complex plants of C.melo,respectively. The main components include3,7-dimethyl-1,3,7-octatriene, hexadecane,pentadecane, p-xylene and α-pinene. Aphid-induced components were not detected andcomponents of intact plants of ethyl benzene, p-xylene, m-xylene and3,7-dimethyl-1,3,7-symplectic three were not detected; Twelve, fourteen and eleven componentswere identified from the extracts of the intact plants, aphid-infested and aphid-plantcomplex plants of C.melo, respectively. The main components include1-octadecene,hexadecane, heptadecane, α-caryophyllene and [E]-5-eicosene. Aphid-inducedcomponents are p-xylene, longifolene and other one Unknown component.
1.寄主植物对瓜蚜种群增长有显著差异影响。在5种不同寄主植物上，瓜蚜的各个龄期的历期、成蚜寿命、日均产仔量、净增值率、内禀增长率、周限增长率、平均世代历期和种群加倍时间等均存在显著差异。瓜蚜完成1代所需时间在瓢葫芦上最长，其他4种供试植物上差异不显著。成蚜寿命在黄瓜上最长为20.04d，其他4种供试植物上差异不显著。瓜蚜种群存活曲线在所有供试寄主植物上均为I型，即死亡主要发生在后期，而且在黄瓜上的存活率高于其他4种供试植物。根据瓜蚜内禀增长率大小排序，寄主适合性依次为哈密瓜>瓢葫芦>南瓜>黄瓜>搅瓜。
2.分别测定5种不同寄主植物受瓜蚜危害前后叶片内可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、单宁及黄酮含量的变化。结果表明，瓜蚜危害寄主植物后，植物叶片中的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量显著降低，而单宁和黄酮的含量明显上升。
3.在多数猎物密度下，1~3龄幼虫对南瓜和黄瓜上蚜虫的捕食量较高，而对瓢葫芦和哈密瓜上蚜虫的捕食量则相对较低。在蚜虫密度较低时，4龄幼虫和成虫对南瓜和黄瓜上蚜虫的捕食量较高，而蚜虫密度相对较高时，对瓢葫芦和搅瓜上蚜虫的捕食量较高。多异瓢虫各龄幼虫和成虫对5种寄主植物上瓜蚜的功能反应均符合Holling II反应。随着龄期的增大，猎物处理时间缩短，瞬时攻击率增大，最大捕食量增加，成虫的猎物处理时间长于4龄幼虫，而瞬时攻击率和最大捕食量小于4龄幼虫。多异瓢虫捕食不同寄主植物上饲养的蚜虫时，猎物处理时间、瞬时攻击率和最大捕食量也有所不同。
4.应用取食指数（CI）、食物利用率（ECI）、食物转化率（ECD）、相对生长率（RGR）和食物近似消化率（AD）等指标对多异瓢虫的食物利用效率进行了评价。寄主植物对多异瓢虫雌虫和4龄幼虫对瓜蚜的利用效率有显著影响。多异瓢虫4龄幼虫和雌虫对南瓜上的蚜虫取食量最大，对葫芦上的蚜虫取食量最小。4龄幼虫取食哈密瓜上的蚜虫时，RGR、ECI、ECD最高，CI较高；雌成虫在取食黄瓜上的蚜虫时，RGR、ECI、ECD最高，CI较高。因此，4龄幼虫对哈密瓜上蚜虫的利用效率最高，而雌成虫对黄瓜上的蚜虫利用效率最高。
5.不同寄主植物受到瓜蚜危害后对多异瓢虫的行为有显著的影响。瓜蚜为害寄主植物后，不管是否去掉蚜虫，受害后的植株对多异瓢虫均有明显的引诱作用，而健康植株没有引诱作用。
6.5种寄主植物虽均属于葫芦科，但在瓜蚜危害前后植物挥发性化合物的种类和数量均存在较大的差异。除哈密瓜和瓢葫芦种类数不变或减少，其他3种植物无论是否去掉蚜虫，挥发物种类均有所增加。从黄瓜健康植株、蚜害植株和有蚜植株分别鉴定出9，19和12种挥发物，主要组分为十八烯、E-5-二十碳烯、正十六烷和正十七烷，诱导出的新组分为对二甲苯、邻二甲苯、正十三烷、α-法呢烯、雪松醇、正十八烷、正二十六烷及7种未知种类；从搅瓜健康植株、蚜害植株和有蚜植株分别鉴定出11，20和18种挥发物，主要组分为石竹烯、十八烯、正十六烷和正十七烷，诱导出的新组分为苯乙烷、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、α-蒎烯、正十四烷、长叶烯、α-石竹烯及2种未知种类；从南瓜健康植株、蚜害植株和有蚜植株分别鉴定出5，7和12种，主要组分为石竹烯、正十六烷、正十七烷和一种未知成分，诱导出的新组分为α-蒎烯、大牛儿烯D、正十四烷、正十五烷、正十六烷、高甲基水杨酸盐、十八烯及3种未知种类；从哈密瓜健康植株、蚜害植株和有蚜植株分别鉴定出13，6和12种，主要组分为3,7-二甲基-1,3,7-辛三烯、正十六烷、正十五烷，对二甲苯和α-蒎烯，诱导后未产生新的挥发物，但未检测到苯乙烷、对二甲苯、间二甲苯和3,7-二甲基-1，3,7-辛三烯；从瓢葫芦健康植株、蚜害植株和有蚜植株分别鉴定出12，14和11种，主要组分为十八烯、正十六烷、正十七烷、α-石竹烯和E-5-二十碳，诱导出的新组分为对二甲苯、长叶烯及1种未知种类。
The cotton aphid, Aphis Gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), is acosmopolitan species widely distributed in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. Itis polyphagous specie that can attack285plant species from74families. In China, A.gossypii, a main pest in fields and greenhouses, can attack113plant species andespecially for the cucurbit crops. Chemical pesticides, as a main control method, causedthe aphis resistance, declined the quality of fruits and deteriorated the environment. Inorder to explore efficient biological control agents, the tritrophic interactions amongplant-aphis-ladybird system were studied. The change of nutrient and the secondarycompounds of the plants before and after damaged by aphis were studied. The behavioralresponse of aphis and predator for five different plants were studied. It will provide thetheory basis of highly effective biocontrol agent against A.gossypii.
1. The life table parameters of A.gossypii reared on five Host plants species havesignificant difference. The results showed that there were significant differences in theduration for various developmental stages, adult longevity, mean offspring number perday, net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, meangeneration time and population doubling time among the populations reared on the fiveHost plants. The time for the aphids to complete one generation was the longest onLagenaria siceraria var. turbinate, and had no significant differences among the rest fourplants. The population survival curves belonged to Deevey I on all tested plants, that was,the death occurred mainly during late period. Survival rate on C. sativus was higher thanthose on the rest four Host plants. Based on the intrinsic rates of increase, the sizes ofhost suitability were Cucumis melo var. saccharinus> Lagenaria siceraria var. turbinate> Cucurbita moschata var. melonaeformis> Cucumis sativus> Cucurbita pepo var.medullosa.
2. The main nutrient and the secondary compounds of five aphis Host plantschanged after attacked by aphis. The soluble sugar, soluble protein, tannin and flavonewere detected. The results showed that contents of tannin and flavone increased after thehost plants were fed by the aphids, whereas the contents of the soluble sugar and solubleprotein were decreased significantly.
3. The effects of five Host plants on the functional response of Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) to A.gossypii were studied. At the most prey densities, for the first tothird instar larvae of H.variegata, the amount of consumption to aphids reared on C.moschata and C.sativus was higher than that on L. siceraria and C. melo. For the fourthlarvae and adults, the amount of consumption on C. moschata and C. sativus was higherwhen the prey density was lower whereas higher on L.siceraria and C.pepo. Thefunctional responses of all instar larvae and adults were of Holling-II type. The handlingtimes decreased, and the instantaneous attack rates and maximum of predation increasedwith the increase of instar. The handling times of adults were longer than those of thefourth larvae whereas the instantaneous attack rates and maximum of predation werelower. All three above parameters were different when the predators predated the aphidsreared on different Host plants.
4. Utilization was assessed with measures of consumption index (CI), relativegrowth rate (RGR), approximate digestibility (AD), efficiency of conversion of digestedfood (ECD) and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI). The Host plants havesignificant effects on the consumption and utilization of fourth-instar and female H.variegate. Consumption by instars and females was highest for aphids reared on C.moschata and lowest on L. siceraria. For instars, RGR, ECI and ECD values werehighest and CI was higher when fed aphids from C. melo. For females, RGR, ECI andECD values were highest and CI was higher when fed aphids reared on C. sativus. Thus,aphids reared on C. melo were more suitable prey for fourth instar H. variegata, whereasaphids reared on C. sativus were more suitable prey for female adults.
5. Behavioral responses of H.variegata were influenced significantly by volatilesfrom five different plants after feeding by aphis. Whether removing aphis from Hostplants or not, volatiles of the plants after feeding aphis attracted H.variegata apparently,whereas the health plants had no attractiveness.
6. The five plants all belong to Cucurbitaceae. However, the components of themhave significant difference among them before and after fed by aphis. The variety ofcomponents of C. pepo, C. sativus and C. moschata increased after damaging by aphisexcept C. melo. Nine, nineteen and twelve components were identified from the extractsof the intact plants, aphid-infested and aphid-plant complex plants of C. sativus,respectively. The main components include1-octadecene,[E]-5-eicosene, hexadecaneand heptadecane. Aphid-induced components are p-xylene,1,2-dimethy-benzene,tridecane, α-farnesene, cedrol, octadecane, hexacosane and other seven unknowncomponents；Eleven, twenty and eighteen components were identified from the extracts of the intact plants, aphid-infested and aphid-plant complex plants of C. pepo,respectively. The main components include caryophyllene,1-octadecene, hexadecane andheptadecane. Aphid-induced components are ethylbenzene, p-xylene, m-xylene, α-pinene,tetradecane, longifolene, α-caryophyllene and other two unknown components；Five,seven and twelve components were identified from the extracts of the intact plants,aphid-infested and aphid-plant complex plants of C. moschata, respectively. The maincomponents include caryophyllene, hexadecane, heptadecane and one unknowncomponent. Aphid-induced components are α-pinene, Germacrene D, tetradecane,pentadecane, hexadecane, Homomenthyl salicylate,1-octadecene and other threeunknown components; Thirteen, six and twelve components were identified from theextracts of the intact plants, aphid-infested and aphid-plant complex plants of C.melo,respectively. The main components include3,7-dimethyl-1,3,7-octatriene, hexadecane,pentadecane, p-xylene and α-pinene. Aphid-induced components were not detected andcomponents of intact plants of ethyl benzene, p-xylene, m-xylene and3,7-dimethyl-1,3,7-symplectic three were not detected; Twelve, fourteen and eleven componentswere identified from the extracts of the intact plants, aphid-infested and aphid-plantcomplex plants of C.melo, respectively. The main components include1-octadecene,hexadecane, heptadecane, α-caryophyllene and [E]-5-eicosene. Aphid-inducedcomponents are p-xylene, longifolene and other one Unknown component.
引文
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