拟孔蜂巨柄啮小蜂的研究
摘要
拟孔蜂巨柄啮小蜂Melittobia acasta是西鄂尔多斯荒漠地区重要传粉昆虫——火红拟孔蜂Hoplitis pyrrhosoma的寄生性天敌之一。寄生性天敌的危害一直是制约火红拟孔蜂种群增长的重要因素。因此对该蜂的天敌啮小蜂进行深入研究,对于保护火红拟孔蜂具有重要意义,同时对于开发啮小蜂进行生物防治也具有重要意义。本文采用室内试验的方法,对啮小蜂的生物学特性、寄生家蝇、对寄主火红拟孔蜂的搜索线索和与拟孔蜂宽缘金小蜂的相互关系进行了研究,主要内容及结果如下:
1.拟孔蜂巨柄啮小蜂是火红拟孔蜂的一种寄生天敌。观察表明,该蜂还可寄生于下列幼虫:伏暗蜂Stelis franconica、蜂虻Anthrax spp.、短毛异蜂虻Hemipenthes volutinus、郭公虫Trichodes spp.、缘条蜂Anthophora altaica和家蝇Musca domestica。在恒温22℃、24℃、26℃、30℃的实验条件下,测定了其发育历期和生殖力等参数。结果表明,该蜂的发育起点温度为16.93℃,有效积温为617.04日度。在22℃～30℃,随温度升高,该蜂的发育历期缩短。在24℃该蜂产卵量最大,30℃时种群的内禀增长率最大。
2.拟孔蜂巨柄啮小蜂是一种可以寄生家蝇的寄生蜂。以15%糖水饲养该小蜂寿命最长;单只啮小蜂最多可以寄生8只蝇蛹,最大出蜂总量达58只;单个蝇蛹最多出蜂22只;随着寄生蜂的日龄和蝇蛹日龄增加,该蜂对蝇蛹的寄生个数有下降的趋势,寄生率和寄生蜂日龄符合y=3.36-0.062x-0.045x~2,寄生率和蝇蛹日龄符合y=2.50+0.91x-0.34x~2;蝇蛹的密度对小蜂的寄生率的影响拟合Holling功能反应模型:Na=0.6165Tr№(1+0.6165X0.499№);寄生蜂自身密度对寄生率的影响符合方程:a=0.4943p-0.306。进一步在养虫笼内测试了啮小蜂对家蝇种群的控制作用,结果表明家蝇的种群密度因为啮小蜂的释放而出现下降。
3.拟孔蜂巨柄啮小蜂可以寄生拟孔蜂宽缘金小蜂幼虫,形成重寄生。不同龄期拟孔蜂宽缘金小蜂幼虫影响拟孔蜂巨柄啮小蜂的寄生,随着金小蜂幼虫龄期的增加,啮小蜂的发育历期缩短,出蜂数目增加。在三种啮小蜂:金小蜂的密度比例下,最后羽化出蜂的均为啮小蜂。在三种密度比例下啮小蜂在发育历期、出蜂数具有显著差异(P＜0.05)。随着密度比例的增大,啮小蜂的发育历期延长,出蜂数减少,但在性比没有差异。选择性试验表明啮小蜂先寄生未被金小蜂产卵寄生的火红拟孔蜂的幼虫。
4.拟孔蜂巨柄啮小蜂在搜索寄主——火红拟孔蜂的幼虫时使用气味线索。使用培养皿法、Y型管法和线型嗅觉仪法,证明了巢室散发的气味对该小蜂有吸引作用,小蜂对筑巢植物草霸王、木霸王、猪毛菜、雾冰藜具有很高的选择率,对白刺和红沙的选择率较低。形状和颜色对该小蜂的寄主选择没有影响。
5.拟孔蜂巨柄啮小蜂对火红拟孔蜂6种筑巢植物及其水蒸气蒸馏法提取的挥发物质具有触角电位反应,对筑巢植物触角电位反应值高于对提取物的触角电位反应值(除白刺外)。
Melittobia acasta is a natural enemy for Holitis pyrrhosoma which is an important pollinator for hungrinaness plants in West Erdos especially for Tetraena rnonoglica.The main reason for declining Holitis pyrrhosoma population is their natural enemies.For the sake of protecting Holitis pyrrhosoma and take advantage of Melittobia acasta,we studied the Melittobia acasta.We experimented indoors on the biology of Melittobia acasta,the efficacy of this wasp as a biological control agent against house fly,cues used by Melittobia acasta to assist in host location and the interspecific with pachyneuron rnaculipenis.The main contents and results are as follows:
1.Melittobia acasta is the major parasitoid of Hoplitis pyrrhosoma.The results indicate that it can oviposite into the larvae of Hoplitis pyrrhosoma and other larvaes(Stelis franconica、Anthrax spp.、Hemipenthes volutinus.、Trichodes spp.and Anthophora altaica)。At constant temperature(22℃,24℃,26℃,30℃), we obtain the effect of temperature on development time and reproductive ability. The temperature threshold thermal requirement for development from egg to adult were 16.93℃and 617.04 day-degree respectively.From 22℃to30℃,the development time become shorter with the temperature rising.At 24℃,Melittobia acasta can produce the largest amount of egg oviposition,at 30℃Rm of the population is the highest.
2.Melittobia acasta Walker is a parasitoid of Musca domestica.The paper studied for the first time the effect of food on the longevity of Melittobia acasta and the relationship between parasitic rate and the age and density of the parasitoid and pupae The results showed that Melittobia acasta feeded with 15%glucose solution had the longest longevity.One Melittobia acasta could be the parasitoid of eight Musca domestica pupae and could reproduce 58 progenies;and 22 progennies would be reproduced on one pupa.With the increase of the age of Melittobia acasta and Musca domestica,the parasitic rate decreased.The relationship between the parasitic rate(Y)and the age of the parasitoid(X)was y=3.36-0.062x-0.045x~2,The relationship between the parasitic rate(Y)and the age of the pupa(X)was y=2.50+0.91x-0.34x~2;The relationship between the density of Musca domestica and the parasitic rate could be described by Holling Model Na=O.6165TrNo(1+0.6165×0.499 No);and the relationship between the density of Melittobia acasta and the parasitic rate was a=0.4943_(p-)~(0.306). We tested the efficacy of this wasp as a biological control agent against house flies.The mean density of house flies was distinctly suppressed due to Melittobia acasta released.
3.Melittobia acasta could hyperparasitoid pachyneuron maculipenis.Different larval ages pachyneuron maculipenis could decrease the development time and increase F1 progenies of Melittobia acasta.Under three density ratios, Melittobia acasta was always the last specie to eclose/emerge and there were significant differences in development duration and wasps progeny(P＜0.05).As density ratio went up,development duration increased,wasps progeny decreased, but no obvious differences occurred to sex ratio.The studies indicated that host parasitized by pachyneuron maculipenis become progressive suitable as the primary parasitoid developed.The sex ratio of hyperparasitoid emerging from all hosts stages was consistently female-biased.Melittobia acasta females could rapidly distinguish between unparasitized host and those parasitized by pachyneuron maculipenis
4 Melittobia acasta uses volatile cues to assist in host location.Throng Y-tube and Linear airflow olfactomete,petri dishes methods,these results demonstrated that volites cues emitted by nest plants are more attractive to the Melittobia acasta and thereby promote its effiency of host foraging.the role of wasp vision in host acceptance of the wasp was investigated,but had no effect.
5 The role of volatile cues in mediating the location and selection used by Melittobia acasta was investigated using EAG.Using volatile extracts collected by steam distillation from nest plants,a number of active peaks were located by EAG for Melittobia acasta.It indicated that differential attractiveness for Melittobia acasta is partly due to difference in volatile semiochemicals emitted from the nest plants.
1.拟孔蜂巨柄啮小蜂是火红拟孔蜂的一种寄生天敌。观察表明,该蜂还可寄生于下列幼虫:伏暗蜂Stelis franconica、蜂虻Anthrax spp.、短毛异蜂虻Hemipenthes volutinus、郭公虫Trichodes spp.、缘条蜂Anthophora altaica和家蝇Musca domestica。在恒温22℃、24℃、26℃、30℃的实验条件下,测定了其发育历期和生殖力等参数。结果表明,该蜂的发育起点温度为16.93℃,有效积温为617.04日度。在22℃～30℃,随温度升高,该蜂的发育历期缩短。在24℃该蜂产卵量最大,30℃时种群的内禀增长率最大。
2.拟孔蜂巨柄啮小蜂是一种可以寄生家蝇的寄生蜂。以15%糖水饲养该小蜂寿命最长;单只啮小蜂最多可以寄生8只蝇蛹,最大出蜂总量达58只;单个蝇蛹最多出蜂22只;随着寄生蜂的日龄和蝇蛹日龄增加,该蜂对蝇蛹的寄生个数有下降的趋势,寄生率和寄生蜂日龄符合y=3.36-0.062x-0.045x~2,寄生率和蝇蛹日龄符合y=2.50+0.91x-0.34x~2;蝇蛹的密度对小蜂的寄生率的影响拟合Holling功能反应模型:Na=0.6165Tr№(1+0.6165X0.499№);寄生蜂自身密度对寄生率的影响符合方程:a=0.4943p-0.306。进一步在养虫笼内测试了啮小蜂对家蝇种群的控制作用,结果表明家蝇的种群密度因为啮小蜂的释放而出现下降。
3.拟孔蜂巨柄啮小蜂可以寄生拟孔蜂宽缘金小蜂幼虫,形成重寄生。不同龄期拟孔蜂宽缘金小蜂幼虫影响拟孔蜂巨柄啮小蜂的寄生,随着金小蜂幼虫龄期的增加,啮小蜂的发育历期缩短,出蜂数目增加。在三种啮小蜂:金小蜂的密度比例下,最后羽化出蜂的均为啮小蜂。在三种密度比例下啮小蜂在发育历期、出蜂数具有显著差异(P＜0.05)。随着密度比例的增大,啮小蜂的发育历期延长,出蜂数减少,但在性比没有差异。选择性试验表明啮小蜂先寄生未被金小蜂产卵寄生的火红拟孔蜂的幼虫。
4.拟孔蜂巨柄啮小蜂在搜索寄主——火红拟孔蜂的幼虫时使用气味线索。使用培养皿法、Y型管法和线型嗅觉仪法,证明了巢室散发的气味对该小蜂有吸引作用,小蜂对筑巢植物草霸王、木霸王、猪毛菜、雾冰藜具有很高的选择率,对白刺和红沙的选择率较低。形状和颜色对该小蜂的寄主选择没有影响。
5.拟孔蜂巨柄啮小蜂对火红拟孔蜂6种筑巢植物及其水蒸气蒸馏法提取的挥发物质具有触角电位反应,对筑巢植物触角电位反应值高于对提取物的触角电位反应值(除白刺外)。
Melittobia acasta is a natural enemy for Holitis pyrrhosoma which is an important pollinator for hungrinaness plants in West Erdos especially for Tetraena rnonoglica.The main reason for declining Holitis pyrrhosoma population is their natural enemies.For the sake of protecting Holitis pyrrhosoma and take advantage of Melittobia acasta,we studied the Melittobia acasta.We experimented indoors on the biology of Melittobia acasta,the efficacy of this wasp as a biological control agent against house fly,cues used by Melittobia acasta to assist in host location and the interspecific with pachyneuron rnaculipenis.The main contents and results are as follows:
1.Melittobia acasta is the major parasitoid of Hoplitis pyrrhosoma.The results indicate that it can oviposite into the larvae of Hoplitis pyrrhosoma and other larvaes(Stelis franconica、Anthrax spp.、Hemipenthes volutinus.、Trichodes spp.and Anthophora altaica)。At constant temperature(22℃,24℃,26℃,30℃), we obtain the effect of temperature on development time and reproductive ability. The temperature threshold thermal requirement for development from egg to adult were 16.93℃and 617.04 day-degree respectively.From 22℃to30℃,the development time become shorter with the temperature rising.At 24℃,Melittobia acasta can produce the largest amount of egg oviposition,at 30℃Rm of the population is the highest.
2.Melittobia acasta Walker is a parasitoid of Musca domestica.The paper studied for the first time the effect of food on the longevity of Melittobia acasta and the relationship between parasitic rate and the age and density of the parasitoid and pupae The results showed that Melittobia acasta feeded with 15%glucose solution had the longest longevity.One Melittobia acasta could be the parasitoid of eight Musca domestica pupae and could reproduce 58 progenies;and 22 progennies would be reproduced on one pupa.With the increase of the age of Melittobia acasta and Musca domestica,the parasitic rate decreased.The relationship between the parasitic rate(Y)and the age of the parasitoid(X)was y=3.36-0.062x-0.045x~2,The relationship between the parasitic rate(Y)and the age of the pupa(X)was y=2.50+0.91x-0.34x~2;The relationship between the density of Musca domestica and the parasitic rate could be described by Holling Model Na=O.6165TrNo(1+0.6165×0.499 No);and the relationship between the density of Melittobia acasta and the parasitic rate was a=0.4943_(p-)~(0.306). We tested the efficacy of this wasp as a biological control agent against house flies.The mean density of house flies was distinctly suppressed due to Melittobia acasta released.
3.Melittobia acasta could hyperparasitoid pachyneuron maculipenis.Different larval ages pachyneuron maculipenis could decrease the development time and increase F1 progenies of Melittobia acasta.Under three density ratios, Melittobia acasta was always the last specie to eclose/emerge and there were significant differences in development duration and wasps progeny(P＜0.05).As density ratio went up,development duration increased,wasps progeny decreased, but no obvious differences occurred to sex ratio.The studies indicated that host parasitized by pachyneuron maculipenis become progressive suitable as the primary parasitoid developed.The sex ratio of hyperparasitoid emerging from all hosts stages was consistently female-biased.Melittobia acasta females could rapidly distinguish between unparasitized host and those parasitized by pachyneuron maculipenis
4 Melittobia acasta uses volatile cues to assist in host location.Throng Y-tube and Linear airflow olfactomete,petri dishes methods,these results demonstrated that volites cues emitted by nest plants are more attractive to the Melittobia acasta and thereby promote its effiency of host foraging.the role of wasp vision in host acceptance of the wasp was investigated,but had no effect.
5 The role of volatile cues in mediating the location and selection used by Melittobia acasta was investigated using EAG.Using volatile extracts collected by steam distillation from nest plants,a number of active peaks were located by EAG for Melittobia acasta.It indicated that differential attractiveness for Melittobia acasta is partly due to difference in volatile semiochemicals emitted from the nest plants.
引文
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42 苏智,杨忠岐,魏建荣,王小艺.2004,白蛾周氏啮小蜂转主寄主的研究琳业科学,40(4):106-116
43 魏建荣,杨忠岐,苏智.2003.利用生命表评价白蛾周氏啮小蜂对美国白蛾的控制作用.昆虫学报,46(3):318-324
44 焦懿,赵萍.1999.白蜡虫泌蜡期天敌群落的研究..生态学报,19(5):732-736
45 唐桦.1997.昆虫知识.枸杞木虱天敌的保护与利用.34(6):341-343
46 仇兰芬,孙绪艮,孙守家.2003.桑天长牛长尾啮小蜂的寄主搜索行为.昆虫天敌,25(1):24-27
47 陈义群,林明光等.2004.椰心叶甲在国外的发生及防治.植物检疫,18(6):344-345
48 杨忠岐,杨珍,姚艳霞.2005.一种寄生梨茎蜂的重要天敌——梨茎蜂啮小蜂(膜翅目,姬小蜂科)新种记述.动物分类学报,30(3):613-617
49 许方程,虞轶俊,陈小影,吴永汉.2003.温州郊区十字花科蔬菜害虫寄生蜂调查研究.浙江农业学报,15(6):353-356
50 毛本勇,徐吉山,杨自忠,李明.2003.影响美洲大蠊人工养殖的蜚卵啮小蜂及其防治.大理学院学报,2(5):36-38
51 Dry F.E.,Steinkraus D.C.,McNew R.W.1999.Microsporidia(Protozoa:Microspora)in Pteromalids(Hymenoptera:Pteromalidae)in Broiler-Breeder Houses of Northwest Arkansas.Biol.Control,16(2):164-169
52 Greene G.L.,Guo Y-J,Chen H-J.1998.Parasitization of House Fly Pupae(Diptera:Muscidae)bySpalangia nigroaenea(Hymenoptera:Pteromalidae)in Cattle Feedlot Environments.Biol.Control,12(1):7-13
53 Rivers D.B.Evaluation of host responses to envenomation as a means to assess ectoparasitic pteromalid wasp's potential for controlling manure-breeding flies.Biol.Control,30(2):181-187
54 李祖荫等译.昆虫种群生态学分析方法.1981.北京:科学出版社,69-74
55 Hopkins A.D.1917.A discussion of C.G.Hewitt's paper on 'Insect Behaviour'.J.Econ.Entomol,10:92-93
56 Cortesero A.M.,Monge J.P.1994.Influence of pre-emergence experience on response to host and host plant odours in the larval parasitoid Eupelmus vuilleti.Entomol.Exp.Appl,,72(3):281-288
57 Kivan M.,Kilic N.2004.Influence of host species and age on host.preference of Trissolcus semistriatus.Biol.Control,49(5):553-562
58 Lauziere I.,Lachaud G.P.,Brodeur J.1999.Influence of host density on the reproductive strategy of Cephalonomia stephanoderis,a parasitoid of the coffee berry borer.Entomol.Exp.Appl.,92(1):21-28
59 周琼,梁广文,曾玲,沈叔平,岑伊静.2005.植物提取物和药剂对蔬菜蚜虫种群的联合控制作用.应用生态学报,16(7):1317-1321
60 Tobin P.C.,Pitts C.W..1999.Dispersal of Muscidifurax raptorellus Kogan and Legner (Hymenoptera:Pteromalidae)in a High-Rise Poultry Facility.Biol.Control,16(1):68-72
61 Bernal,J.S.,Luck,R.F.,Morse,J.G.,1999.Host inXuences on sex ratio,longevity,and egg load of two Metaphycus species parasitic on softscales:implications for insectary rearing.Entomol.Exp.Appl.92,191-204
62 庞雄飞,梁广文.1995.害虫种群系统控制.广州:科学出版社
63 Brodeur J..2000.Host specificity and trophic relationships of hyperparasitoid.In;M.E.Hochberg & A.R.Ives(eds),Parasitoid population biology.Princeton,New Jersey,Princeton university press,163-183
64 Grandirara J.,Poinsot D.,Krespi L.,Nenon J.P.,Cortesero A.M..2002.Costs of secondary parasitism in the facultative hyperparasitoid Pachycrepoideus dubius:does host size matter? 64 Entomol.Exp.Appl.103,239-248
65 Godfray H.C..1994.Parasitoids.Behavioral and evolutionary ecology.Princeton,New Jersey,Princeton university press
66 Vinson S.B.1976.Host selection by insect parasitoid.Ann.Rev.Ent.,21:109-133
67 刘强,张丽香.2002.火红拟孔蜂的筑巢习性和行为.动物学杂志,37(6):8-12
68 邹卫辉,雷朝亮,张帆.2002.寄主利它素对稻螟赤眼蜂寄生行为的影响。昆虫知识,39(5):370-373
69 黄丽莉,刘兴平,韩瑞东,王国红,孙江华,戈峰.2006松毛虫赤眼蜂对被害与末被害马尾松的趋性选择.昆虫知识,43(2):215-219
70 Zhao Y.X.,Kang.L.2002.Role of plant volatiles in host plant location of the leafminer,Liriomyza sativae(Diptera:Agromyzidae).Physiological Entomology,,27(2):103-111
71 陈春,宋启示,张光明,彭艳琼,王秋艳,杨大荣.榕果挥发物对传粉榕小蜂的吸引作用.生态学报,24(12):2794-2798
72 Christian S.A.,Matthews R.W.,Ruberson J.R.,Lewis W.J..2005.Role of chemical cues and natal mating effect on host recognition by the parasitic wasp Melittobia digitata.Entomological Science,,8:355-362.
73 Legner E.E,Thompson S.N..1977.Effects of the parental host on host selection,reproductive potential,survival and fecundity of the egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus sp.near curvimaculatus,reared on Pectinophora gossypiella and Phthorimaea operculeEntomophaga,22(1):75-84.
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75 陆鹏飞,乔海莉,王小平,周兴苗,朱芬,雷朝亮.2007.豆野螟成虫日龄对交尾的影响及雄蛾对性信息素的触角电位反应.昆虫知识,44(5):665-670
76 赵云鲜,康乐.2001.改进蝇类昆虫触角电位技术的尝试.昆虫知识,38(5):386-395
77 张同心,崔为正,孙绪艮,张卫光,梁中贵.2005松阿扁叶蜂对不同树种挥发物的触角电位反应.昆虫学报,48(4):514-517
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33 马瑞燕,杜家纬.2000.昆虫的触角感器.昆虫知识,37(3):179-183
34 赵新成,阎云花,王睿,王琛柱.2004.昆虫神经生物学研究技术:触角电位图记录.昆虫知识,41(3):270-274
35 董文霞,胡保文,张钟宁,韩宝瑜.2004.中红侧沟茧蜂对烟草挥发物的触角电生理及行为反应.生态学报,24(10):2252-2256
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37 李典谟等.1986.快速估计发育起点及有效积温法的研究.昆虫知识23(4):184-189
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39 丁岩钦.1994.昆虫数学生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,179-184
40 徐汝梅.1997.昆虫种群生态学[M].北京:北京师范大学出版,61-84
41 Krebs C.J.2001.Ecology:The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance(Gravure).北京:科学出版社,133-149
42 苏智,杨忠岐,魏建荣,王小艺.2004,白蛾周氏啮小蜂转主寄主的研究琳业科学,40(4):106-116
43 魏建荣,杨忠岐,苏智.2003.利用生命表评价白蛾周氏啮小蜂对美国白蛾的控制作用.昆虫学报,46(3):318-324
44 焦懿,赵萍.1999.白蜡虫泌蜡期天敌群落的研究..生态学报,19(5):732-736
45 唐桦.1997.昆虫知识.枸杞木虱天敌的保护与利用.34(6):341-343
46 仇兰芬,孙绪艮,孙守家.2003.桑天长牛长尾啮小蜂的寄主搜索行为.昆虫天敌,25(1):24-27
47 陈义群,林明光等.2004.椰心叶甲在国外的发生及防治.植物检疫,18(6):344-345
48 杨忠岐,杨珍,姚艳霞.2005.一种寄生梨茎蜂的重要天敌——梨茎蜂啮小蜂(膜翅目,姬小蜂科)新种记述.动物分类学报,30(3):613-617
49 许方程,虞轶俊,陈小影,吴永汉.2003.温州郊区十字花科蔬菜害虫寄生蜂调查研究.浙江农业学报,15(6):353-356
50 毛本勇,徐吉山,杨自忠,李明.2003.影响美洲大蠊人工养殖的蜚卵啮小蜂及其防治.大理学院学报,2(5):36-38
51 Dry F.E.,Steinkraus D.C.,McNew R.W.1999.Microsporidia(Protozoa:Microspora)in Pteromalids(Hymenoptera:Pteromalidae)in Broiler-Breeder Houses of Northwest Arkansas.Biol.Control,16(2):164-169
52 Greene G.L.,Guo Y-J,Chen H-J.1998.Parasitization of House Fly Pupae(Diptera:Muscidae)bySpalangia nigroaenea(Hymenoptera:Pteromalidae)in Cattle Feedlot Environments.Biol.Control,12(1):7-13
53 Rivers D.B.Evaluation of host responses to envenomation as a means to assess ectoparasitic pteromalid wasp's potential for controlling manure-breeding flies.Biol.Control,30(2):181-187
54 李祖荫等译.昆虫种群生态学分析方法.1981.北京:科学出版社,69-74
55 Hopkins A.D.1917.A discussion of C.G.Hewitt's paper on 'Insect Behaviour'.J.Econ.Entomol,10:92-93
56 Cortesero A.M.,Monge J.P.1994.Influence of pre-emergence experience on response to host and host plant odours in the larval parasitoid Eupelmus vuilleti.Entomol.Exp.Appl,,72(3):281-288
57 Kivan M.,Kilic N.2004.Influence of host species and age on host.preference of Trissolcus semistriatus.Biol.Control,49(5):553-562
58 Lauziere I.,Lachaud G.P.,Brodeur J.1999.Influence of host density on the reproductive strategy of Cephalonomia stephanoderis,a parasitoid of the coffee berry borer.Entomol.Exp.Appl.,92(1):21-28
59 周琼,梁广文,曾玲,沈叔平,岑伊静.2005.植物提取物和药剂对蔬菜蚜虫种群的联合控制作用.应用生态学报,16(7):1317-1321
60 Tobin P.C.,Pitts C.W..1999.Dispersal of Muscidifurax raptorellus Kogan and Legner (Hymenoptera:Pteromalidae)in a High-Rise Poultry Facility.Biol.Control,16(1):68-72
61 Bernal,J.S.,Luck,R.F.,Morse,J.G.,1999.Host inXuences on sex ratio,longevity,and egg load of two Metaphycus species parasitic on softscales:implications for insectary rearing.Entomol.Exp.Appl.92,191-204
62 庞雄飞,梁广文.1995.害虫种群系统控制.广州:科学出版社
63 Brodeur J..2000.Host specificity and trophic relationships of hyperparasitoid.In;M.E.Hochberg & A.R.Ives(eds),Parasitoid population biology.Princeton,New Jersey,Princeton university press,163-183
64 Grandirara J.,Poinsot D.,Krespi L.,Nenon J.P.,Cortesero A.M..2002.Costs of secondary parasitism in the facultative hyperparasitoid Pachycrepoideus dubius:does host size matter? 64 Entomol.Exp.Appl.103,239-248
65 Godfray H.C..1994.Parasitoids.Behavioral and evolutionary ecology.Princeton,New Jersey,Princeton university press
66 Vinson S.B.1976.Host selection by insect parasitoid.Ann.Rev.Ent.,21:109-133
67 刘强,张丽香.2002.火红拟孔蜂的筑巢习性和行为.动物学杂志,37(6):8-12
68 邹卫辉,雷朝亮,张帆.2002.寄主利它素对稻螟赤眼蜂寄生行为的影响。昆虫知识,39(5):370-373
69 黄丽莉,刘兴平,韩瑞东,王国红,孙江华,戈峰.2006松毛虫赤眼蜂对被害与末被害马尾松的趋性选择.昆虫知识,43(2):215-219
70 Zhao Y.X.,Kang.L.2002.Role of plant volatiles in host plant location of the leafminer,Liriomyza sativae(Diptera:Agromyzidae).Physiological Entomology,,27(2):103-111
71 陈春,宋启示,张光明,彭艳琼,王秋艳,杨大荣.榕果挥发物对传粉榕小蜂的吸引作用.生态学报,24(12):2794-2798
72 Christian S.A.,Matthews R.W.,Ruberson J.R.,Lewis W.J..2005.Role of chemical cues and natal mating effect on host recognition by the parasitic wasp Melittobia digitata.Entomological Science,,8:355-362.
73 Legner E.E,Thompson S.N..1977.Effects of the parental host on host selection,reproductive potential,survival and fecundity of the egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus sp.near curvimaculatus,reared on Pectinophora gossypiella and Phthorimaea operculeEntomophaga,22(1):75-84.
74 陈华才,娄永根,程家安.2007.二化螟绒茧蜂对二化螟及其寄主植物挥发物的趋性反应.昆虫学报,45(5):617-622
75 陆鹏飞,乔海莉,王小平,周兴苗,朱芬,雷朝亮.2007.豆野螟成虫日龄对交尾的影响及雄蛾对性信息素的触角电位反应.昆虫知识,44(5):665-670
76 赵云鲜,康乐.2001.改进蝇类昆虫触角电位技术的尝试.昆虫知识,38(5):386-395
77 张同心,崔为正,孙绪艮,张卫光,梁中贵.2005松阿扁叶蜂对不同树种挥发物的触角电位反应.昆虫学报,48(4):514-517