蜡螟绒茧蜂生物学及其对两种蜡螟的控制作用
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摘要
本文对大蜡螟Galleria mellonella Linne和小蜡螟Achroia grisella Fabr的生物学特性进行了研究，并对在混合发生的情况下，如何区分两种蜡螟进行了总结；研究了两种蜡螟的主要天敌蜡螟绒茧蜂Apanteles galleriae Wilkinson的生物学特性、发育起点温度和有效积温、对不同龄期和不同寄主幼虫的寄生选择性，以及温度对蜡螟绒茧蜂功能反应的影响等。主要结果如下：
大蜡螟对环境的适应能力强，在25～35℃下，随着温度的升高，各虫态的历期缩短。25℃条件下雌蛾的产卵期最长，平均9.93天，产卵高峰均出现在开始产卵的第二天，以后每日的产卵量逐渐减少。小蜡螟的适应能力比大蜡螟差，在35℃条件下不能完成生长发育。在30℃时，雌蛾的产卵量最多，平均282.85粒，产卵高峰出现在开始产卵的第二天。
蜡螟绒茧蜂在湖南实验室条件下繁殖，一年可发生5代。蜡螟绒茧蜂多在白天羽化，羽化高峰出现在8～12时，雄蜂以0～10时羽化最多，占雄蜂总数的63.3％；雌蜂以8～14时最多，占雌蜂总数的65.5％。出蜂数量以开始羽化的前四天最多，占羽化总数的94.7％。单雌一生最多产卵68粒，平均45.4粒。雌蜂的产卵位置多在寄主的1～4腹节，大多数寄主体内只产1粒或2粒卵。寄生蜂幼虫多从寄主的1～3腹节钻出。
蜡螟绒茧蜂全世代发育适温为25～30℃，35℃条件不能完成发育，在25℃和30℃下全世代发育历期分别为21.41d和16.88d。成蜂以22℃下补充30％蜂蜜水的平均寿命最长，为35.6天。全世代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为11.79℃和338.5日度，幼虫期比卵期、蛹期的发育起点温度高。
在一天中，蜡螟绒茧蜂14～22时的寄生率要高于8～14时。该蜂能寄生大蜡螟1～4龄幼虫，但当2～4龄幼虫同时存在时，偏爱寄生2、3龄幼虫，其选择系数分别为0.35和0.42。寄生4龄幼虫的蜡螟绒茧蜂发育速率较寄生3龄和2龄幼虫要快，且成蜂的体长显著大于寄生2龄的蜂。当大蜡螟和小蜡螟幼虫共存时，对小蜡螟的寄生率比大蜡螟要高，其选择系数分别为0.54和0.46。
功能反应试验表明，在22～32.5℃温度范围内，蜡螟绒茧蜂对大蜡螟的瞬时攻击率随温度的升高而增强，处理时间则随温度的升高而缩短。在22～35℃范围内的功能反应均能用Holling圆盘方程很好地拟合。
In this thesis, the biology peculiarity of Galleria mellonella Linne and Achroia grisella Fabr were studied, and how to differentiate the two wax moths were summarized under amalgamating condition. Meanwhile, the biology of Apanteles galleriae Wilkinson 、 thermal threshold and thermal sum for the development、 the parasitize to various instar larvae and various host larvae and functional response to different temperature regimes were investigated. The main results were as follows:
The suitability of G. mellonella to environment is stronger and at 25-35℃,the temperature is higher, the period of oviposition of female adults is longer, the average period is 9.93d.The peak oviposition occurred in the 2~(nd) day after laying eggs, later the number of oviposition is decreased gradually. The suitability of A. grisella weaker than the G. mellonella, and it didn't accomplish development at 35℃. At 30℃, the oviposition number of female adults is the most (average 282.85). The peak oviposition occurred in the 2~(nd) day after laying eggs.
A. galleriae has five generations within a year in the laboratory of HuNan. A. galleriae emerged in the day-time, and the peak emergence occurred in 8-12h. 63.3% male wasps emerged in 0-10h, 65.5% female wasps emerged in 8-14h. The number of emergence was the most and 94.7% wasp in 1-4~(th) day. The most oviposition number by one female wasp was 68,and the average of oviposition number by one female wasp was 45.4. The oviposition position by female wasp at the 1-4~(th) abdomen of host mostly, and only one or two eggs were laid. The parasitoid larva come out at the 1-3~(rd) abdomen of host.
Developmental temperature of A gallehae one generation was 25-30℃, and which didn't complete developing at 35℃.At 25℃ and 30℃,the mean development periods of one generation was 21.41d and 16.88d respectively. Maximum mean longevity was 35.6 days for wasps, fed on 30% honey solution at 22℃. The developmental zero and accumulated temperature of one generation were respectively 11.79℃ and 338.5 day-degrees; the developmental zero of larva was higher than egg and pupae.
In all day, the parasitism for A. gallehae occurred in the daytime of 14-22h was higher than that of 8-14h. A. gallehae could parasitize 1-4~(th) instar of G. mellonella larvae, but preferred 2~(nd) and 3~(rd) instar when the 2~(nd), 3~(rd) and 4~(th) instar of host larvae were exposed simultaneously to this parasite, and the preference indexes were 0.35 and 0.42 respectively. The development velocity of A. gallehae parasitizing in the 4~(th) instar larva was faster than development of those parasitizing in the 3~(rd) and the 2~(nd) instar larvae, and the body length of the wasps was bigger than parasitoid parasitizing in 2~(nd) instar larva
大蜡螟对环境的适应能力强，在25～35℃下，随着温度的升高，各虫态的历期缩短。25℃条件下雌蛾的产卵期最长，平均9.93天，产卵高峰均出现在开始产卵的第二天，以后每日的产卵量逐渐减少。小蜡螟的适应能力比大蜡螟差，在35℃条件下不能完成生长发育。在30℃时，雌蛾的产卵量最多，平均282.85粒，产卵高峰出现在开始产卵的第二天。
蜡螟绒茧蜂在湖南实验室条件下繁殖，一年可发生5代。蜡螟绒茧蜂多在白天羽化，羽化高峰出现在8～12时，雄蜂以0～10时羽化最多，占雄蜂总数的63.3％；雌蜂以8～14时最多，占雌蜂总数的65.5％。出蜂数量以开始羽化的前四天最多，占羽化总数的94.7％。单雌一生最多产卵68粒，平均45.4粒。雌蜂的产卵位置多在寄主的1～4腹节，大多数寄主体内只产1粒或2粒卵。寄生蜂幼虫多从寄主的1～3腹节钻出。
蜡螟绒茧蜂全世代发育适温为25～30℃，35℃条件不能完成发育，在25℃和30℃下全世代发育历期分别为21.41d和16.88d。成蜂以22℃下补充30％蜂蜜水的平均寿命最长，为35.6天。全世代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为11.79℃和338.5日度，幼虫期比卵期、蛹期的发育起点温度高。
在一天中，蜡螟绒茧蜂14～22时的寄生率要高于8～14时。该蜂能寄生大蜡螟1～4龄幼虫，但当2～4龄幼虫同时存在时，偏爱寄生2、3龄幼虫，其选择系数分别为0.35和0.42。寄生4龄幼虫的蜡螟绒茧蜂发育速率较寄生3龄和2龄幼虫要快，且成蜂的体长显著大于寄生2龄的蜂。当大蜡螟和小蜡螟幼虫共存时，对小蜡螟的寄生率比大蜡螟要高，其选择系数分别为0.54和0.46。
功能反应试验表明，在22～32.5℃温度范围内，蜡螟绒茧蜂对大蜡螟的瞬时攻击率随温度的升高而增强，处理时间则随温度的升高而缩短。在22～35℃范围内的功能反应均能用Holling圆盘方程很好地拟合。
In this thesis, the biology peculiarity of Galleria mellonella Linne and Achroia grisella Fabr were studied, and how to differentiate the two wax moths were summarized under amalgamating condition. Meanwhile, the biology of Apanteles galleriae Wilkinson 、 thermal threshold and thermal sum for the development、 the parasitize to various instar larvae and various host larvae and functional response to different temperature regimes were investigated. The main results were as follows:
The suitability of G. mellonella to environment is stronger and at 25-35℃,the temperature is higher, the period of oviposition of female adults is longer, the average period is 9.93d.The peak oviposition occurred in the 2~(nd) day after laying eggs, later the number of oviposition is decreased gradually. The suitability of A. grisella weaker than the G. mellonella, and it didn't accomplish development at 35℃. At 30℃, the oviposition number of female adults is the most (average 282.85). The peak oviposition occurred in the 2~(nd) day after laying eggs.
A. galleriae has five generations within a year in the laboratory of HuNan. A. galleriae emerged in the day-time, and the peak emergence occurred in 8-12h. 63.3% male wasps emerged in 0-10h, 65.5% female wasps emerged in 8-14h. The number of emergence was the most and 94.7% wasp in 1-4~(th) day. The most oviposition number by one female wasp was 68,and the average of oviposition number by one female wasp was 45.4. The oviposition position by female wasp at the 1-4~(th) abdomen of host mostly, and only one or two eggs were laid. The parasitoid larva come out at the 1-3~(rd) abdomen of host.
Developmental temperature of A gallehae one generation was 25-30℃, and which didn't complete developing at 35℃.At 25℃ and 30℃,the mean development periods of one generation was 21.41d and 16.88d respectively. Maximum mean longevity was 35.6 days for wasps, fed on 30% honey solution at 22℃. The developmental zero and accumulated temperature of one generation were respectively 11.79℃ and 338.5 day-degrees; the developmental zero of larva was higher than egg and pupae.
In all day, the parasitism for A. gallehae occurred in the daytime of 14-22h was higher than that of 8-14h. A. gallehae could parasitize 1-4~(th) instar of G. mellonella larvae, but preferred 2~(nd) and 3~(rd) instar when the 2~(nd), 3~(rd) and 4~(th) instar of host larvae were exposed simultaneously to this parasite, and the preference indexes were 0.35 and 0.42 respectively. The development velocity of A. gallehae parasitizing in the 4~(th) instar larva was faster than development of those parasitizing in the 3~(rd) and the 2~(nd) instar larvae, and the body length of the wasps was bigger than parasitoid parasitizing in 2~(nd) instar larva
引文
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66．胡树森，陈日光，杨明．大蜡螟生活习性及其防治的初步研究(J)．湖南农学院学报，1989，15(3)：53-59．
67．罗岳雄，赖友胜，罗明枢，等．中蜂巢蜜中蜡螟危害的防治研究初报(J)．蜜蜂杂志，1995，(11)：3～5．68．冯峰．蜡螟的生物学及防治[J]．蜜蜂杂志，1998，(8)：20．
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70．黄志辉．大蜡螟、小蜡螟的生活习性和防治对策(J)．昆虫知识，1984(1)：36-39．
71．周琳，李锦辉，蔡如希，黑色软蚧蚜小蜂生物学特性研究(J)．昆虫学报，2002，45(6)：851-855．
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74．管致和．昆虫学通论(M)．北京：农业出版社，1981：687．
75．张刚应，杨怀文．大蜡螟室内饲养技术(J)．贵州农学院学报，1996，15(1)：46-49．
76．熊延坤，张青文，徐静，等．大蜡螟工厂化生产流程及环境因素的控制(J)．中国农业大学学报，2002，7(5)：85-89．
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