藏族建筑色彩体系研究
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摘要
在中华民族文化中,藏族建筑是非常有特色的一个民族建筑,其平面布局、造型、材料与构造、色彩与装饰都具有独树一帜的民族特色、地域特色和传统特色。藏族建筑色彩是藏族建筑形态重要的视觉要素之一,具有特殊的功效性、装饰性、标识性,是雪域高原的藏族建筑最典型的特点之一。藏族建筑色彩形成和发展于青藏高原这一特殊的地理环境,处于两大古老文明之间,受到佛苯融合的藏传佛教文化的深刻影响,形成自己独特的建筑色彩文化,并逐渐演变形成藏族传统建筑的色彩体系。藏族传统建筑体系化的色彩构成是表现藏族建筑特色和地域建筑色彩环境景观的重要媒介。然而,一方面伴随着快速城市化的进程以及全球化的来袭,藏族传统地域建筑色彩环境正被潮水般涌现出的新建筑群所淹没；而另一方面,由于藏族传统建筑色彩理论的不完善、设计者对藏族建筑的不了解以及现阶段功利化的设计模式和建设状况均导致藏族地区建筑色彩环境出现无序、混沌和破坏状况,这种无序和破坏使得原有的城镇和乡村的建筑环境色彩肌理发生改变,民族特色逐渐被蚕食。在此背景下,为了保护和传承地域建筑文化,非常有必要对藏族建筑色彩体系进行归纳和整理。
本文立足于高原自然环境和人文环境独特的背景之下,从建筑环境、建筑文化以及建筑技术和材料的角度系统追溯了藏族建筑色彩的起源及形成,并根据历史发展、现实情况通过研究发现了藏族建筑色彩体系化的构成及表达规律,提出“藏族建筑色彩体系”的概念,进而对藏族建筑体系化的规律进行深入研究,构建出藏族建筑色彩体系理论的框架。
(1)从民俗文化和宗教文化的角度解析藏族建筑色彩体系化的演变过程；对藏族建筑色彩体系中出现的“黑白”色组、“红白”色组、“红白蓝”色组等现象并加以释义；探讨了藏族建筑色彩中“金”色的出现和发展；梳理归纳藏族建筑色彩体系的发展和流变,并剖析了其内在原因。
(2)归纳整理了藏族宫殿建筑、寺庙建筑、园林建筑、居住建筑、宗堡建筑等藏族主要传统建筑类型的色彩体系的构成与特征,针对藏族不同建筑类型以及不同地区的建筑之间做出色彩的比较研究,剖析其内在的原因；并从建筑群和聚落的角度分析了藏族建筑色彩体系的构成。此外,还较为系统的归纳出藏族建筑色彩所表现出的层级关系以及对应的建筑等级,提炼出藏族建筑色彩体系的规律特点。
(3)通过次角林村和拉萨老城区的建筑色彩分析,验证了藏族建筑色彩确实是成体系化的建筑色彩构成模式。并且通过这两种典型案例的系统分析,揭示了藏族传统单体建筑、建筑群、乡村聚落和城镇聚落的建筑色彩体系的构成,从而提炼出了藏族建筑色彩体系的“镶套式色彩体系构成模式”,并指出这种建筑色彩体系构成模式是传统藏族地域建筑景观环境呈现出高度整体感和一致感的主要原因之一。
(4)从可持续发展理念指导下探究藏族建筑色彩体系在当代的传承与发展。通过对拉萨藏族传统建筑色彩印象和拉萨现代建筑色彩印象评价调查,得出人们对建筑色彩定量的感知结果,并通过分析比较得出藏族传统建筑色彩非常需要保护和传承的结论。通过藏族建筑色彩体系的研究可以对当代藏族城市建设和建筑设计创作以及为构建藏式建筑的地域性表现体系提供有益的启发和借鉴。
Tibetan architecture is extremely unique in Chinese national culture, and its layout and style, materials and structure, color and decoration, are all with unique national characteristics, geographical features, and traditional heritage. As one of the important visual elements of Tibetan architectural style, Tibetan architectural color has special efficacy, ornamentation, and identification, and it is one of the most typical features of Tibetan architecture in snow-covered plateau. Formed and developed in this particular geographical environment of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Tibetan architectural color exists between two ancient civilizations, and it is greatly influenced by Tibetan Buddhist culture and Bon culture, creating its unique architectural color culture, and gradually evolving the color system of traditional Tibetan architecture. The color composition of traditional Tibetan architecture system is an important medium which expresses the characteristics of Tibetan architecture and geographical architectural color environmental landscape. However, on the one hand, along with the rush process of rapid urbanization and globalization, the architectural color environment in traditional Tibetan region is submerged by new building complexes, which are spring up like mushrooms. While on the other hand, owing to the incomplete theory of traditional Tibetan architectural color and the incomprehension of designers to Tibetan architecture, as well as current utilitarian-oriented design patterns and construction situation, the architectural color environment in Tibetan region appears disorderly, in the situation of destruction and chaos, which changes the architectural environment color and texture of original towns and villages, eroding national characteristics gradually. In this context, it is very important to review and sort Tibetan architectural color system in order to protect and inherit regional architectural culture.
Based on the unique background of natural and human cultural environments in the plateau region, this article has traced the origin and the formation of Tibetan architectural color in respect of architectural environment, building culture, construction technique and building materials. In accordance with the historical development and present situation, the composition and expression way of Tibetan architectural color system have been discovered through research, and the concept of "Tibetan architectural color system" has been promoted. Thus, the systematical law of Tibetan architecture has been profoundly studied, establishing a theoretical framework of Tibetan architectural color system.
(1) To analyze the evolution process of Tibetan architectural color system from the perspective of folk culture and religious culture; elucidate the phenomena of color groups, such as Black-white, Red-white, Red-white-blue, which appeared in Tibetan architectural color system; discuss the emergence and development of Golden color in Tibetan architectural color system; and conclude systematically the development and vicissitude of Tibetan architectural color system, as well as analyze the underlying causes.
(2) To conclude and sort the formation and features of major traditional Tibetan architectural color system, including Tibetan palace buildings, temple construction, garden structures, residential houses, and religious castle construction. In respect of different types of Tibetan buildings, as well as buildings in various areas, comparative study has been carried out for color system, and the underlying causes have been analyzed. The formation of Tibetan architectural color system has been analyzed as well. Moreover, the hierarchy shown by Tibetan architectural color, as well as its corresponding architectural level, has been concluded fairly systematically, abstracting the law and feature of Tibetan architectural color system.
(3) That Tibetan architectural color is actually a systematical architectural color has been verified through the analysis of architectural color in Cijiaolin Village and Lhasa old urban zone. And the formation of architectural color system of Tibetan traditional individual building, architectural complex, rural settlements and town settlement has been revealed through systematic analysis of these two typical cases. Thus, "Mosaic color systematical formation pattern" of Tibetan architectural color system has been extracted, and that the formation pattern of architectural color system is one of the main cause of highly associative perception and deep sense of coherence exhibited by the traditional architectural landscape environment in Tibetan region has also been indicated.
(4) To explore the heritage and development of Tibetan architectural color system in the contemporary era under the guidance of sustainable development concept. Through evaluate and investigate the image of Tibetan traditional architectural color in Lhasa, people's quantitative perception of architectural color has been educed. That traditional Tibetan architectural color extremely requires protection and heritage has been concluded through analysis and comparison. Through the study of Tibetan architectural color system, the construction of Tibetan city in the contemporary era and the creative architecture design, as well as the regional representational system of Tibetan architecture formation can be enlightened and referenced beneficially.
本文立足于高原自然环境和人文环境独特的背景之下,从建筑环境、建筑文化以及建筑技术和材料的角度系统追溯了藏族建筑色彩的起源及形成,并根据历史发展、现实情况通过研究发现了藏族建筑色彩体系化的构成及表达规律,提出“藏族建筑色彩体系”的概念,进而对藏族建筑体系化的规律进行深入研究,构建出藏族建筑色彩体系理论的框架。
(1)从民俗文化和宗教文化的角度解析藏族建筑色彩体系化的演变过程；对藏族建筑色彩体系中出现的“黑白”色组、“红白”色组、“红白蓝”色组等现象并加以释义；探讨了藏族建筑色彩中“金”色的出现和发展；梳理归纳藏族建筑色彩体系的发展和流变,并剖析了其内在原因。
(2)归纳整理了藏族宫殿建筑、寺庙建筑、园林建筑、居住建筑、宗堡建筑等藏族主要传统建筑类型的色彩体系的构成与特征,针对藏族不同建筑类型以及不同地区的建筑之间做出色彩的比较研究,剖析其内在的原因；并从建筑群和聚落的角度分析了藏族建筑色彩体系的构成。此外,还较为系统的归纳出藏族建筑色彩所表现出的层级关系以及对应的建筑等级,提炼出藏族建筑色彩体系的规律特点。
(3)通过次角林村和拉萨老城区的建筑色彩分析,验证了藏族建筑色彩确实是成体系化的建筑色彩构成模式。并且通过这两种典型案例的系统分析,揭示了藏族传统单体建筑、建筑群、乡村聚落和城镇聚落的建筑色彩体系的构成,从而提炼出了藏族建筑色彩体系的“镶套式色彩体系构成模式”,并指出这种建筑色彩体系构成模式是传统藏族地域建筑景观环境呈现出高度整体感和一致感的主要原因之一。
(4)从可持续发展理念指导下探究藏族建筑色彩体系在当代的传承与发展。通过对拉萨藏族传统建筑色彩印象和拉萨现代建筑色彩印象评价调查,得出人们对建筑色彩定量的感知结果,并通过分析比较得出藏族传统建筑色彩非常需要保护和传承的结论。通过藏族建筑色彩体系的研究可以对当代藏族城市建设和建筑设计创作以及为构建藏式建筑的地域性表现体系提供有益的启发和借鉴。
Tibetan architecture is extremely unique in Chinese national culture, and its layout and style, materials and structure, color and decoration, are all with unique national characteristics, geographical features, and traditional heritage. As one of the important visual elements of Tibetan architectural style, Tibetan architectural color has special efficacy, ornamentation, and identification, and it is one of the most typical features of Tibetan architecture in snow-covered plateau. Formed and developed in this particular geographical environment of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Tibetan architectural color exists between two ancient civilizations, and it is greatly influenced by Tibetan Buddhist culture and Bon culture, creating its unique architectural color culture, and gradually evolving the color system of traditional Tibetan architecture. The color composition of traditional Tibetan architecture system is an important medium which expresses the characteristics of Tibetan architecture and geographical architectural color environmental landscape. However, on the one hand, along with the rush process of rapid urbanization and globalization, the architectural color environment in traditional Tibetan region is submerged by new building complexes, which are spring up like mushrooms. While on the other hand, owing to the incomplete theory of traditional Tibetan architectural color and the incomprehension of designers to Tibetan architecture, as well as current utilitarian-oriented design patterns and construction situation, the architectural color environment in Tibetan region appears disorderly, in the situation of destruction and chaos, which changes the architectural environment color and texture of original towns and villages, eroding national characteristics gradually. In this context, it is very important to review and sort Tibetan architectural color system in order to protect and inherit regional architectural culture.
Based on the unique background of natural and human cultural environments in the plateau region, this article has traced the origin and the formation of Tibetan architectural color in respect of architectural environment, building culture, construction technique and building materials. In accordance with the historical development and present situation, the composition and expression way of Tibetan architectural color system have been discovered through research, and the concept of "Tibetan architectural color system" has been promoted. Thus, the systematical law of Tibetan architecture has been profoundly studied, establishing a theoretical framework of Tibetan architectural color system.
(1) To analyze the evolution process of Tibetan architectural color system from the perspective of folk culture and religious culture; elucidate the phenomena of color groups, such as Black-white, Red-white, Red-white-blue, which appeared in Tibetan architectural color system; discuss the emergence and development of Golden color in Tibetan architectural color system; and conclude systematically the development and vicissitude of Tibetan architectural color system, as well as analyze the underlying causes.
(2) To conclude and sort the formation and features of major traditional Tibetan architectural color system, including Tibetan palace buildings, temple construction, garden structures, residential houses, and religious castle construction. In respect of different types of Tibetan buildings, as well as buildings in various areas, comparative study has been carried out for color system, and the underlying causes have been analyzed. The formation of Tibetan architectural color system has been analyzed as well. Moreover, the hierarchy shown by Tibetan architectural color, as well as its corresponding architectural level, has been concluded fairly systematically, abstracting the law and feature of Tibetan architectural color system.
(3) That Tibetan architectural color is actually a systematical architectural color has been verified through the analysis of architectural color in Cijiaolin Village and Lhasa old urban zone. And the formation of architectural color system of Tibetan traditional individual building, architectural complex, rural settlements and town settlement has been revealed through systematic analysis of these two typical cases. Thus, "Mosaic color systematical formation pattern" of Tibetan architectural color system has been extracted, and that the formation pattern of architectural color system is one of the main cause of highly associative perception and deep sense of coherence exhibited by the traditional architectural landscape environment in Tibetan region has also been indicated.
(4) To explore the heritage and development of Tibetan architectural color system in the contemporary era under the guidance of sustainable development concept. Through evaluate and investigate the image of Tibetan traditional architectural color in Lhasa, people's quantitative perception of architectural color has been educed. That traditional Tibetan architectural color extremely requires protection and heritage has been concluded through analysis and comparison. Through the study of Tibetan architectural color system, the construction of Tibetan city in the contemporary era and the creative architecture design, as well as the regional representational system of Tibetan architecture formation can be enlightened and referenced beneficially.
引文
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