基于H.264熵编码的视频加密技术研究
摘要
随着多媒体技术和网络通信技术的飞速发展,视频已经广泛地用于政治、军事、商业、医疗和教育等行业。除了政治和军事这两个需要高保密性的领域外,其它领域对视频加密的需求也越来越大。视频序列具有数据量大、编码结构特殊、实时性要求高等特点,这对视频加密算法提出了很高的要求。视频加密算法除了要有较高的安全性外,还必须具有较快的加密速度和保持压缩效率与编码格式不变。众多现有的视频加密方案都是在视频编码的熵编码之前进行加密,它们并不能完全满足前述对视频加密算法的要求。基于信源特性、结合熵编码过程的视频加密算法被认为是很好的研究方向。
针对目前还没有基于H.264熵编码的视频加密方案的情况,本文对H.264的熵编码技术进行了详细研究,提出了与CAVLC和CABAC熵编码过程相结合的视频加密方案。CAVLC加密方案采用流密码体制,主要用于视频会议等实时多媒体应用。CABAC加密方案采用可灵活配置的加密模块和密文反馈模式,大大增强了安全性,主要用于存储视频和高清电视等应用。这两种加密方案可以分级,以满足不同加密级别的需求,安全覆盖了H.264的全部应用范围。理论分析和具体实验表明,这两种方案具有计算简单、安全高效、易于实现、不改变视频格式和压缩效率的优点。本文的研究可以应用到实际的系统中,也为今后在熵编码领域进行更好的加密算法的研究起到了抛砖引玉的作用。
With the rapid development of multimedia and network technology, video has been used widely in political, military, commercial, medical, education and other industries. Besides political and military two areas need high security, the request for video encryption of many other areas is growing. Video sequences have characteristics of a large quantity of data, special coding structure and high real-time requirements, which puts forward strict demands to video encryption algorithm. No only having high security, do video encryption algorithm have fast working speed and keep efficiency of compression and coding format. Many existing video encryption schemes work prior to the entropy coding of video coding. They can't satisfy the requirements of video encryption completely. Video encryption algorithm based on the source features and combined with the process of entropy coding is considered very important to future research.
In the situation of there is no video encryption scheme based on H.264 entropy coding, this paper studies the H.264 entropy coding and proposes CAVLC and CABAC video encryption schemes which are combined with the process of entropy coding of H.264. CAVLC encryption scheme used Stream Cipher System. It is used for real-time multimedia applications. CABAC encryption scheme uses flexible encryption modules and Cipher Feedback Mode which increases the security. It is mainly used for storage video applications such as HD-TV. Both encryption scheme can be divided into several levels to meet the different needs of encryption and cover all applications of H.264. Analysis and experimental results show that both scheme have the advantages of simple computation, high security, easy to implement and do not change the video format and compression efficiency. The researchs of this paper can be applied to the actual system and make a reference effort on video encryption based on entropy coding.
针对目前还没有基于H.264熵编码的视频加密方案的情况,本文对H.264的熵编码技术进行了详细研究,提出了与CAVLC和CABAC熵编码过程相结合的视频加密方案。CAVLC加密方案采用流密码体制,主要用于视频会议等实时多媒体应用。CABAC加密方案采用可灵活配置的加密模块和密文反馈模式,大大增强了安全性,主要用于存储视频和高清电视等应用。这两种加密方案可以分级,以满足不同加密级别的需求,安全覆盖了H.264的全部应用范围。理论分析和具体实验表明,这两种方案具有计算简单、安全高效、易于实现、不改变视频格式和压缩效率的优点。本文的研究可以应用到实际的系统中,也为今后在熵编码领域进行更好的加密算法的研究起到了抛砖引玉的作用。
With the rapid development of multimedia and network technology, video has been used widely in political, military, commercial, medical, education and other industries. Besides political and military two areas need high security, the request for video encryption of many other areas is growing. Video sequences have characteristics of a large quantity of data, special coding structure and high real-time requirements, which puts forward strict demands to video encryption algorithm. No only having high security, do video encryption algorithm have fast working speed and keep efficiency of compression and coding format. Many existing video encryption schemes work prior to the entropy coding of video coding. They can't satisfy the requirements of video encryption completely. Video encryption algorithm based on the source features and combined with the process of entropy coding is considered very important to future research.
In the situation of there is no video encryption scheme based on H.264 entropy coding, this paper studies the H.264 entropy coding and proposes CAVLC and CABAC video encryption schemes which are combined with the process of entropy coding of H.264. CAVLC encryption scheme used Stream Cipher System. It is used for real-time multimedia applications. CABAC encryption scheme uses flexible encryption modules and Cipher Feedback Mode which increases the security. It is mainly used for storage video applications such as HD-TV. Both encryption scheme can be divided into several levels to meet the different needs of encryption and cover all applications of H.264. Analysis and experimental results show that both scheme have the advantages of simple computation, high security, easy to implement and do not change the video format and compression efficiency. The researchs of this paper can be applied to the actual system and make a reference effort on video encryption based on entropy coding.
引文
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[2]Spillman Richard(著).经典密码学与现代密码学[M].叶阮健,曹英,张长富(译).清华大学出版社.2005.
[3]卢开澄.计算机密码学--计算机网络中的数据保密与安全[M].清华大学出版社(第2版).1998.
[4]冯登国.国内外密码学研究现状及发展趋势[J]..通信学报.2006.3.Vol.3,No.22:18-22.
[5]沙丽娜,王宁章,覃团发.视频压缩编码国际标准综述[J].电子科技.2005(3):56-60.
[6]廉士国,孙金生,王执铨.视频加密算法及其发展现状[J].信息与控制.2004.10.Vol.33,No.5:560-566.
[7]徐正全,杨志云,李伟,陈琳.数字视频加密技术发展现状及展望[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版).2005.7.Vol.30,No.7:570-574.
[8]张炫.流媒体安全技术研究[J].网络安全技术与应用.2005(12):55-57.
[9]Joint Video Team of ISO/IEC MPEG & ITU-T VCEG.Advanced video coding for generic audiovisual services(ITU-T Rec.H.264/ISO/IECT 14496-10 AVC),JVT-G050[S].2005.3.download:http://www.vcodex.com.
[10]Iain E.Cz Richardson.H.264 and MPEG-4 video compression video coding for next generation multimedia[M].John Viley & Sons Ltd.,The Southern Gate,Chichester,West Sussex PO 19 8SQ.England.2003.
[11]Iain E.G.Richardson(著).H.264和MPEG-4视频压缩:新一代多媒体的视频编码技术[M].欧阳合,韩军(译).国防科技大学出版社.2004.11.
[12]毕厚杰.新一代视频压缩编码标准:H.264/AVC[M].人民邮电出版社.2005.5.
[13]任竞.H.264/AVC视频编码标准的研究[J].微型电脑应用.2004.Vol.20,No.5:15-16.No.6:59-64.
[14]张杰.视频编码新标准H.264/AVC中的重要技术[J].现代电子技术.2004.6.No.173:101-103.
[15]秦岭,王煜坚,李东新等.视频编码标准H.264的主要技术特点及其应用前景[J].微计算机应用.2004.7.Vol.25,No.4:449-455.
[16]楼剑,陆亮,虞露等.H.264标准的特点及其改进研究[J].数字电视与数字视频.2003(6):13-15.
[17]周祥平,王嵩.新标准H.264的核心技术与应用前景[J].中国有线电视.2004(15):55-61.
[18]Tang L.Methods for encrypting and decrypting MPEG video data efficiently[A].In:Proceedings of the Fourth ACM International Multimedia Conference(ACM Multimedia′96)[C].Boston,MA.1996:219-230.
[19]Qao L,Nahrstedt K.A new algorithm for MPEG video encryption[A].In:Proceeding of the First International Conference on Imaging Science.Systems and Technology(CISST′97)[C].Las Vegas,Nevada,1997:21-29.
[20]Wee S J,Apostolopoulos J G.Secure scalable video streaming for wireless networks[A].In:Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing[C].Salt Lake City UT.2001,4:2049-2052.
[21]Wee S J,Apostolopoulos J G.Secure scalable streaming enabling transcoding without decryption[A].In:Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing[C].Thessaloniki,Greece.2001,1:437-440.
[22]Tosun A S,Feng Wu Chi.Light weight security mechanisms for wireless video transmission[A].In:Proceedings.International Conference on Information Technology:Coding and Computing[C].Las Vegas,NV,2001:157-161.
[23]Franco Chiaraluce,Lorenzo Ciccarelli,Ennio Gambi,etal.A new chaotic algorithm for video encryption[J].IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics.2002,48(4):838-844.
[24]廉士国,李忠新,王执铨.几种典型视频加密算法的性能比较[J].中国图像图形学报.2004.4.Vol.9,No.4:483-490.
[25]廉士国,李忠新,王执铨.两种基于部分加密的图像和视频加密方案[J].计算机工程.2004.7.Vol.30,No.7:18-19,153.
[26]廉士国.多媒体快速加密算法研究[D].南京理工大学博士学位论文.2005.5.
[27]袁春,钟玉琢,贺玉文.基于混沌的视频流选择加密算法[J].计算机学报.2004.47(2):257-263.
[28]易开祥,孙鑫,石教英.一种基于混沌序列的图像加密算法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学报.2002.12(9):672-676.
[29]马大伟,郑应平,王令群.一种基于混沌理论的多层次变密钥视频加密方法[J].计算机应用.2005.2.Vol.25,No.2:394-395,406.
[30]张萌,刘忠信等.基于混沌的视频压缩与加密方法研究[J].控制工程.2005.5.Vol.12.No.5:482-485.
[31]尹显东,姚军等.一种基于小波变换域和混沌序列的图像加密算法[J].信号处理.2005.3.Vol.21,No.3:261-266.
[32]姚晔,徐正全,李伟.基于Zigzag置乱的MPEG4视频加密方案及改进[J].计算机工程与设计.2005.8.Vol.26,No.8:2042-2044.
[33]陈真勇,唐龙,唐泽圣.视频信息隐藏的置乱策略与方法[J].中国图像图形学报.2005.10.Vol.10,No.10:1242-1247.
[34]王慈,张文军,郑猛.一种基于DCT域MPEG2的透明加扰算法[J].上海交通大学学报.2004.5.Vol.38,No.5:705-708,712.
[35]曹奕,张荣,刘政凯.H.264标准中基于DCT的视频加密研究[J].中国图像图形学报.2005.8.Vol.10,No.8:1047-1051.
[36]庞建新,朱智超,张倩等.一种H.264框架下的视频加密方法[C].第十二届全国图像图形学学术会议.2005.10:135-139.
[37]林巍蛲,方向忠,黄修超.基于H.264的新型视频加密算法[J].信息安全与通信保密.2005(9):89-94.
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