基于ZigBee的无线传感器环境监测网络设计
摘要
环境监测具有区域内的监测点数量多、监测时间长、监测情况复杂等特点。针对传统环境监测手段的网络布局困难、节点智能化程度低等缺点,设计了基于ZigBee协议的无线传感器环境监测网络系统。该系统具有节点数量大、可靠性高、网络布局方便、可远程控制等优势。
本文首先对无线传感器网络的结构、分层模型和关键技术进行了介绍,指出具有低功耗、通信可靠、网络的自组织、自愈能力强以及成本低廉等特点的ZigBee技术非常适合应用于环境监测的无线传感器网络。接着对TI的基于ZigBee2006标准的协议栈Z-Stack进行了剖析,并对Z-Stack中的网络地址分配与寻址,节点绑定的过程与步骤,路由选择的机制以及路由维护,信道配置等功能的实现进行了深入的探讨。
环境监测网络的设计包括硬件设计和软件设计两个方面。硬件设计主要介绍了微处理器模块、数据采集模块、天线模块以及其他一些外围电路的芯片的选型以及设计方法。在软件设计方面,介绍了监控中心软件和基于Z-Stack协议栈的ZigBee环境监测网络节点的软件设计,包括节点的加入、网络地址分配、数据的采集以及通信、路由的管理、数据的加密等,整个环境监测网络系统能够良好运行。
最后本文针对环境监测网络中的数据安全问题进行了研究,提出了控制网络接入和数据加密两种解决方法。在低功耗设计方面,通过计算整个系统的能量,确定影响系统功耗的因素,并通过增加节点休眠时间等方法保证系统能够长时间的工作。
Environment monitoring is a complex task. In the monitoring area there exist a large number of monitoring nodes which need to work very long time. With the consideration of defects in traditional environment monitoring system, for example, it is difficult to set up the network and the intelligent level is low, an environment monitoring Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) system based on ZigBee protocol is presented in the paper. It has a lot of advantages such as containing a large number of nodes, easy to construct, high reliability and easy for remote control.
The WSN is deeply discussed in the paper including the network structure, layer model and some key technologies. ZigBee is a typical WSN protocol that has a lot of unique such as low power consumption, reliable data communication, ad-hoc and low cost. The Z-Stack designed by TI is a protocol stack which supports ZigBee2006 standard. Its main functions include adding the node, delivering the network address, data transmitting, routing management, and channel configuration.
There are two parts in the design: hardware design and software design. In the hardware design, different hardware modules are described in detail including the microprocessor, ADC, sensor and antenna. In the software design, monitoring software and nodes firmware are discussed. The whole system can work reliably.
Network security is an important issue so two solutions are proposed: network access control and data encryption. In respect of the low power design, the total energy consumption of a node is calculated and extending the sleeping time of the end node is an effective way to make a node work at a long time.
本文首先对无线传感器网络的结构、分层模型和关键技术进行了介绍,指出具有低功耗、通信可靠、网络的自组织、自愈能力强以及成本低廉等特点的ZigBee技术非常适合应用于环境监测的无线传感器网络。接着对TI的基于ZigBee2006标准的协议栈Z-Stack进行了剖析,并对Z-Stack中的网络地址分配与寻址,节点绑定的过程与步骤,路由选择的机制以及路由维护,信道配置等功能的实现进行了深入的探讨。
环境监测网络的设计包括硬件设计和软件设计两个方面。硬件设计主要介绍了微处理器模块、数据采集模块、天线模块以及其他一些外围电路的芯片的选型以及设计方法。在软件设计方面,介绍了监控中心软件和基于Z-Stack协议栈的ZigBee环境监测网络节点的软件设计,包括节点的加入、网络地址分配、数据的采集以及通信、路由的管理、数据的加密等,整个环境监测网络系统能够良好运行。
最后本文针对环境监测网络中的数据安全问题进行了研究,提出了控制网络接入和数据加密两种解决方法。在低功耗设计方面,通过计算整个系统的能量,确定影响系统功耗的因素,并通过增加节点休眠时间等方法保证系统能够长时间的工作。
Environment monitoring is a complex task. In the monitoring area there exist a large number of monitoring nodes which need to work very long time. With the consideration of defects in traditional environment monitoring system, for example, it is difficult to set up the network and the intelligent level is low, an environment monitoring Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) system based on ZigBee protocol is presented in the paper. It has a lot of advantages such as containing a large number of nodes, easy to construct, high reliability and easy for remote control.
The WSN is deeply discussed in the paper including the network structure, layer model and some key technologies. ZigBee is a typical WSN protocol that has a lot of unique such as low power consumption, reliable data communication, ad-hoc and low cost. The Z-Stack designed by TI is a protocol stack which supports ZigBee2006 standard. Its main functions include adding the node, delivering the network address, data transmitting, routing management, and channel configuration.
There are two parts in the design: hardware design and software design. In the hardware design, different hardware modules are described in detail including the microprocessor, ADC, sensor and antenna. In the software design, monitoring software and nodes firmware are discussed. The whole system can work reliably.
Network security is an important issue so two solutions are proposed: network access control and data encryption. In respect of the low power design, the total energy consumption of a node is calculated and extending the sleeping time of the end node is an effective way to make a node work at a long time.
引文
[1] 黄幼农,试论系统集成的质量保证,《计算机世界》,1996 年 5 月 20 日
[2] 环境监测信息系统常规监测管理系统用户手册(内部资料),清华北方思路信息有限公司、杭州市、厦门市环境监测中心站等,2000 年
[3] Mainwaring A, Polastre J, Szewczyk R, Culler D, Anderson J, Wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring, In: Proc of ACM WSNA’02 2002
[4] Polastre J, Szewczyk R, Mainwaring A, Culler D, Anderson J,Analysis of wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring. Wireless Sensor Networks, 2004 399-423
[5] Cerpa A, Elson J, Estrin D, et al. Habitat monitoring: Application driver for wireless communication technology , In: Proc ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Data Communications in Latin America and the Carribean. 2001. 20~41
[6] Wang H B, Estrin D, Girod L,Preprocessing in a tiered sensor network for habitat monitoring,In: EURASIP JASP Special Issue of Sensor Networks. 2003, Vol.4, 392~401
[7] Stankovic J A,Abdelzaher F, Lu C Y, et al. Real-Time Communication and Coordination in Embedded Sensor Networks[A] , Proceedings of the IEEE’ 03 [C],2003,002~1022
[8] 于海斌,曾鹏,王忠锋等,分布式无线传感器网络通信协议研究[J].通信学报,2004,25(10):102~110
[9] 曾鹏,于海斌,梁英等.分布式无线传感器网络体系结构及应用支撑技术研究[J],信息与控制,2004,33(3):307~313
[10] Bob Heile, Emerging Standards:Where do ZigBee/UWB fit, 2004, www.zigbee.org
[11] 王权平,王莉,ZigBee 技术及其应用,现代电信科技,2004,01:33-37
[12] 陈 群,葛万成, ZigBee 在工业控制中的应用探讨, 自动化博览, 2006,12:24-26
[13] LAN/MAN Standards Committee, IEEE Std 802.15.4-2006, IEEE Standard for Information technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems—Local and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements—Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs), 2006, http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.15.4-2006.pdf
[14] ZigBee Alliance, ZigBee-2006 Specification-r13, 2006, http://www.zigbee.org/en/spec_download/zigbee_downloads.asp
[15] Shijin Dai, Xiaorong Jing , Lemin Li , “Reserch and Analysis on Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks” in IEEE Communications Magazine, pp,407~441,2005
[16] TI, CC2430-A True System-on-Chip solution for 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee REV2.1,2007, http://focus.ti.com/docs/prod/folders/print/cc2430.html
[17] 尹应增, 夏静改, 龚书喜等,宽频带微带传输线巴伦的研究,电波科学学报,1999,第 14 卷(第 2 期),190-195
[18] 郭福强,一种新型宽带微带巴伦的设计,[学位论文],四川大学,2006
[19] TI, Z-Stack Developer’s Guide, 2006, http://focus.ti.com/docs/toolsw/folders/print/z-stack.html
[20] Wang H B, Estrin D, Girod L. Preprocessing in a tiered sensor network for habitat monitoring, In: EURASIP JASP Special Issue of Sensor Networks. 2003, Vol.4, 392~401
[21] W Heinzelman,A Chandrakasan,H Balakrishnan. “Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless sensor networks” .Proceeding of the Hawaii International Conference System Sciences,2000
[22] S Lindsey , CS Raghavendra.PEGASIS “Power-Efficient gathering in sensor information systems.” http://www.cs.wayne.edu/~loren/csc8220-info/menu.html
[23] 任丰原,黄海宁,林 闯,“无线传感器网络”,Journal of Sofeware, 2003, 14(7), 1282~1290
[24] K.Akkaya and M.Younis , “A Survey on Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks.”Elsevier Ad Hoc Network Journal , vol.3,pp.325-349,2005
[25] B. W. Kernighan and D. M. Ritchie. “The C Programming Language, Second Edition”. Prentice Hall, 1988
[26] 802.15.4-2003 IEEE Standard for Information Technology-Part 15.4:Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications for Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANS)[S],2003
[27] TI,General Packet Sniffer User Manual Rev. 1.6, 2007
[28] 王玉清,监听与网络数据安全浅析,无线电工程 2006,05:11-13
[29] 吴昌银,岳青松,王元锋等,AES 安全性及其影响研究,信息安全与通信保密,2006,11:140-144
[30] 汪江华, 童利标 ,陆文骏,AES 在无线网络化传感器安全性中的应用研究,传感器世界,2006,10:42-25
[31] 郎为民 杨宗凯 吴世忠 谭运猛.“无线传感器网络安全研究”.计算机科学,2005,32(9):54-58
[32] 周公博 韩振铎 胡宁宁 “ZigBee 标准的密钥协商机制分析” 电子技术应用 2007年 33 卷 10 期 158-160,164 页
[33] 王安东 张方舟 秦刚等.“无线传感器网络安全协议的研究”.计算机工程,2005,31(21):10-13
[34] 李志军,秦志光,王佳昊,“无线传感器网络密钥分配协议研究”.计算机科学,2006,33(2):87-91
[35] Perrig A, Stankovic J and Wagner D, “Security in Wireless Sensor Networks,” Communications of the ACM, 2004, 47(6):53-57
[36] Wang G, Wang H, Cao J, Guo M, “Energy-Efficient Dual Prediction-Based Data Gathering for Environmental Monitoring Applications” Proc.2007 IEEE Wireless Communications & Networking Conference (WCNC 2007),2007,3516-3521
[2] 环境监测信息系统常规监测管理系统用户手册(内部资料),清华北方思路信息有限公司、杭州市、厦门市环境监测中心站等,2000 年
[3] Mainwaring A, Polastre J, Szewczyk R, Culler D, Anderson J, Wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring, In: Proc of ACM WSNA’02 2002
[4] Polastre J, Szewczyk R, Mainwaring A, Culler D, Anderson J,Analysis of wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring. Wireless Sensor Networks, 2004 399-423
[5] Cerpa A, Elson J, Estrin D, et al. Habitat monitoring: Application driver for wireless communication technology , In: Proc ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Data Communications in Latin America and the Carribean. 2001. 20~41
[6] Wang H B, Estrin D, Girod L,Preprocessing in a tiered sensor network for habitat monitoring,In: EURASIP JASP Special Issue of Sensor Networks. 2003, Vol.4, 392~401
[7] Stankovic J A,Abdelzaher F, Lu C Y, et al. Real-Time Communication and Coordination in Embedded Sensor Networks[A] , Proceedings of the IEEE’ 03 [C],2003,002~1022
[8] 于海斌,曾鹏,王忠锋等,分布式无线传感器网络通信协议研究[J].通信学报,2004,25(10):102~110
[9] 曾鹏,于海斌,梁英等.分布式无线传感器网络体系结构及应用支撑技术研究[J],信息与控制,2004,33(3):307~313
[10] Bob Heile, Emerging Standards:Where do ZigBee/UWB fit, 2004, www.zigbee.org
[11] 王权平,王莉,ZigBee 技术及其应用,现代电信科技,2004,01:33-37
[12] 陈 群,葛万成, ZigBee 在工业控制中的应用探讨, 自动化博览, 2006,12:24-26
[13] LAN/MAN Standards Committee, IEEE Std 802.15.4-2006, IEEE Standard for Information technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems—Local and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements—Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs), 2006, http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.15.4-2006.pdf
[14] ZigBee Alliance, ZigBee-2006 Specification-r13, 2006, http://www.zigbee.org/en/spec_download/zigbee_downloads.asp
[15] Shijin Dai, Xiaorong Jing , Lemin Li , “Reserch and Analysis on Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks” in IEEE Communications Magazine, pp,407~441,2005
[16] TI, CC2430-A True System-on-Chip solution for 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee REV2.1,2007, http://focus.ti.com/docs/prod/folders/print/cc2430.html
[17] 尹应增, 夏静改, 龚书喜等,宽频带微带传输线巴伦的研究,电波科学学报,1999,第 14 卷(第 2 期),190-195
[18] 郭福强,一种新型宽带微带巴伦的设计,[学位论文],四川大学,2006
[19] TI, Z-Stack Developer’s Guide, 2006, http://focus.ti.com/docs/toolsw/folders/print/z-stack.html
[20] Wang H B, Estrin D, Girod L. Preprocessing in a tiered sensor network for habitat monitoring, In: EURASIP JASP Special Issue of Sensor Networks. 2003, Vol.4, 392~401
[21] W Heinzelman,A Chandrakasan,H Balakrishnan. “Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless sensor networks” .Proceeding of the Hawaii International Conference System Sciences,2000
[22] S Lindsey , CS Raghavendra.PEGASIS “Power-Efficient gathering in sensor information systems.” http://www.cs.wayne.edu/~loren/csc8220-info/menu.html
[23] 任丰原,黄海宁,林 闯,“无线传感器网络”,Journal of Sofeware, 2003, 14(7), 1282~1290
[24] K.Akkaya and M.Younis , “A Survey on Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks.”Elsevier Ad Hoc Network Journal , vol.3,pp.325-349,2005
[25] B. W. Kernighan and D. M. Ritchie. “The C Programming Language, Second Edition”. Prentice Hall, 1988
[26] 802.15.4-2003 IEEE Standard for Information Technology-Part 15.4:Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications for Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANS)[S],2003
[27] TI,General Packet Sniffer User Manual Rev. 1.6, 2007
[28] 王玉清,监听与网络数据安全浅析,无线电工程 2006,05:11-13
[29] 吴昌银,岳青松,王元锋等,AES 安全性及其影响研究,信息安全与通信保密,2006,11:140-144
[30] 汪江华, 童利标 ,陆文骏,AES 在无线网络化传感器安全性中的应用研究,传感器世界,2006,10:42-25
[31] 郎为民 杨宗凯 吴世忠 谭运猛.“无线传感器网络安全研究”.计算机科学,2005,32(9):54-58
[32] 周公博 韩振铎 胡宁宁 “ZigBee 标准的密钥协商机制分析” 电子技术应用 2007年 33 卷 10 期 158-160,164 页
[33] 王安东 张方舟 秦刚等.“无线传感器网络安全协议的研究”.计算机工程,2005,31(21):10-13
[34] 李志军,秦志光,王佳昊,“无线传感器网络密钥分配协议研究”.计算机科学,2006,33(2):87-91
[35] Perrig A, Stankovic J and Wagner D, “Security in Wireless Sensor Networks,” Communications of the ACM, 2004, 47(6):53-57
[36] Wang G, Wang H, Cao J, Guo M, “Energy-Efficient Dual Prediction-Based Data Gathering for Environmental Monitoring Applications” Proc.2007 IEEE Wireless Communications & Networking Conference (WCNC 2007),2007,3516-3521