WSN组密钥管理方案的研究
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摘要
无线传感器网络（Wireless Sensor Network，WSN）是信息技术中一个新的重要研究方向，在军事、安防、交通、环保、医疗、救灾等许多方面具有广泛的应用前景。密钥管理是WSN安全研究中最重要、最基本的内容之一，是信息加密和通信实体认证的基础，而组密钥管理是密钥管理的重要分支。在节点数量庞大、能量有限的WSN中，必然要求节点间的低能耗通信，所以高效安全的群组通信必不可少。研究低开销、高安全性的WSN组密钥管理方案
具有重要意义。本文的主要工作如下：
1、首先介绍了安全通信的基本要求、组密钥管理的设计原则及分类；简要介绍了WSN的体系结构、应用及其特性；重点介绍了WSN组密钥管理的发展及研究现状。
2、对传统网络中组密钥管理方案，分集中式、分布式和分层分组式三种类型进行介绍，并列举了两种在WSN环境下的组密钥管理方案。分析比较了它们的优势和不足。
3、在传统集中式平面型组密钥管理方案中，组管理者几乎承担所有密钥的计算、更新、传输等任务，针对这一弊端本文提出一种新的集中式平面型组密钥管理方案（HMKM）。该方案中各组成员与组管理者平等地生成组密钥，这种管理模式体现了集中式、分布式与验证性的统一。HMKM方案在保证高安全性的同时，节点的开销也具备一定的优势。
4、针对单一地采用集中式或分布式密钥管理方式将出现的性能缺陷，如单点失效、管理不便、资源开销大、扩展性或健壮性不强等，提出一种新的适用于WSN的分层分组式组密钥管理方案，将网络体系结构划分为两层，每层独立地采用不同密钥协商算法产生和更新各自的组密钥。方案的分层分组式逻辑结构可以分散密钥的计算量和存储开销，既避免了集中式组管理中组控制者的性能瓶颈问题，又克服了分布式组管理缺乏集中控制的缺陷。理论分析与仿真对比表明，方案在资源开销、扩展性和安全性等方面具备很好的优势，并适用于大规模无线传感器网络。
Wireless sensor network, which is currently a new research hotspot in IT field, is widely used invarious aspects, such as military, security, transportation, environmental protection, medical care,disaster relief and so on. Key management is one of the most important and basic researches onsecurity of WSNs, and is the basis of information encryption and entity authentication forcommunication. Group key management is an important branch of key management. Alow-overload communication is inevitably requirement in WSNs of huge nodes and limited energy,so an efficient and secure group communication would be necessary. Therefore, researches on groupkey management proposal of low overhead and high security are of great significance in WSNs.
The main work and conclusions are as follows.
1. Firstly, introduces the basic requirements of security communications, the design principlesand classification of group key management. Then the architecture, applications and characteristicsof WSNs are given. Mainly introduces the development and research status of the WSN group keymanagement.
2. Three kinds of group key management schemes–centralized, distributed and hierarchicalgrouping, which are used in traditional networks, are introduced. We enumerate two group keymanagement schemes used in wireless sensor network environment and analyze the advantages anddisadvantages of these schemes.
3. Group manager undertakes almost all the key computation, regeneration, transmission etc. inconventional centralized flat group key management schemes. To avoid these disadvantages, anovel centralized flat scheme HMKM is presented. All members and manager in the groups cangenerate group keys equally in the scheme, and this kind of management mode shows theunification of centralization, distribution and verification. HMKM scheme can guarantee highsecurity with certain advantage of computation in the sensor nodes.
4. To eliminate the disadvantages of employing single centralization/distributed keymanagement, such as single point failure, management inconvenience, high resources consumption,inflexibility and decreased robustness, a new hierarchical grouping multicast key managementscheme is proposed. The network architecture of the scheme is divided into two layers, in whichapply independent key negotiation algorithm to generate and update corresponding group key. Thecomputing workload and memory overhead are proportioned and optimized by the layered logicstructure, which avoid the performance bottleneck of the group controller of centralizedmanagement and overcome the disadvantage of absent centralized control of distributed management. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed scheme hasadvantages in memory overhead, scalability and security, and would be deployed in the large-scaleWSNs.
具有重要意义。本文的主要工作如下：
1、首先介绍了安全通信的基本要求、组密钥管理的设计原则及分类；简要介绍了WSN的体系结构、应用及其特性；重点介绍了WSN组密钥管理的发展及研究现状。
2、对传统网络中组密钥管理方案，分集中式、分布式和分层分组式三种类型进行介绍，并列举了两种在WSN环境下的组密钥管理方案。分析比较了它们的优势和不足。
3、在传统集中式平面型组密钥管理方案中，组管理者几乎承担所有密钥的计算、更新、传输等任务，针对这一弊端本文提出一种新的集中式平面型组密钥管理方案（HMKM）。该方案中各组成员与组管理者平等地生成组密钥，这种管理模式体现了集中式、分布式与验证性的统一。HMKM方案在保证高安全性的同时，节点的开销也具备一定的优势。
4、针对单一地采用集中式或分布式密钥管理方式将出现的性能缺陷，如单点失效、管理不便、资源开销大、扩展性或健壮性不强等，提出一种新的适用于WSN的分层分组式组密钥管理方案，将网络体系结构划分为两层，每层独立地采用不同密钥协商算法产生和更新各自的组密钥。方案的分层分组式逻辑结构可以分散密钥的计算量和存储开销，既避免了集中式组管理中组控制者的性能瓶颈问题，又克服了分布式组管理缺乏集中控制的缺陷。理论分析与仿真对比表明，方案在资源开销、扩展性和安全性等方面具备很好的优势，并适用于大规模无线传感器网络。
Wireless sensor network, which is currently a new research hotspot in IT field, is widely used invarious aspects, such as military, security, transportation, environmental protection, medical care,disaster relief and so on. Key management is one of the most important and basic researches onsecurity of WSNs, and is the basis of information encryption and entity authentication forcommunication. Group key management is an important branch of key management. Alow-overload communication is inevitably requirement in WSNs of huge nodes and limited energy,so an efficient and secure group communication would be necessary. Therefore, researches on groupkey management proposal of low overhead and high security are of great significance in WSNs.
The main work and conclusions are as follows.
1. Firstly, introduces the basic requirements of security communications, the design principlesand classification of group key management. Then the architecture, applications and characteristicsof WSNs are given. Mainly introduces the development and research status of the WSN group keymanagement.
2. Three kinds of group key management schemes–centralized, distributed and hierarchicalgrouping, which are used in traditional networks, are introduced. We enumerate two group keymanagement schemes used in wireless sensor network environment and analyze the advantages anddisadvantages of these schemes.
3. Group manager undertakes almost all the key computation, regeneration, transmission etc. inconventional centralized flat group key management schemes. To avoid these disadvantages, anovel centralized flat scheme HMKM is presented. All members and manager in the groups cangenerate group keys equally in the scheme, and this kind of management mode shows theunification of centralization, distribution and verification. HMKM scheme can guarantee highsecurity with certain advantage of computation in the sensor nodes.
4. To eliminate the disadvantages of employing single centralization/distributed keymanagement, such as single point failure, management inconvenience, high resources consumption,inflexibility and decreased robustness, a new hierarchical grouping multicast key managementscheme is proposed. The network architecture of the scheme is divided into two layers, in whichapply independent key negotiation algorithm to generate and update corresponding group key. Thecomputing workload and memory overhead are proportioned and optimized by the layered logicstructure, which avoid the performance bottleneck of the group controller of centralizedmanagement and overcome the disadvantage of absent centralized control of distributed management. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed scheme hasadvantages in memory overhead, scalability and security, and would be deployed in the large-scaleWSNs.
引文
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[10] DEERING S E. Multicast routing in internetworks and extended LANs [J]. SIGCOMM Comput CommunRev, 1988, 18(4): 55-64.
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[13]崔莉,鞠海玲,苗勇.无线传感器网络研究进展[J].计算机研究与发展, 2005, 42(1): 163-174.
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[15]毛晓峰,杨珉,毛迪林.无线传感器网络应用综述[J].计算机应用与软件, 2008, 3(25): 179-181.
[16]李善仓,张克旺.无线传感器网络原理与应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 2008: 14-19.
[17] Ryan Y.Miyamoto, Tatsuo Itoh, Retro directive arrays for wireless communications[C]. IEEE MicrowaveMag., v. 3, n.1 March 2002: 71-79.
[18] Mark Hewish, Little brother is watching you: unattended ground sensors[J]. Jane’s int. Defense Review, v. 34,n, 2001: 46-52.
[19] Yuh-Shiyong Yang, Ude Lu, and Ben C. P. Hu. Prescription chips[J]. IEEE Circuits Devices Mag., V.18, n.5,September 2002: 8-16.
[20]唐宏,谢静,鲁玉芳,唐伦.无线传感器网络原理及应用[M].北京:人民邮电出版社, 2010: 12-16.
[21] Ed Callaway et al., Sensor-based information appliances[J]. IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine,v.3, n. 4, December 2000:31-35.
[22] Robert Fricke et al. Wireless Sensor Review Final Report[R]. Unit States Air Force Research LaboratoryReport AFRL-HE-WP-TR-2001-0167.Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service, March 2001:12-15.
[23]刘化君,刘传清.物联网技术[M].北京:电子工业出版社, 2010: 155-160.
[24] Z.Zhou, S.Das, and H.Gupta. Variable radii connected sensor cover in sensor networks[C].In IEEEInternational Conference Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON),2004:387-396.
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