适用于微小型燃气轮机富氢燃料的无焰燃烧技术
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摘要
随着燃气轮机技术的发展,微小型燃气轮机作为分布式能源的核心得到了越来越广泛应用。微小型燃气轮机的传统燃料包括轻油、天然气等,而天然气的资源日趋紧张。富氢燃料气为天然气的有效补充／替代,具有代表性的富氢燃料气包括煤气化合成气、焦炉／高炉煤气、化工尾气、生物质气化气与城市煤气等。富氢燃料气具有火焰传播速度快,热值低与燃烧不稳定等特性。目前主流低污染燃烧技术在将富氢燃料应用于微小型燃气轮机时遇到了困难：以GE公司为代表的燃气轮机厂商目前采用最多的技术为稀释扩散技术,该技术可以将NOx排放控制在25ppm(@15%O2)以内,而在微小型燃气轮机中稀释剂难于获得并且过度稀释会导致燃烧效率下降与燃烧不稳定；燃气轮机燃烧天然气另一种成熟的技术为贫燃料预混燃烧,当应用贫预混燃烧技术于富氢燃料气时面临最大问题为回火与热声振荡。在运行机组中,热声振荡受到很多因素影响,具有很大不确定性,很难得到准确的诊断与控制。针对这一问题,各国学者针对下一代燃机低污染燃烧方式展开研究,目前中期的技术储备包括催化燃烧(CA),富-淬熄-贫(RQL),以及本文所采用的无焰燃烧技术。
我们认为无焰燃烧是最有希望解决分布式供能系统应用富氢燃料的燃烧技术。无焰燃烧是一种在高温、低氧浓度、低燃料空气当量比条件下产生不可见火焰的燃烧技术。这种技术通常是采用大量回流的高温烟气与新鲜的空气掺混,该种掺混一方面提高了空气的温度使之超过燃料的自点燃温度,另一方面也达到稀释氧化剂、降低氧浓度的目的。这种经过稀释的高温空气遇到射流进入的燃料后燃料发生自燃,这时燃烧是在一定的空间范围内同时发生的,形成高度分散的反应区,不存在扩散燃烧或者预混燃烧那样明显的火焰锋面。无焰燃烧尤其适用于针对富氢燃料的微小型燃气轮机燃烧室,因为微小型燃气轮机带有回热器正好与无焰燃烧的高的入口温度匹配,并且可以同时降低NOx和CO的排放。而目前国际上针对富氢燃料无焰燃烧尚未有系统研究。
本文中针对应用富氢燃料的无焰燃烧技术分别展开了理论分析、基础实验分析、原型燃烧室设计以及在常压与中压下的性能测试。
首先,本文通过路径分析与敏感性分析,认为无焰燃烧条件下化学反应机理发生改变,从而导致许多反应参数发生变化,这些参数包括基元反应的强度、路径、层流火焰厚度,层流火焰传播速度、自点火延迟时间等。由于无焰燃烧条件下反应区特征尺度与火焰厚度接近,导致火焰进入了分布式模式。在该模式中,火焰面并不存在,而可以理解为一个不断爆燃与熄灭的过程。
通过对不同热值、氢含量组分的合成气在不同氧浓度与温度下反应特性的测试,本文得到了无焰燃烧的适用范围,并且结合对污染物排放的测试结果,认为低氧浓度是无焰燃烧低污染排放的关键,但是过低氧浓度会缩小燃料的可燃范围,10%氧浓度是恰当的数值。
本文设计了一个针对富氢合成气采用无焰燃烧技术的原型燃烧室,引入了参数化设计方法至本文所提出的模型燃烧室中,大大缩短了设计周期,避免了重复劳动。通过对回流量等参数的确定,得到了燃烧室具体的结构形式。并且本文采用了考虑详细化学反应机理,湍流-化学反应交互作用的涡团耗散概念模型对燃烧室进行三维CFD计算,得到燃烧室详细的速度分布、温度分布与组分分布等参数。
分别采用天然气、稀释后天然气(模拟合成气热值)、富氢合成气以及焦炉煤气在常压与中压下对该燃烧室进行性能考核,结果证明该燃烧室的压力损失、燃烧热效率以及燃烧热强度均符合设计目标。在燃烧不同燃料时均能达到超低污染物排放,试验结果证明该燃烧室具有一定燃料适应性。燃烧室动态特性测试结果也说明了无焰燃烧是一种稳定的燃烧方式,不易发生热声振荡。通过激光诱导荧光技术对燃烧室火焰结构进行测量分析,说明无焰燃烧状态下火焰亮度低于常规燃烧方式。
With the development of gas turbine technology, the small gas turbine is more and more widely used as key equipment of distributed energy supply system. The traditional fuels for small gas turbines include light oil and natural gas. However, natural gas resources becoming increasingly strained, so hydrogen-rich fuels can be an effective supplement/replacement of natural gas. The representative hydrogen-rich fuels contain synthesis gas, coke oven/blast furnace gas, chemical exhaust gas, biomass gasification gas and city gas and so on. Common grounds of these fuels are high flame propagation speed, low calorific value and instability combustion. The mainstream low-polluting combustion technologies currently encounter difficulties when hydrogen-rich fuels is applied:The diluted combustion, which is the most current used, can control the NOx emission under 25ppm@15%02.But in small gas turbines the diluents are difficult to obtain, and excessive dilution will also lead to the decline in combustion efficiency and combustion instability; the other mature technology is lean premixed combustion, whose biggest problems are flashback and acoustic oscillations. In particular, the oscillation contains a nondeterministic factor, which is difficult to obtain diagnosis and control. To meet this challenge, several new low emission technologies, including catalytic combustion(CA), Rich-quench-lean(RQL), and flameless combustion, as well as flameless combustion in this paper, have become research hotspots.
It is great believed that flameless combustion is the most promising applications to solve the problem in distributed energy supply system with hydrogen-rich fuels. Flameless combustion can be obtained by mixing a large amount of high-temperature burnt gas with fresh air so as to decrease the O2 concentration in oxidants while reaching the temperature of the self-ignition point of the fuel-oxidants mixture.. When fuel is injected into this kind of oxidant with high speed, combustion proceeds spatial homogeneously without a clear flame brush. Flameless combustion is particularly suitable for small gas turbine combustor with hydrogen-rich fuel, because small gas turbine usually has a recuperator which can just match the high inlet temperature in flameless combustion, and flameless combustion can reduce the NOx and CO emissions at the same time. At present, there is no systematically studies focus on flameless combustion with hydrogen-rich fuels in public literatures.
In this paper, studies for flameless combustion with hydrogen-rich fuels were mainly focused, which contains theoretical analysis, mechanism experimental, mode combustor design and performance tests at atmospheric and higher pressure.
First of all, though path analysis and sensitivity analysis, the author found that in flameless combustion a lot of characteristics changed including path and rate of elementary reactions, laminar flame thickness, laminar flame propagation velocity and ignition delay time. Flameless combustion has a correlation length scale close to the flame thickness, and the correlation volume is much larger.. Combustion can be understood as a continuous process of deflagration and extinguished.
This paper concentrates on the characteristics of syngas'flameless combustion. The autor took different C/H ratios in a unique heat value, oxidant temperatures, O2 concentration and equivalence ratios into consideration. The experimental results showed the key feature to approach low NOx emission is the reduced O2 content in oxidation. However, this will narrow the flammable range and cause combustion instability. In this paper,10% O2 content in oxidation is a suitable percentage, in which the pollution can be controlled efficiently and less O2 content is not necessary to avoid extra flame instability.
This paper designed a model combustor using flameless technology, and the author introduced parametric design approach into the design procedure, so the design cycle was reduced greatly and duplication of effort was avoided. By determination of parameters such as recirculation amount, the structure was specified. And in this paper, Eddy Dissipation Concept model, which took detailed chemical reaction mechanism and turbulence-chemistry interaction into account, was taken to three-dimensional CFD calculation, so detailed velocity distribution, temperature distribution, species distribution were obtained.
The author took natural gas, diluted natural gas (to simulate heat value of synthesis gas), hydrogen-rich synthesis gas and coke oven gas in the test. The results demonstrated that the pressure loss, combustion efficiency and heat of combustion intensity of heat were in line with design goals. Different fuels could all reach ultra-low pollutant emissions, so the combustor had certain fuel flexibility. Dynamic characteristics of the combustion chamber test results illustrated the flameless combustion is a stable combustion, less prone to thermoacoustic oscillation. Laser-induced fluorescence measurements of the combustion flame structure analysis shows that a state of flameless combustion flame brightness is lower than the conventional combustion mode.
我们认为无焰燃烧是最有希望解决分布式供能系统应用富氢燃料的燃烧技术。无焰燃烧是一种在高温、低氧浓度、低燃料空气当量比条件下产生不可见火焰的燃烧技术。这种技术通常是采用大量回流的高温烟气与新鲜的空气掺混,该种掺混一方面提高了空气的温度使之超过燃料的自点燃温度,另一方面也达到稀释氧化剂、降低氧浓度的目的。这种经过稀释的高温空气遇到射流进入的燃料后燃料发生自燃,这时燃烧是在一定的空间范围内同时发生的,形成高度分散的反应区,不存在扩散燃烧或者预混燃烧那样明显的火焰锋面。无焰燃烧尤其适用于针对富氢燃料的微小型燃气轮机燃烧室,因为微小型燃气轮机带有回热器正好与无焰燃烧的高的入口温度匹配,并且可以同时降低NOx和CO的排放。而目前国际上针对富氢燃料无焰燃烧尚未有系统研究。
本文中针对应用富氢燃料的无焰燃烧技术分别展开了理论分析、基础实验分析、原型燃烧室设计以及在常压与中压下的性能测试。
首先,本文通过路径分析与敏感性分析,认为无焰燃烧条件下化学反应机理发生改变,从而导致许多反应参数发生变化,这些参数包括基元反应的强度、路径、层流火焰厚度,层流火焰传播速度、自点火延迟时间等。由于无焰燃烧条件下反应区特征尺度与火焰厚度接近,导致火焰进入了分布式模式。在该模式中,火焰面并不存在,而可以理解为一个不断爆燃与熄灭的过程。
通过对不同热值、氢含量组分的合成气在不同氧浓度与温度下反应特性的测试,本文得到了无焰燃烧的适用范围,并且结合对污染物排放的测试结果,认为低氧浓度是无焰燃烧低污染排放的关键,但是过低氧浓度会缩小燃料的可燃范围,10%氧浓度是恰当的数值。
本文设计了一个针对富氢合成气采用无焰燃烧技术的原型燃烧室,引入了参数化设计方法至本文所提出的模型燃烧室中,大大缩短了设计周期,避免了重复劳动。通过对回流量等参数的确定,得到了燃烧室具体的结构形式。并且本文采用了考虑详细化学反应机理,湍流-化学反应交互作用的涡团耗散概念模型对燃烧室进行三维CFD计算,得到燃烧室详细的速度分布、温度分布与组分分布等参数。
分别采用天然气、稀释后天然气(模拟合成气热值)、富氢合成气以及焦炉煤气在常压与中压下对该燃烧室进行性能考核,结果证明该燃烧室的压力损失、燃烧热效率以及燃烧热强度均符合设计目标。在燃烧不同燃料时均能达到超低污染物排放,试验结果证明该燃烧室具有一定燃料适应性。燃烧室动态特性测试结果也说明了无焰燃烧是一种稳定的燃烧方式,不易发生热声振荡。通过激光诱导荧光技术对燃烧室火焰结构进行测量分析,说明无焰燃烧状态下火焰亮度低于常规燃烧方式。
With the development of gas turbine technology, the small gas turbine is more and more widely used as key equipment of distributed energy supply system. The traditional fuels for small gas turbines include light oil and natural gas. However, natural gas resources becoming increasingly strained, so hydrogen-rich fuels can be an effective supplement/replacement of natural gas. The representative hydrogen-rich fuels contain synthesis gas, coke oven/blast furnace gas, chemical exhaust gas, biomass gasification gas and city gas and so on. Common grounds of these fuels are high flame propagation speed, low calorific value and instability combustion. The mainstream low-polluting combustion technologies currently encounter difficulties when hydrogen-rich fuels is applied:The diluted combustion, which is the most current used, can control the NOx emission under 25ppm@15%02.But in small gas turbines the diluents are difficult to obtain, and excessive dilution will also lead to the decline in combustion efficiency and combustion instability; the other mature technology is lean premixed combustion, whose biggest problems are flashback and acoustic oscillations. In particular, the oscillation contains a nondeterministic factor, which is difficult to obtain diagnosis and control. To meet this challenge, several new low emission technologies, including catalytic combustion(CA), Rich-quench-lean(RQL), and flameless combustion, as well as flameless combustion in this paper, have become research hotspots.
It is great believed that flameless combustion is the most promising applications to solve the problem in distributed energy supply system with hydrogen-rich fuels. Flameless combustion can be obtained by mixing a large amount of high-temperature burnt gas with fresh air so as to decrease the O2 concentration in oxidants while reaching the temperature of the self-ignition point of the fuel-oxidants mixture.. When fuel is injected into this kind of oxidant with high speed, combustion proceeds spatial homogeneously without a clear flame brush. Flameless combustion is particularly suitable for small gas turbine combustor with hydrogen-rich fuel, because small gas turbine usually has a recuperator which can just match the high inlet temperature in flameless combustion, and flameless combustion can reduce the NOx and CO emissions at the same time. At present, there is no systematically studies focus on flameless combustion with hydrogen-rich fuels in public literatures.
In this paper, studies for flameless combustion with hydrogen-rich fuels were mainly focused, which contains theoretical analysis, mechanism experimental, mode combustor design and performance tests at atmospheric and higher pressure.
First of all, though path analysis and sensitivity analysis, the author found that in flameless combustion a lot of characteristics changed including path and rate of elementary reactions, laminar flame thickness, laminar flame propagation velocity and ignition delay time. Flameless combustion has a correlation length scale close to the flame thickness, and the correlation volume is much larger.. Combustion can be understood as a continuous process of deflagration and extinguished.
This paper concentrates on the characteristics of syngas'flameless combustion. The autor took different C/H ratios in a unique heat value, oxidant temperatures, O2 concentration and equivalence ratios into consideration. The experimental results showed the key feature to approach low NOx emission is the reduced O2 content in oxidation. However, this will narrow the flammable range and cause combustion instability. In this paper,10% O2 content in oxidation is a suitable percentage, in which the pollution can be controlled efficiently and less O2 content is not necessary to avoid extra flame instability.
This paper designed a model combustor using flameless technology, and the author introduced parametric design approach into the design procedure, so the design cycle was reduced greatly and duplication of effort was avoided. By determination of parameters such as recirculation amount, the structure was specified. And in this paper, Eddy Dissipation Concept model, which took detailed chemical reaction mechanism and turbulence-chemistry interaction into account, was taken to three-dimensional CFD calculation, so detailed velocity distribution, temperature distribution, species distribution were obtained.
The author took natural gas, diluted natural gas (to simulate heat value of synthesis gas), hydrogen-rich synthesis gas and coke oven gas in the test. The results demonstrated that the pressure loss, combustion efficiency and heat of combustion intensity of heat were in line with design goals. Different fuels could all reach ultra-low pollutant emissions, so the combustor had certain fuel flexibility. Dynamic characteristics of the combustion chamber test results illustrated the flameless combustion is a stable combustion, less prone to thermoacoustic oscillation. Laser-induced fluorescence measurements of the combustion flame structure analysis shows that a state of flameless combustion flame brightness is lower than the conventional combustion mode.
引文
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