水稻水分生产函数及水氮耦合模型试验研究
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摘要
我国农业已进入一个作物产量、品质和环境保护并重的多目标时期,在“十二五”期间,东北商品粮基地大面积农业污染控制关键技术和水资源保障关键技术成为水利科技的重点研究方向,而农业氮素损失是引起面源污染的重要原因,因此,研究水稻水氮耦合的经济效益和环境效应意义重大。本文在适宜土壤水分能量调控试验、水分胁迫试验,氮素控制试验及水氮耦合正交试验的基础上研究了辽宁中部地区水稻的适宜土壤水分能量标准、需水规律、水分生产函数及其敏感指数累计曲线、干物质积累规律、氮素积累规律、品质变化、水氮耦合方式、水氮模型等内容,以求为水稻栽培的水、肥管理提供理论依据。主要结果如下：
(1)于2010年分别在水稻分蘖前期、分蘖后期、拔节孕穗、抽穗开花、乳熟五个生育阶段进行高产土壤水分能量调控试验,结果表明各生育阶段土壤水分亏缺均有增产效果,得到的高产土壤水分标准为：分蘖前期5～10kPa,分蘖后期不超过35kPa,拔节孕穗期和抽穗开花期均为5-10kPa,乳熟期低于20kPa；分蘖前期5～10kPa的水分胁迫能使水稻产生明显的生长补偿效应,表现为复水后分蘖数、最终根干重、叶干重及产量显著超过对照；在适宜土壤水分能量调控试验基础上对水稻腾发量ET进行研究,结果表明各处理控制时期的ET与充分供水处理ET相比均有不同程度的减少,拔节孕穗和抽穗开花控水ET减少比例最小,但对产量影响最大,是水稻的需水关键期,尽量不要在这两个时期控水；分蘖后期最不敏感,可以重控。对ET典型日变化的研究表明,各处理日均腾发量主要随当日的气象因子而变化；在气象因子相同的情况下,腾发量的大小由各处理的土壤水分能量大小决定,土壤水吸力越大,腾发量就越小。ET强度的逐步回归方程表明总辐射强度、相对湿度和风速是影响腾发强度和水面蒸发强度的主要气象因子,可以解释腾发量的绝大部分变化,其他气象因子可以通过影响影响这三个主要气象因子来间接影响ET。
(2)分别在2011及2012年对水稻分蘖期、拔节孕穗、抽穗开花、乳熟四个生育阶段进行土壤水分能量胁迫试验,对水分胁迫及复水后水稻各生育阶段腾发量ET变化规律进行探索,ET分析结果表明：单一生育阶段土壤水分能量胁迫对水稻胁迫生育阶段ET有显著影响,并可以持续到复水后若干生育阶段,距离胁迫生育阶段越近,所受影响越大；其影响时间和程度要视胁迫阶段而定,分蘖受旱对ET影响持续时间最长,拔节孕穗受旱对ET影响最严重；对于ET来讲,前期受旱(分蘖和拔节孕穗)要比后期(抽穗开花和乳熟)受旱对水稻腾发量影响大；各生育阶段的划分时间不同,可能对后续生育阶段ET的影响程度不同。本研究在此试验基础上探求不同水分胁迫程度对最终产量的影响,并讨论了五种常用水分生产函数(Jensen、Minhas、Blank、Stewart、 Singh)在辽宁中部地区的适用性,结果表明分蘖、拔节受控减产最严重,抽穗、乳熟可以受轻旱,但不能受重控；对辽宁中部地区水稻来讲,Jensen模型和Minhas模型均属合理,但最优的静态水稻水分生产函数模型为Jensen模型；重度控水程度下的水分生产率增加率可以评价产量对各生育阶段缺水的敏感程度,并解释各模型中敏感系数的排序；生长曲线式的Jensen模型敏感系数累计曲线可以用于辽宁省中部地区水稻产量的预测,并求得任意时段的水分敏感系数。
(3)不同施氮量下的控氮试验(2012)表明：氮肥用量的增加,会增加水稻根、茎、叶、穗各器官的生物量；对不同施氮水平下水稻干物质量积累过程的分析表明,正常施氮(N1)、低氮(N0.5、N0)处理的根干重在拔节期达到峰值,但高氮(N2.5、N2、N1.5)处理在抽穗期达到峰值,说明增施氮肥可以延长根干物质积累时间；茎干重在抽穗期达到峰值；叶片对于氮肥用量的敏感性最高,在拔节期末达到峰值；穗干重由拔节期末至乳熟期末一直处于增长过程；各处理植株总干重在各时期均不断增加,至乳熟期末趋于稳定；根、茎、叶等营养器官的减少和总干物质的不断增加,表明生物量由根、茎、叶转移到了穗部。产量分析表明,施氮量对产量有极显著影响,在一定范围内,施氮量越高,产量越大；产量同最终干物质积累量之间的相关系数为0.996(P=0.001)；增施氮肥促进了水稻的分蘖,进而增加了水稻产量,产量与最终分蘖数的相关系数高达0.979(P=0.001)；在不同施氮水平下,各处理的分蘖峰值和出现时间均不同,N2.5、N2、N1.5峰现时间要比N1、N0.5、N0峰现时间延迟一周,且各处理峰值差异显著。不同施氮水平对水稻最终氮素吸收量也有显著影响,施氮量越多,氮素吸收量就越大；在各器官中,穗部的氮素含量最高,所对应的吸氮量也越大,且产量与穗部氮素吸收量和植株氮素吸收量呈极显著正相关关系。氮肥农学利用率与植株吸氮量、有效穗数呈显著负相关关系,而氮素谷物生产效率、偏生产率及氮素依存率均与水稻产量、干物质重量、吸氮量、有效穗数均呈极显著负相关。控氮试验(2012)品质变化表明,在低氮条下,增施氮肥可以明显提高糙米率和精米率,改善水稻碾米品质；随着施氮量的增加,蛋白质含量显著增加,但水稻的食味值明显的下降；糙米率和精米率均与蛋白含量显著正相关,与直链淀粉含量极显著负相关,与游离脂肪酸含量显著负相关；食味品质较好的稻米RVA特征指标特点为：最高粘度、崩解值高；冷胶粘度、消减值、回复值低。主成份分析表明,随着施氮量的增加,稻米综合品质成下降趋势,不施氮处理得分最高,而施2.5倍氮肥处理得分最低。
(4)水氮耦合多因素正交试验(2012)结果表明,水稻腾发量随着各生育阶段土壤水分的降低而减小,随着施氮量的增加而增加；将氮肥的农学利用率作为氮肥生产效率的评价指标,其最优的组合方式为A2B1CxN1-2；将氮肥的表观利用率,作为水稻对氮肥回收的环境效益指标,其最优组合方式为A1B1C1N1-2；水稻产量最高的最优组合方式为A181C2N3；品质最优水氮组合方式为AxBxCxN1；评价节水灌溉方式优劣的指标是水分生产率,其较优组合为A1-2B1C2-3N3。选用以上五个指标组成综合指标,在各指标权值相同(均为0.2)的情况下,能够提高综合指标的最优组合方式为A1B1C2N2。在2012年的水分胁迫试验、氮肥控制试验及水氮耦合正交试验基础上对已用于小麦的三种水氮耦合模型进行移用修正,并对其适用性及优缺点进行比较,结果表明：水氮最终产量模型、分生育阶段模型(水氮Jensen模型)及其敏感系数累计曲线、BP神经网络模型拟合度较高,均可用于水稻产量的估算；BP神经网络模型的预测精度最高,全生育阶段模型需要资料最少,但适用性最强的是水氮Jensen模型及其水分敏感指数累计曲线。
China's agriculture has entered a multiple purpose period requiring paying equal attention to crop yield, quality and environmental protection. During "Twelve-Five" period, large-scale agricultural pollution control technology and water resources guarantee of the commodity grain bases in the Northeast area has become to be a key research direction of the water science and technology. And loss of nitrogen in agriculture is the important reason that non-point source pollution occur. It is therefore of great significance to study economic and environmental effects of water and nitrogen coupling in rice. In this passage, suitable soil moisture potential criterion, water requirement regulation, water production function, water sensitive index cumulative curve, dry matter accumulation law, nitrogen accumulation law; quality variation, water-nitrogen coupling pattern, water-nitrogen model and other contents for rice were researched based on soil moisture potential regulation and control experiment, water stress experiment, nitrogen controlling experiment and water-nitrogen coupling orthogonal experiment in central region of Liaoning province. The main results are as follows:
(1) The experiment for high-yield soil water potential regulation were conducted during different stages of rice included tillering initial stage, tillering final stage, jointing stage, Heading stage, milk maturity stage. The results showed that soil moisture potential regulation and control was able to increase the rice yield at all growth stages after returning green, the suitable soil water potential criteria for middle-season rice at different growth stages were suggested,5～1OkPa for tillering initial stage, drought but not more than35kPa for tillering final stage,5～10kPa for jointing stage and Heading stage, not more than20kPa for milk maturity stage; re-watering post drought had obvious compensation effects to rice when soil suction potential was controlled in5-10kPa at tillering initial stage were discussed base on the results that tillers number, output, final root dry biomass and leaf dry weight were significant exceeding contrast; Based on the experiment for suitable soil water potential regulation, the paper analyses the variation of rice evapotranspiration (ET). The results showed that ET of each water controlling stage had decreases at different degree in comparison to the basin irrigation; reduce proportion of the treatment for water controlling at jointing stage and heading stage was least, but it has a most influence for yields; jointing stage and heading stage were key water requirement period, and water controlling should be implement as less as possible; tillering final stage could have a heavy drought because it was most insensitive to water. The diurnal variation law of ET in a typical day in controlling stage showed that the value of daily ET was change with the meteorological factor in the same day; ET was influenced by the value of soil water potential in the same meteorological condition, greater soil water suction comes small ET. Multiple and stepwise equations showed that global radiation intensity, relative humidity, and wind speed were meteorological factors which played a leading role in rice ET, they were main reason for ET change, and other meteorological factors could influence ET by means of affect them.2. Based on the experiment for high-yield soil water potential regulation, the paper analyses the variation of rice evapotranspiration (ET), so as to seek after the water requirement regulation of deficit irrigation for rice. The results showed that ET of each water controlling stage had decreases at different degree in comparison to the basin irrigation; reduce proportion of the treatment for water controlling at jointing stage and heading stage was least, but it has a most influence for yields; jointing stage and heading stage were key water requirement period, and water controlling should be implement as less as possible; tillering final stage could have a heavy drought because it was most insensitive to water. The diurnal variation law of ET in a typical day in controlling stage showed that the value of daily ET was change with the meteorological factor in the same day; ET was influenced by the value of soil water potential in the same meteorological condition, greater soil water suction comes small ET. Multiple and stepwise equations showed that global radiation intensity, relative humidity, and wind speed were meteorological factors which played a leading role in rice ET, they were main reason for ET change, and other meteorological factors could influence ET by means of affect them.
(2) Soil water potential stress experiments were conducted on tillering stage, jointing stage, heading stage, milk maturity stage of rice in2011and2012respectively, so as to explore the change of rice evapotranspiration in each stage for water stress and returning water. The analysis for ET shows that soil water potential stress on single stage had a marked impact for rice evapotranspiration, and the impact will be continue for several stages after re-watering, the more closer to controlling stage the more influence of the impact; the periods and the extent for the impact depended on the stage and the status of water potential stress, treatment for water stress at tillering stage had the longest influence period for ET, and treatment for water stress at jointing stage had the most serious influence extent for ET; the ET was effected more seriously caused by water stress in earlier stage than in later stage; the difference of time division maybe the reason for different incidence of ET in stage after re-watering. The experiments were also conducted to search for the influence of rice yield caused by different status of soil moisture potential stress, and to discuss five water production function (Jensen, Minhas, Blank, Stewart, Singh) of rice in middle Liaoning Province. The results showed that yield reduced most seriously when water stress at tillering stage and jointing stage, and heading stage, milk maturity stage could suffer light drought; for rice in central region of Liaoning province, Minhas model was all reasonable, but Jensen model was the most suitable static water production function; It was relatively suitable for yield to evaluate sensitive degree of water potential stress in each stage with increasing rate for water productivity under the serious status of soil water potential stress, and the water productivity increasing rate could also explain the order of the sensitive index for each model; Jensen model water sensitive index cumulative curve of growth curve could used for yield prediction for rice in central region of Liaoning province, and could solve sensitive index for any rice period of time.
(3)Different nitrogen application rate experiment (2012) showed that:The increase in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer will increase the biomass of rice root, stem, leaf and spike; dry matter accumulation of rice under different nitrogen level analysis showed that root dry weight in the process of normal nitrogen (N1) and low nitrogen (NO.5, NO) peaked on jointing stage, but high nitrogen treatment (N2.5, N2, N1.5) peak on the heading stage, it was showed that the increase of the nitrogen can prolong root dry matter accumulation; Stem dry weight peak on heading stage; leaf had the highest sensitivity for nitrogen and peaked in the final jointing stage; Ear dry weight has been in the growth process from the end of the final jointing stage to milk stage; total dry weight of each treatment in each period were increasing and stabilized by the end of the milk stage period, the decrease of nutritional organs such as roots, stems and leaves and the increase of total dry matter showed that the biomass of root, stem and leaf transferred to ear. Yield analysis showed that N application rate has a significant effect on yield, within a certain range, the higher N application rate, the greater the production; The correlation coefficient between yield and the final dry matter accumulation was0.996(P=0.001); Increasing nitrogen application promoted the rice tillering, and increased the yield of rice, the correlation coefficient between yield and ultimate tiller number was up to0.979(P=0.001); under different N levels, the tiller peak and times of each treatment were different, the peak time for N2.5, N2, N1.5delayed one week to peak time for N1, NO.5, NO, and there were significant difference among the peak of each treatment. Different N levels also had a significant impact on rice final nitrogen uptake, the more nitrogen rate, the greater the amount of nitrogen uptake; among the organs, ear has the highest nitrogen content, and the corresponding nitrogen uptake more, and yield was significantly positively correlated with ear nitrogen uptake and plant nitrogen uptake. Under different N levels, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, plant nitrogen uptake and valid spikes had a significant negative correlation, and the nitrogen grain production efficiency, nitrogen partial factor productivity, soi1N dependent rate was significantly negatively correlated with yield, plant dry weight, nitrogen uptake and valid spikes. Quality change for control of nitrogen test (2012) showed that increasing nitrogen could significantly improve the milled rice rate and brown rice rate, improve the rice milling quality under low nitrogen condition; with the increase of nitrogen, protein content increased significantly, but taste value of rice decreased significantly; brown rice rate and milled rice rate were significantly positive related with protein content, extremely significant negative related with amylose content, significantly negative related with the free fatty acid content; principal component analysis showed that, with the increase of nitrogen application rate, the comprehensive quality of the rice emerged a downward trend, no nitrogen treatment get the highest score, and nitrogen applied2.5times get the lowest score. The quality changes of water stress trial (2012) indicates that, milled rice rate and brown rice rate of moderate water stress treatment were higher than the water treatment of mild and severe stress; the drought in the late stage (heading, milk stage) was not conducive to the improvement of rice quality; positive and negative correlation for taste value and RVA characteristic indicated that RVA characteristic indexes of better eating quality of rice were:peak viscosity, breakdown value high, cool paste viscosity, Setback viscosity, consistence viscosity low. Principal component anaiysis show that, the rice quality of mild drought (less than15kPa) at each growth stage, were higher than the quality of moderate drought and severe drought, in the production, milk stage mild water stress was most worthy of promotion.
(4) The results of water-nitrogen coupling multi-factor orthogonal test show that, rice ET reduced with soil moisture decrease and enhanced with the increase of nitrogen application rate. Nitrogen agronomic efficiency was the evaluation index for nitrogen fertilizer production efficiency, then the optimal combination was A2B1CxN1-2; regard nitrogen apparent efficiency as rice nitrogen recycling environmental efficiency indicators, then the optimal combination was A1B1C1N1-2; the optimal combination for the highest rice yield was A1B1C2N3; the optimal combination for quality water and nitrogen was AxBxCxN1; the indicator to evaluate merits of water-saving irrigation methods was water productivity, the optimum combination was A1-2B1C2-3N3. Combine the above five indexes into a comprehensive index, then under the same weights (0.2) of different index, the optimal combination to improve the comprehensive index was A1B1C2N2. Based on water stress test, nitrogen control test, water and nitrogen coupling orthogonal experiment in2012, this passage applied and modified three kinds of water and nitrogen coupling model which have been applied for wheat and compared its applicability and advantages and disadvantages, the results showed that Final production model of whole growth stage, the reproductive stages model (water nitrogen Jensen model) and its sensitive coefficient accumulative curves, and BP neural network model had higher degree of fitting, they could be used for the estimation of rice yield; The prediction accuracy of BP neural network model was the highest; the whole growth stage model needed the least data; but the most applicable model was water nitrogen Jensen model and its sensitive coefficient accumulative curves.
(1)于2010年分别在水稻分蘖前期、分蘖后期、拔节孕穗、抽穗开花、乳熟五个生育阶段进行高产土壤水分能量调控试验,结果表明各生育阶段土壤水分亏缺均有增产效果,得到的高产土壤水分标准为：分蘖前期5～10kPa,分蘖后期不超过35kPa,拔节孕穗期和抽穗开花期均为5-10kPa,乳熟期低于20kPa；分蘖前期5～10kPa的水分胁迫能使水稻产生明显的生长补偿效应,表现为复水后分蘖数、最终根干重、叶干重及产量显著超过对照；在适宜土壤水分能量调控试验基础上对水稻腾发量ET进行研究,结果表明各处理控制时期的ET与充分供水处理ET相比均有不同程度的减少,拔节孕穗和抽穗开花控水ET减少比例最小,但对产量影响最大,是水稻的需水关键期,尽量不要在这两个时期控水；分蘖后期最不敏感,可以重控。对ET典型日变化的研究表明,各处理日均腾发量主要随当日的气象因子而变化；在气象因子相同的情况下,腾发量的大小由各处理的土壤水分能量大小决定,土壤水吸力越大,腾发量就越小。ET强度的逐步回归方程表明总辐射强度、相对湿度和风速是影响腾发强度和水面蒸发强度的主要气象因子,可以解释腾发量的绝大部分变化,其他气象因子可以通过影响影响这三个主要气象因子来间接影响ET。
(2)分别在2011及2012年对水稻分蘖期、拔节孕穗、抽穗开花、乳熟四个生育阶段进行土壤水分能量胁迫试验,对水分胁迫及复水后水稻各生育阶段腾发量ET变化规律进行探索,ET分析结果表明：单一生育阶段土壤水分能量胁迫对水稻胁迫生育阶段ET有显著影响,并可以持续到复水后若干生育阶段,距离胁迫生育阶段越近,所受影响越大；其影响时间和程度要视胁迫阶段而定,分蘖受旱对ET影响持续时间最长,拔节孕穗受旱对ET影响最严重；对于ET来讲,前期受旱(分蘖和拔节孕穗)要比后期(抽穗开花和乳熟)受旱对水稻腾发量影响大；各生育阶段的划分时间不同,可能对后续生育阶段ET的影响程度不同。本研究在此试验基础上探求不同水分胁迫程度对最终产量的影响,并讨论了五种常用水分生产函数(Jensen、Minhas、Blank、Stewart、 Singh)在辽宁中部地区的适用性,结果表明分蘖、拔节受控减产最严重,抽穗、乳熟可以受轻旱,但不能受重控；对辽宁中部地区水稻来讲,Jensen模型和Minhas模型均属合理,但最优的静态水稻水分生产函数模型为Jensen模型；重度控水程度下的水分生产率增加率可以评价产量对各生育阶段缺水的敏感程度,并解释各模型中敏感系数的排序；生长曲线式的Jensen模型敏感系数累计曲线可以用于辽宁省中部地区水稻产量的预测,并求得任意时段的水分敏感系数。
(3)不同施氮量下的控氮试验(2012)表明：氮肥用量的增加,会增加水稻根、茎、叶、穗各器官的生物量；对不同施氮水平下水稻干物质量积累过程的分析表明,正常施氮(N1)、低氮(N0.5、N0)处理的根干重在拔节期达到峰值,但高氮(N2.5、N2、N1.5)处理在抽穗期达到峰值,说明增施氮肥可以延长根干物质积累时间；茎干重在抽穗期达到峰值；叶片对于氮肥用量的敏感性最高,在拔节期末达到峰值；穗干重由拔节期末至乳熟期末一直处于增长过程；各处理植株总干重在各时期均不断增加,至乳熟期末趋于稳定；根、茎、叶等营养器官的减少和总干物质的不断增加,表明生物量由根、茎、叶转移到了穗部。产量分析表明,施氮量对产量有极显著影响,在一定范围内,施氮量越高,产量越大；产量同最终干物质积累量之间的相关系数为0.996(P=0.001)；增施氮肥促进了水稻的分蘖,进而增加了水稻产量,产量与最终分蘖数的相关系数高达0.979(P=0.001)；在不同施氮水平下,各处理的分蘖峰值和出现时间均不同,N2.5、N2、N1.5峰现时间要比N1、N0.5、N0峰现时间延迟一周,且各处理峰值差异显著。不同施氮水平对水稻最终氮素吸收量也有显著影响,施氮量越多,氮素吸收量就越大；在各器官中,穗部的氮素含量最高,所对应的吸氮量也越大,且产量与穗部氮素吸收量和植株氮素吸收量呈极显著正相关关系。氮肥农学利用率与植株吸氮量、有效穗数呈显著负相关关系,而氮素谷物生产效率、偏生产率及氮素依存率均与水稻产量、干物质重量、吸氮量、有效穗数均呈极显著负相关。控氮试验(2012)品质变化表明,在低氮条下,增施氮肥可以明显提高糙米率和精米率,改善水稻碾米品质；随着施氮量的增加,蛋白质含量显著增加,但水稻的食味值明显的下降；糙米率和精米率均与蛋白含量显著正相关,与直链淀粉含量极显著负相关,与游离脂肪酸含量显著负相关；食味品质较好的稻米RVA特征指标特点为：最高粘度、崩解值高；冷胶粘度、消减值、回复值低。主成份分析表明,随着施氮量的增加,稻米综合品质成下降趋势,不施氮处理得分最高,而施2.5倍氮肥处理得分最低。
(4)水氮耦合多因素正交试验(2012)结果表明,水稻腾发量随着各生育阶段土壤水分的降低而减小,随着施氮量的增加而增加；将氮肥的农学利用率作为氮肥生产效率的评价指标,其最优的组合方式为A2B1CxN1-2；将氮肥的表观利用率,作为水稻对氮肥回收的环境效益指标,其最优组合方式为A1B1C1N1-2；水稻产量最高的最优组合方式为A181C2N3；品质最优水氮组合方式为AxBxCxN1；评价节水灌溉方式优劣的指标是水分生产率,其较优组合为A1-2B1C2-3N3。选用以上五个指标组成综合指标,在各指标权值相同(均为0.2)的情况下,能够提高综合指标的最优组合方式为A1B1C2N2。在2012年的水分胁迫试验、氮肥控制试验及水氮耦合正交试验基础上对已用于小麦的三种水氮耦合模型进行移用修正,并对其适用性及优缺点进行比较,结果表明：水氮最终产量模型、分生育阶段模型(水氮Jensen模型)及其敏感系数累计曲线、BP神经网络模型拟合度较高,均可用于水稻产量的估算；BP神经网络模型的预测精度最高,全生育阶段模型需要资料最少,但适用性最强的是水氮Jensen模型及其水分敏感指数累计曲线。
China's agriculture has entered a multiple purpose period requiring paying equal attention to crop yield, quality and environmental protection. During "Twelve-Five" period, large-scale agricultural pollution control technology and water resources guarantee of the commodity grain bases in the Northeast area has become to be a key research direction of the water science and technology. And loss of nitrogen in agriculture is the important reason that non-point source pollution occur. It is therefore of great significance to study economic and environmental effects of water and nitrogen coupling in rice. In this passage, suitable soil moisture potential criterion, water requirement regulation, water production function, water sensitive index cumulative curve, dry matter accumulation law, nitrogen accumulation law; quality variation, water-nitrogen coupling pattern, water-nitrogen model and other contents for rice were researched based on soil moisture potential regulation and control experiment, water stress experiment, nitrogen controlling experiment and water-nitrogen coupling orthogonal experiment in central region of Liaoning province. The main results are as follows:
(1) The experiment for high-yield soil water potential regulation were conducted during different stages of rice included tillering initial stage, tillering final stage, jointing stage, Heading stage, milk maturity stage. The results showed that soil moisture potential regulation and control was able to increase the rice yield at all growth stages after returning green, the suitable soil water potential criteria for middle-season rice at different growth stages were suggested,5～1OkPa for tillering initial stage, drought but not more than35kPa for tillering final stage,5～10kPa for jointing stage and Heading stage, not more than20kPa for milk maturity stage; re-watering post drought had obvious compensation effects to rice when soil suction potential was controlled in5-10kPa at tillering initial stage were discussed base on the results that tillers number, output, final root dry biomass and leaf dry weight were significant exceeding contrast; Based on the experiment for suitable soil water potential regulation, the paper analyses the variation of rice evapotranspiration (ET). The results showed that ET of each water controlling stage had decreases at different degree in comparison to the basin irrigation; reduce proportion of the treatment for water controlling at jointing stage and heading stage was least, but it has a most influence for yields; jointing stage and heading stage were key water requirement period, and water controlling should be implement as less as possible; tillering final stage could have a heavy drought because it was most insensitive to water. The diurnal variation law of ET in a typical day in controlling stage showed that the value of daily ET was change with the meteorological factor in the same day; ET was influenced by the value of soil water potential in the same meteorological condition, greater soil water suction comes small ET. Multiple and stepwise equations showed that global radiation intensity, relative humidity, and wind speed were meteorological factors which played a leading role in rice ET, they were main reason for ET change, and other meteorological factors could influence ET by means of affect them.2. Based on the experiment for high-yield soil water potential regulation, the paper analyses the variation of rice evapotranspiration (ET), so as to seek after the water requirement regulation of deficit irrigation for rice. The results showed that ET of each water controlling stage had decreases at different degree in comparison to the basin irrigation; reduce proportion of the treatment for water controlling at jointing stage and heading stage was least, but it has a most influence for yields; jointing stage and heading stage were key water requirement period, and water controlling should be implement as less as possible; tillering final stage could have a heavy drought because it was most insensitive to water. The diurnal variation law of ET in a typical day in controlling stage showed that the value of daily ET was change with the meteorological factor in the same day; ET was influenced by the value of soil water potential in the same meteorological condition, greater soil water suction comes small ET. Multiple and stepwise equations showed that global radiation intensity, relative humidity, and wind speed were meteorological factors which played a leading role in rice ET, they were main reason for ET change, and other meteorological factors could influence ET by means of affect them.
(2) Soil water potential stress experiments were conducted on tillering stage, jointing stage, heading stage, milk maturity stage of rice in2011and2012respectively, so as to explore the change of rice evapotranspiration in each stage for water stress and returning water. The analysis for ET shows that soil water potential stress on single stage had a marked impact for rice evapotranspiration, and the impact will be continue for several stages after re-watering, the more closer to controlling stage the more influence of the impact; the periods and the extent for the impact depended on the stage and the status of water potential stress, treatment for water stress at tillering stage had the longest influence period for ET, and treatment for water stress at jointing stage had the most serious influence extent for ET; the ET was effected more seriously caused by water stress in earlier stage than in later stage; the difference of time division maybe the reason for different incidence of ET in stage after re-watering. The experiments were also conducted to search for the influence of rice yield caused by different status of soil moisture potential stress, and to discuss five water production function (Jensen, Minhas, Blank, Stewart, Singh) of rice in middle Liaoning Province. The results showed that yield reduced most seriously when water stress at tillering stage and jointing stage, and heading stage, milk maturity stage could suffer light drought; for rice in central region of Liaoning province, Minhas model was all reasonable, but Jensen model was the most suitable static water production function; It was relatively suitable for yield to evaluate sensitive degree of water potential stress in each stage with increasing rate for water productivity under the serious status of soil water potential stress, and the water productivity increasing rate could also explain the order of the sensitive index for each model; Jensen model water sensitive index cumulative curve of growth curve could used for yield prediction for rice in central region of Liaoning province, and could solve sensitive index for any rice period of time.
(3)Different nitrogen application rate experiment (2012) showed that:The increase in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer will increase the biomass of rice root, stem, leaf and spike; dry matter accumulation of rice under different nitrogen level analysis showed that root dry weight in the process of normal nitrogen (N1) and low nitrogen (NO.5, NO) peaked on jointing stage, but high nitrogen treatment (N2.5, N2, N1.5) peak on the heading stage, it was showed that the increase of the nitrogen can prolong root dry matter accumulation; Stem dry weight peak on heading stage; leaf had the highest sensitivity for nitrogen and peaked in the final jointing stage; Ear dry weight has been in the growth process from the end of the final jointing stage to milk stage; total dry weight of each treatment in each period were increasing and stabilized by the end of the milk stage period, the decrease of nutritional organs such as roots, stems and leaves and the increase of total dry matter showed that the biomass of root, stem and leaf transferred to ear. Yield analysis showed that N application rate has a significant effect on yield, within a certain range, the higher N application rate, the greater the production; The correlation coefficient between yield and the final dry matter accumulation was0.996(P=0.001); Increasing nitrogen application promoted the rice tillering, and increased the yield of rice, the correlation coefficient between yield and ultimate tiller number was up to0.979(P=0.001); under different N levels, the tiller peak and times of each treatment were different, the peak time for N2.5, N2, N1.5delayed one week to peak time for N1, NO.5, NO, and there were significant difference among the peak of each treatment. Different N levels also had a significant impact on rice final nitrogen uptake, the more nitrogen rate, the greater the amount of nitrogen uptake; among the organs, ear has the highest nitrogen content, and the corresponding nitrogen uptake more, and yield was significantly positively correlated with ear nitrogen uptake and plant nitrogen uptake. Under different N levels, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, plant nitrogen uptake and valid spikes had a significant negative correlation, and the nitrogen grain production efficiency, nitrogen partial factor productivity, soi1N dependent rate was significantly negatively correlated with yield, plant dry weight, nitrogen uptake and valid spikes. Quality change for control of nitrogen test (2012) showed that increasing nitrogen could significantly improve the milled rice rate and brown rice rate, improve the rice milling quality under low nitrogen condition; with the increase of nitrogen, protein content increased significantly, but taste value of rice decreased significantly; brown rice rate and milled rice rate were significantly positive related with protein content, extremely significant negative related with amylose content, significantly negative related with the free fatty acid content; principal component analysis showed that, with the increase of nitrogen application rate, the comprehensive quality of the rice emerged a downward trend, no nitrogen treatment get the highest score, and nitrogen applied2.5times get the lowest score. The quality changes of water stress trial (2012) indicates that, milled rice rate and brown rice rate of moderate water stress treatment were higher than the water treatment of mild and severe stress; the drought in the late stage (heading, milk stage) was not conducive to the improvement of rice quality; positive and negative correlation for taste value and RVA characteristic indicated that RVA characteristic indexes of better eating quality of rice were:peak viscosity, breakdown value high, cool paste viscosity, Setback viscosity, consistence viscosity low. Principal component anaiysis show that, the rice quality of mild drought (less than15kPa) at each growth stage, were higher than the quality of moderate drought and severe drought, in the production, milk stage mild water stress was most worthy of promotion.
(4) The results of water-nitrogen coupling multi-factor orthogonal test show that, rice ET reduced with soil moisture decrease and enhanced with the increase of nitrogen application rate. Nitrogen agronomic efficiency was the evaluation index for nitrogen fertilizer production efficiency, then the optimal combination was A2B1CxN1-2; regard nitrogen apparent efficiency as rice nitrogen recycling environmental efficiency indicators, then the optimal combination was A1B1C1N1-2; the optimal combination for the highest rice yield was A1B1C2N3; the optimal combination for quality water and nitrogen was AxBxCxN1; the indicator to evaluate merits of water-saving irrigation methods was water productivity, the optimum combination was A1-2B1C2-3N3. Combine the above five indexes into a comprehensive index, then under the same weights (0.2) of different index, the optimal combination to improve the comprehensive index was A1B1C2N2. Based on water stress test, nitrogen control test, water and nitrogen coupling orthogonal experiment in2012, this passage applied and modified three kinds of water and nitrogen coupling model which have been applied for wheat and compared its applicability and advantages and disadvantages, the results showed that Final production model of whole growth stage, the reproductive stages model (water nitrogen Jensen model) and its sensitive coefficient accumulative curves, and BP neural network model had higher degree of fitting, they could be used for the estimation of rice yield; The prediction accuracy of BP neural network model was the highest; the whole growth stage model needed the least data; but the most applicable model was water nitrogen Jensen model and its sensitive coefficient accumulative curves.
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