阿克苏富士苹果果形形成机理与调控研究
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摘要
阿克苏富士苹果因其果肉细腻、口感甘甜等特点驰名中外,已被广大消费者所认可。但是目前,阿克苏富士苹果种植过程中出现偏斜度大,“卖相”差等问题严重阻碍了该产业的发展。针对此问题本研究基于大田试验及室内试验,从授粉受精、种子发育状况、内源激素等方面对富士苹果果形的形成机理进行了研究,并采用喷外源激素、人工辅助授粉等措施进行了果形调控,研究结论如下:
     1、在果实生长发育动态上,富士苹果在幼果初期时纵径生长略大于横径,之后横径生长大于纵径生长直至成熟,表现单“S”生长曲线。偏斜果发生规律的研究动态表明,富士苹果偏斜现象自幼果初期就已经发生,偏斜果大量存在。盛花后10d左右测量计算平均果形偏斜率为22.4%,在之后的生长发育过程中偏斜率略有降低,但整体变化起伏不明显。着生在树体西、南两个方向的果实果形偏斜率略低于东、北方向,着生在树体主干顶端的果实果形偏斜率比树体内膛中、内膛下高。
     2、正常果与畸形果大果面果皮解剖结构上没有明显差异。畸形果小果面果肉细胞78.828μm2,大约只有正常果果肉细胞面积的一半,由此说明畸形果小果面发育不良是因为细胞伸长膨大不够,导致的细胞面积较小。
     3、人工辅助授粉对果形发育有一定的影响,坐果率、果形指数分别比自然授粉提高了255.8%、6.52%,而偏斜率降低了35.98%。人工授粉后幼果果肉内IAA、GA_3、ZT均比自然授粉高,尤其在幼果期激素含量水平差异明显。幼果期是果肉细胞伸长和分裂的关键时期,人工授粉对富士苹果果肉内源激素水平产生影响,最终表现在果实性状上有差异,主要表现在果形指数的提高和偏斜率的降低。这说明授粉受精不良是果实发生偏斜的根本原因。
     4、种子发育状况与富士苹果果形密切相关。种子数、种子在心室中的分布与果形偏斜率之间存在显著的负相关关系。即果实中种子数越多,在心室中分布越均匀,果实偏斜率越低。畸形果的种子大多发育不良,表现为2个以上心室内种子败育。坐果率与柱头数目的多少没有相关关系,只要授粉充足,就可完成受精。
     5、对正常果、畸形果的种子和果肉中内源激素含量进行动态研究表明,内源激素水平是导致果形偏斜的内在原因。正常果、畸形果的种子和果肉内IAA、ZT、GA_3动态变化趋势相似,主要的变化趋势是幼果期时含量迅猛增加并出现峰值,在缓慢生长期逐渐降低的过程,种子内IAA、ZT、GA_3出现峰值较果肉内晚,但是含量远高于果肉内。畸形果在发育的整个过程中种子内与果肉中IAA、ZT、GA_3、IAA+GA_3+ZT/ABA含量均低于正常果,尤其在幼果期表现明显。在幼果期时IAA、GA_3、ZT含量高有助于果肉发育,因此畸形果形成的内在原因是发育的初期内源激素含量不足造成的。
     6、植物外源激素对富士苹果果形有一定的影响。在盛花期喷GA3对富士苹果的坐果率影响效果最好,比清水对照提高49%,比无处理提高79.45%。喷外源激素能降低富士苹果偏斜率,混合激素BA100ppm+GA_3300ppm+IAA20ppm效果最好。激素喷药的效果盛花期﹥盛花期+幼果期﹥幼果期。花期、花期+幼果期、幼果期喷6-BA和在花期喷GA3可以提高果实中可溶性固形物的含量,混合激素能降低果实中可滴定酸含量。
     7、喷外源激素后会对内源激素产生一定的影响。盛花期喷IAA、6-BA、GA_3、混合激素对内源激素IAA和GA_3的含量均有促进作用,在整个生长季内不同处理下IAA、GA_3含量均高于对照,差异明显。喷6-BA、GA_3、混合激素对内源激素ZT含量有促进作用,尤其在果实幼果期和膨大期与对照相比效果明显,但是喷IAA在幼果期内源激素ZT含量低于对照;喷GA-3、混合激素在幼果期与对照相比内源激素ABA含量明显降低,喷IAA在幼果期ABA的含量高于对照,膨大期之后差异逐渐消失。
     8、花序留果量的多少对果形偏斜率有显著影响,留果量越多偏斜率越高;套袋对富士苹果发育中果形指数没有影响,但是能降低果形偏斜率,花袋效果最好;施不同的肥料对果形发育有一定的影响,天物公司生产的生物肥效果最好,其次为天海腾惠公司生物肥和福州钧鼎公司生物肥。
Fuji apple in Aksu has been broadly recognized by consumers due to its traits such as delicate flesh,sweet taste. However, Fuji apple has a serious deviating problem of fruit shape during its development,andthis “appearance” problem,currently,,has become a bottleneck in this business.In order to research seriousproblem,a series of field experiments and laboratory tests were carried out,and the formation mechanism ofFuji apple shape was studied in aspects of the process of pollination and fertilization and the developmentcondition of seeds, endogenous hormones and so on.Meanwhile, some regulating measures such as sprayexogenous hormone, artificial supplementary pollination were conducted in this experiment to researchFormation Mechanism of the Fruit Shape of Fuji Apple, and the conclusions are as follows:
     1. In its dynamical development, Aksu Fuji apple has a slightly larger vertical diameter than transverseone,and fruit shape index is1.239. After that, the growth of transverse diameter is always greater than thatof vertical diameter until its maturation, and development curve shows "S" type.The reseach on dynamicaldevelopment of iopsided fruits indicates that fruit deviation appears at early stage and in many fruits.Unsymmetrical rate was measured to be22.4%ten days after anthesis, and then slightly lowers down, yetthe overall change is not significant. In different directions of the crown, the fruit shewed rates in west andsouth are slightly lower than those in east and north.In different parts of the crown, the fruit shewed rate atthe top of the tree trunk is larger than those in the central and bottom of the crown.
     2.By analyzing the structure characteristics of fruit peel of normal and deform fruits, we found that there isno significant difference in peel anatomic structure between them.The flesh cell in small part of deformfruit is78.828um2, this size can only reaches about half of the normal fruit cell, therefore,the dysplasia insmall part of fruit is because cell elongation is not enough,and cell area is very small.
     3.Comparing with natural pollination,artificial pollination has a better effect on fruit shape development,fruit setting, fruit shape index increased by255.8%and6.52%respectively, and Unsymmetrical ratedecreased35.98%; IAA, GA_3and ZT are higher in young fruits in which is the critical period of cellexpansion and division, this effect increases Endogenous hormones that improve fruit qualities such as theimprovement of fruit shape index and reduction of deviation rate.Namely, insufficient pollinationfertilization is the fundamental reason that causes fruit shape deviation.
     4.The condition of seed development is closely related to the Fuji apple shape. Seed number and seeddistribution in the ventricles have significant negative correlation with deviation index,this means the moreseeds and ventricles exist in fruit, the lower deviation index fruit has. Most of seeds in deformed fruit havedysplasia that causes seeds abortion in more than two ventricles. Fruit setting rate has little relationshipwith the number of stigmas. In fact, the condition of pollinated seeds development in ventricle make no significant difference when the number of stigma is larger than3.
     5.Research on dynamic of endogenous hormone contents in seeds from normal, deformed fruits and pulpsuggests that the contents of endogenous hormones are the internal cause for deviation shape. the dynamictrends of IAA, ZT and GA_3are similar in seeds from normal, deformed fruits and pulp Normal fruit, themain trend of these hormones increases rapidly and peaks in young period, and decreases in the longprocess of growth period. IAA and ZT, GA_3peak later in seeds than they do in pulp.but the contents ofthem are far higher in seeds.the contents of IAA and ZT, GA_3, IAA, GA_3andZT/ABA in deformed seedsand pulp,particularly in young period,are all lower than those in normal ones. Sufficient endogenoushormones of IAA, GA_3and ZT in young fruit period improves pulp development, therefore, the majorreason for the formation of deformed fruit is lack of hormones at early development of friut.
     6.Exogenous hormones has certain effect on Fuji apple shape.Spraying GA_3at blossom has the best effecton of fruit setting rate,49%higher than that under water treatment,and79.45%higher than that under notreatment. Spraying exogenous hormones can reduce deviation index of Fuji apple, mixture (BA100ppm+IAA20ppm+GA_3300ppm) performs best. A series comparations, According to effects,could be made asblossom period﹥blossom+young period﹥young period. Blossom period,blossom+young period,youngperiod spraying6-BA and spray in florescence GA_3can increase the contents of soluble solids,mixedhormone can reduce titratable acid content in fruit.
     7.Spraying exogenous hormones has certain effect on endogenous hormones. spraying the mixedhormones of IAA,6-BA, GA_3has improving effect on endogenous hormones of IAA and GA_3at blossomstage, furturemore,the contents of IAA and GA_3in fruit trees which under the measurement are all largerthan the contrasts in the whole growing season, spraying the mixed hormones of6-BA, GA_3has improvingeffect on the content of endogenous hormone ZT, especially,at young and enlargement periods. but sprayIAA in young period,has lower ZT content than contrasts, shows that IAA has inhibitory effect on ZT inthe pulp; Spraying GA_3, mixed hormones in young fruit period, ABA content, compared with the contrast,significantly decreases, spraying IAA in young fruit period, ABA content is higher than the contrast, andthe difference disappears after enlargement period.
     8.the number of kept fruits is positively correlated with shape deviation rate, the more fruit kept, thehigher deviation index gets; Although Bagging has no effect on fruit shape index, it can reduce the shapedeviation index; Different fertilizers have certain effects on shape development, Tianwu company producesbiological fertilizer that has the best effect, other companies,Tianhai Tenghui and Fuzhou Junding are theseconds.
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