听觉条件下汉语声母、韵母、声调在语义激活中的作用及时间进程
|
摘要
汉语是一种声调语言，汉字的语义信息既负载在音段信息（元音、辅音）上，也负载在超音段信息（声调）上，虽然这些语音信息的作用已经得到了肯定，但目前对于这两类语音信息的具体作用过程尚不清楚。词汇的语音编码已得到了大量的研究，但对于言语功能的大脑偏侧化问题，已有研究中还存在着各种争议。本文在综述以往有关汉语和拼音文字口语加工的理论与实证研究的基础上，使用眼动和ERP技术对汉语词汇的音段信息与超音段信息在听觉条件下的作用以及时间进程进行了研究，并对相应的大脑神经活动进行了源定位分析。
研究一：听觉条件下汉语双字词音段信息在语义激活中的作用。实验一、二、三、四使用眼动记录技术探讨听觉条件下双字词音节中韵母、声母在语义激活中的作用。
研究二：听觉条件下汉语双字词超音段信息在语义激活中的作用。实验五、六使用眼动记录技术探讨听觉条件下双字词音节中声调在语义激活中的作用。
研究三：听觉条件下汉语音段与超音段信息在前注意阶段加工的脑机制。实验七、八、九使用ERP方法探讨韵母、声母、声调在前注意阶段加工的脑激活模式，并使用LORETA源定位分析了在不同脑区的激活强度。
研究四：听觉条件下汉语音段与超音段信息在注意阶段加工的脑机制。实验十使用ERP方法探讨韵母、声母、声调在注意阶段加工的脑激活模式，并使用LORETA源定位分析了在不同脑区的激活强度。
在对上述四项研究结果的分析与讨论的基础上，本研究综合讨论了听觉条件下汉语音段信息与超音段信息的时间进程，以及在不同加工阶段的脑激活模式，得出以下主要结论：
1听觉条件下汉语双字词语义激活过程中，音节中音段或超音段信息的改变对语义激活均起到抑制作用，首字改变时的抑制作用显著大于尾字。结果支持了Cohort理论。
2听觉条件下汉语韵母、声母、声调的前注意加工阶段，都产生了MMN，且有着相似的时间进程。
3在汉语韵母、声母、声调的早期自动加工阶段，LORETA分析发现，都出现右脑偏侧化现象，声母激活大脑右半球额叶，韵母和声调信息均激活大脑右半球枕叶。该结果支持了声音假设。
4听觉条件下汉语韵母、声母、声调的注意加工阶段，都产生了N400和LPC，在加工时间上没有绝对的先后关系，是一种平行的加工模式。
5在汉语韵母、声母、声调的语义整合加工阶段，LORETA分析发现，主要激活了大脑左半球枕叶，同时也激活了大脑右半球枕叶。
6我们提出汉语语音加工的两阶段模型，第一阶段发生在右脑，对语音的物理属性进行早期自动加工，第二阶段主要发生在左脑，但也涉及到左脑和右脑的协同加工，对注意阶段的语义进行整合加工。将争论已久的功能假设和声音假设加以整合。
Chinese is a tone language; the semantic information of Chinese is attachedwith segmental information(vowel、 consonant) and also supra-segmentalinformation(tone). Although we have known the effect of the phonologicalinformation, it is not clear of the specific effect course between the two. Manyresearches of phonological coding of words were done, but there exists controversiesover the problem of cerebral hemisphere processing lateralization for the languagefunction. Based on the comprehensively theoretical and objective studies aboutspoken words of Chinese and alphabetic writing system, the present research is toinvestigate the effects and the time course of Chinese segmental information andsupra-segmental information in auditory situation by using eye movements recordingand ERP technique, analyze its source of the cerebral neural activity.
Study1: The effect of Chinese bisyllable segmental information onsemantic activation in auditory situation. In experiment1\2\3\4, the purpose was toinvestigate the effect of vowel and consonant in Chinese bisyllable by using eyemovements recording.
Study2: The effect of Chinese bisyllable supra-segmental information onsemantic activation in auditory situation. In experiment5and6, the purpose was toinvestigate the effect of tone in Chinese bisyllable by using eye movements recording.
Study3: On pre-attentive processing, the neural mechanism of Chinese segmentalinformation and supra-segmental information on semantic activation in auditorysituation. In experiment7\8\9, the purpose was to investigate the activation patterns ofvowel/consonant and tone on pre-attentive processing by using ERP technique, andanalyzed the neural activated intensity of its source by using LORETA.
Study4: On attentive processing, the neural mechanism of Chinese segmentalinformation and supra-segmental information on semantic activation in auditorysituation. In experiment10, the purpose was to investigate the activation patterns ofvowel/consonant and tone on attentive processing by using ERP technique, andanalyzed the neural activated intensity of its source by using LORETA.
Based on the above studies’ results analysis and discussions, the present researchgenerally discussed the time course of Chinese segmental information andsupra-segmental information, investigated the activation patterns on differentprocessing stage. The main conclusions were drawn as follows:
1. On semantic activation of Chinese bisyllable in auditory situation, when changedthe segmental information or supra-segmental information, it constraints ofsemantic activation, and the initial character changed has lager effect than last.This result supports the Cohort theory.
2. In auditory situation, on the pre-attentive processing stage of Chinese vowel/consonant/tone, they all elicited MMN, and have the similar time course.
3. On the stage of automatic pre-attentive processing, by using LORETA analyzed itssource, we found the right hemisphere lateralization, but Chinese consonantactivated the frontal lobe of right hemisphere, Chinese vowel and tone activatedthe occipital lobe of right hemisphere. The results support the acoustic hypothesis.
4. In auditory situation, on the attentive processing stage of Chinese vowel /consonant/tone, they all elicited N400and LPC, and they have no absolutelysequence in time course; it is a parallel processing model.
5. On the stage of semantic integrate processing, by using LORETA analyzed itssource, we all found the activation of left hemisphere’ occipital lobe, and alsoright hemisphere’ occipital lobe.
6. We proposed the two stage model of Chinese phonological prosessing, the fiststage is happened at right hemisphere, has automatic pre-attentive processing tothe physical attribute of phonetic; and the second stage mainly happened at lefthemisphere, but also cooperate with the right hemisphere, has the integratedanalyse to the semantic in attentive processing stage. This theory integrated thefunctional hypothesis and acoustic hypothesis.
研究一：听觉条件下汉语双字词音段信息在语义激活中的作用。实验一、二、三、四使用眼动记录技术探讨听觉条件下双字词音节中韵母、声母在语义激活中的作用。
研究二：听觉条件下汉语双字词超音段信息在语义激活中的作用。实验五、六使用眼动记录技术探讨听觉条件下双字词音节中声调在语义激活中的作用。
研究三：听觉条件下汉语音段与超音段信息在前注意阶段加工的脑机制。实验七、八、九使用ERP方法探讨韵母、声母、声调在前注意阶段加工的脑激活模式，并使用LORETA源定位分析了在不同脑区的激活强度。
研究四：听觉条件下汉语音段与超音段信息在注意阶段加工的脑机制。实验十使用ERP方法探讨韵母、声母、声调在注意阶段加工的脑激活模式，并使用LORETA源定位分析了在不同脑区的激活强度。
在对上述四项研究结果的分析与讨论的基础上，本研究综合讨论了听觉条件下汉语音段信息与超音段信息的时间进程，以及在不同加工阶段的脑激活模式，得出以下主要结论：
1听觉条件下汉语双字词语义激活过程中，音节中音段或超音段信息的改变对语义激活均起到抑制作用，首字改变时的抑制作用显著大于尾字。结果支持了Cohort理论。
2听觉条件下汉语韵母、声母、声调的前注意加工阶段，都产生了MMN，且有着相似的时间进程。
3在汉语韵母、声母、声调的早期自动加工阶段，LORETA分析发现，都出现右脑偏侧化现象，声母激活大脑右半球额叶，韵母和声调信息均激活大脑右半球枕叶。该结果支持了声音假设。
4听觉条件下汉语韵母、声母、声调的注意加工阶段，都产生了N400和LPC，在加工时间上没有绝对的先后关系，是一种平行的加工模式。
5在汉语韵母、声母、声调的语义整合加工阶段，LORETA分析发现，主要激活了大脑左半球枕叶，同时也激活了大脑右半球枕叶。
6我们提出汉语语音加工的两阶段模型，第一阶段发生在右脑，对语音的物理属性进行早期自动加工，第二阶段主要发生在左脑，但也涉及到左脑和右脑的协同加工，对注意阶段的语义进行整合加工。将争论已久的功能假设和声音假设加以整合。
Chinese is a tone language; the semantic information of Chinese is attachedwith segmental information(vowel、 consonant) and also supra-segmentalinformation(tone). Although we have known the effect of the phonologicalinformation, it is not clear of the specific effect course between the two. Manyresearches of phonological coding of words were done, but there exists controversiesover the problem of cerebral hemisphere processing lateralization for the languagefunction. Based on the comprehensively theoretical and objective studies aboutspoken words of Chinese and alphabetic writing system, the present research is toinvestigate the effects and the time course of Chinese segmental information andsupra-segmental information in auditory situation by using eye movements recordingand ERP technique, analyze its source of the cerebral neural activity.
Study1: The effect of Chinese bisyllable segmental information onsemantic activation in auditory situation. In experiment1\2\3\4, the purpose was toinvestigate the effect of vowel and consonant in Chinese bisyllable by using eyemovements recording.
Study2: The effect of Chinese bisyllable supra-segmental information onsemantic activation in auditory situation. In experiment5and6, the purpose was toinvestigate the effect of tone in Chinese bisyllable by using eye movements recording.
Study3: On pre-attentive processing, the neural mechanism of Chinese segmentalinformation and supra-segmental information on semantic activation in auditorysituation. In experiment7\8\9, the purpose was to investigate the activation patterns ofvowel/consonant and tone on pre-attentive processing by using ERP technique, andanalyzed the neural activated intensity of its source by using LORETA.
Study4: On attentive processing, the neural mechanism of Chinese segmentalinformation and supra-segmental information on semantic activation in auditorysituation. In experiment10, the purpose was to investigate the activation patterns ofvowel/consonant and tone on attentive processing by using ERP technique, andanalyzed the neural activated intensity of its source by using LORETA.
Based on the above studies’ results analysis and discussions, the present researchgenerally discussed the time course of Chinese segmental information andsupra-segmental information, investigated the activation patterns on differentprocessing stage. The main conclusions were drawn as follows:
1. On semantic activation of Chinese bisyllable in auditory situation, when changedthe segmental information or supra-segmental information, it constraints ofsemantic activation, and the initial character changed has lager effect than last.This result supports the Cohort theory.
2. In auditory situation, on the pre-attentive processing stage of Chinese vowel/consonant/tone, they all elicited MMN, and have the similar time course.
3. On the stage of automatic pre-attentive processing, by using LORETA analyzed itssource, we found the right hemisphere lateralization, but Chinese consonantactivated the frontal lobe of right hemisphere, Chinese vowel and tone activatedthe occipital lobe of right hemisphere. The results support the acoustic hypothesis.
4. In auditory situation, on the attentive processing stage of Chinese vowel /consonant/tone, they all elicited N400and LPC, and they have no absolutelysequence in time course; it is a parallel processing model.
5. On the stage of semantic integrate processing, by using LORETA analyzed itssource, we all found the activation of left hemisphere’ occipital lobe, and alsoright hemisphere’ occipital lobe.
6. We proposed the two stage model of Chinese phonological prosessing, the fiststage is happened at right hemisphere, has automatic pre-attentive processing tothe physical attribute of phonetic; and the second stage mainly happened at lefthemisphere, but also cooperate with the right hemisphere, has the integratedanalyse to the semantic in attentive processing stage. This theory integrated thefunctional hypothesis and acoustic hypothesis.
引文
1.马大献,沈山嵘.声学手册.北京,科学出版社,1983
2.杨行峻,迟惠生.语音信号数字处理.北京,电子工业出版社,1995
3. Chao, F.-S. Chinese: A Linguistic Introduction [M]. New York: CambridgeUniversity Press,2006,36-38
4. Chao, Y.-R. Mandarin primer. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.1948
5.吉祥波.阿拉伯学生双音节词声调偏误分析.云南师范大学学报(对外汉语教学与研究版),2010,9,8(5):33-41
6.季云起.声调特征在言语识别技术中的价值.中国司法鉴定,2010,5,75-78
7. Chen, H.-C.&Shu, H. Lexical activation during the recognition of Chinesecharacters: evidence against early phonological activation. Psychonomic Bulletinand Review,2001,8(3):511-518
8. Chen, H.-C. Chinese reading and comprehension: A cognitive psychologyperspective. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), Handbook of Chinese psychology, Hong Kong:Oxford University Press.1996,43-62
9. Cheung, H., Chen, H.-C., Lai, C.Y., Wong, O.C.,&Hills, M. The development ofphonological awareness: Effects of speech experience, orthography, and literacy.Cognition,2001,81(3):227-241
10. Marslen-Wukson, W. D.,&Welsh, A. Processing interactions and lexical accessduring word recognition in continuous speech. Cognitive Psychology,1978,10(1):29-63
11. Moss, H.,&Marslen-Wilson, W. D. Access to word meanings during spokenlanguage comprehension: Effects of sentential semantic context. Journal ofExperimental Psychology: Learning, Memory,&Cognition,1993,19(6):1254-1276
12. McClelland, J. L.,&Elman, J. L. The TRACE model of speech perception.Cognitive Psychology,1986,18(1):1-86
13. Connine, C. M., Blasko, D. G.,&Titone D. Do the beginnings of words have aspecial status in auditory word recognition? Journal of Memory and Language,1993,32,193-210
14. Norris, D. Shortlist: A connectionist model of continuous speech recognition.Cognition,1994,52(3):189-234
15. Norris, D., McQueen, J. M. Shortlist B: A Bayesian model of continuous speechrecognition. Psychological Review,2008,115(2):357-395
16. Luce P. A.,&Pisoni, D. B. Recognizing spoken words: the neighborhoodactivation model. Ear&Hear,1998,19(1):1-36
17.张宁,刘莎,盛玉麒,郭连生,杨宜林,徐娟娟.普通话儿童词汇相邻性多音节词表编制研究.中华耳科学杂志,2008,6(1):30-34
18. Wu, J.-L., Lin, C.-Y., Yang, H.-M.&Lin Y.-H. Effect of age at cochlearimplantation on open-set word recognition in Mandarin speaking deaf children.International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology,2006,70(2):207-211
19. Gaskell, M. G.,&Marslen-Wilson, W. D. Integrating form and meaning: Adistributed model of speech perception. Language and Cognitive Processes,1997,12(5/6):613-656
20. McNellis, M. G.,&Blumstein, S. E. Self-organizing dynamics of lexical access innormals and aphasics. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,2001,13(2):151-170
21. Connine, C. M., Titone, D., Deelman, T.,&Blasko, D. G. Similarity mapping inspoken word recognition. Journal of Memory and Language,1997,37,463-480
22. Marslen-Wilson, W. D. Functional parallelism in spoken word recognition.Cognition,1987,25(1-2):71-102
23. Moss, H. E., McCormick, S. F.,&Tyler, L. K. The time course of activation ofsemantic information during spoken word recognition. Language and CognitiveProcesses,1997,12(5/6):695-731
24. Zwitserlood, P. The locus of the effects of sentential–semantic context inspoken-word processing. Cognition,1989,32(1):25-64
25. Tweedy, J. R., Lapinski, R. H.,&Schaneveldt, R. W. Semantic context effects onword recognition: Influence of varying the proportion of items presented in anappropriate context. Memory&Cognition,1977,5(1):84-89
26.武宁宁,舒华. Gating范式：探讨听觉词汇加工的途径.心理与行为研究，2003,1(2):105-109
27.武宁宁,舒华.Gating技术与汉语听觉词汇加工.心理学报,2003,35(05):582-590
28. Zaidel, E., Clarke, J. M.,&Suyenobu, B. Hemispheric independence: a paradigmcase for cognitive neuroscience. In: Scheibel, A. B., Wechsler, A. F. eds.,Neurobiology of higher cognitive function. New York: Guilford Press,1990,297-355
29. Cutler, A.,&Clifton, C. E. The use of prosodic information in word recognition.In H. Bouma&D. G. Bouwhuis (Eds.), Attention and performance X: Control oflanguage processes, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum,1984,183-196
30. Swinney, D. Lexical access during sentence comprehension (Re) consideration ofcontext effects. Journal of Verbal Learning&Verbal Behavior,1979,18(6):645-659
31. Cutler, A. Forbear is a homophone: Lexical prosody does not constrain lexicalaccess. Language and Speech,1986,29(3):201-220
32. Marslen-Wilson, W. D., Moss, H. E.,&van Halen, S. Perceptual distance andcompetition in lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: HumanPerception and Performance,1996,22(6):1376-1392
33. McQueen, J. M., Norris, D. G.,&Cutler, A. Competition in spoken wordrecognition: Spotting words in other words. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition,1994,20(3):621-638
34. Soto-Faraco, S., Sebastia′n-Galle′s, N.,&Cutler, A. Segmental andsuprasegmental mismatch in lexical access. Journal of Memory and Language,2001,45(3):412-432
35. Friedrich, C. K., Kotz, S. A., Friederici, A. F.,&Alter, K. Pitch modulates lexicalidentification in spoken word recognition: ERP and behavioral evidence. CognitiveBrain Research,2004,20(2):300-308
36. Cutler, A.,&Van Donselaar, W. Voornaam is not (really) a homophone: Lexicalprosody and lexical access in Dutch. Language and Speech,2001,44(2):171-195
37. Pike, K. L. Tone languages. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press,1948
38. Cutler, A.,&Chen, H.-C. Lexical tone in Cantonese spoken-word processing.Attention, Perception and Psychophysics,1997,59(2):165-179
39. Ye, Y.,&Connine, C. M. Processing spoken Chinese: The role of tone information.Language and Cognitive Processes,1999,14(5/6):609-630
40. Zhou, X.,&Marslen-Wilson, W. The nature of sublexical processing in readingChinese characters. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, andCognition,1999,25,819-837
41. Zhou, X.,&Marslen-Wilson, W. Sublexical processing in reading Chinesecharacters. In: Wang J. Inhoff A, Chen H–C eds. Reading Chinses Script: ACognitive Analysis. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.1999,37-64
42. Zhou, X.,&Marslen-Wilson, W. The relative time course of semantic andphonological activation in reading Chinese. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition,2000,26(5):1245-1265
43.周晓林,曲延轩,舒华, Gaskell, M. G.,&Marslen-Wilson, W. D.汉语听觉词汇加工中声调信息对语义激活的制约作用.心理学报,2004,36(4):379-392
44. Fox, R.A.,&Unkefer, J. The effect of lexical status on the perception of tone.Journal of Chinese Linguistics,1985,13,69-90
45. Lee, Y.-S., Vakock, D. A.,&Wurm, L.H. Tone perception in Cantonese andMandarin: a cross-linguistic comparison. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research,1996,25(5):527-542
46. Liu, S.–Y.,&Samuel, A. G. Perception of Mandarin lexical tones when F0information is neutralized. Language and Speech,2004,47(2):109-138
47. Allopenna, P. D., Magnuson, J.,&Tanenhaus, M. K. Tracking the time course ofspoken word recognition using eye movements: Evidence of continuous mappingmodels. Journal of Memory and Language,1998,38,419-439
48. Cooper, R. M. The control of eye fixation by the meaning of spoken language, Anew methodology for the real-time investigation of speech perception, memory, andlanguage processing. Cognitive Psychology,1974,6(1):84-107
49. Tanenhaus, M. K., Spivey-Knowlton, M. J., Eberhard, K. M.,&Sedivy, J. C.Integration of visual and linguistic processing in spoken language comprehension.Science,1995,268(5217):1632-1634
50. Dahan, D., Magnuson, J. S., Tanenhaus, M. K.,&Hogan, E. M. Subcategoricalmismatches and the time course of lexical access: Evidence for lexical competition.Language and Cognitive Processes,2001,16(5/6):507-534
51. Huettig, F.,&Altmann, G. T. M. Word meaning and the control of eye fixation:Semantic competitor effects and the visual world paradigm. Cognition,2005,96(1):B23-B32
52. Vanderwart, M. Priming by pictures in lexical decision. Journal of VerbalLearning and Verbal Behavior,1984,23(1):67-83
53. Carr, T. H., McCauley, C., Sperber, R. D.,&Parmelee, C. M. Words, pictures,and priming: On semantic activation conscious identification, and the automaticityof information processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perceptionand Performance,1982,8(6):757-777
54. Durso, F. T.,&Johnson, M. Facilitation in naming and categorizing repeatedpictures and words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, andCognition,1979,5(5):449-459
55. Scarborough, D. L., Gerard, L.,&Cortese, C. Accessing lexical memory: Thetransfer of word repetition effects across task and modality. Memory&Cognition,1979,7(1):3-12
56. Dell’Acqua, R.,&Grainger, J. Unconscious semantic priming from pictures.Cognition,1999,73(1): B1-B15
57. Bajo, M.-T. Semantic facilitation with pictures and words. Journal ofExperimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,1988,14(4):579-589
58. Hanna, J. E., Tanenhaus, M. K.,&Trueswell, J. C. The effects of common groundand perspective on domains of referential interpretation. Journal of Memory andLanguage,2003,49(1):43-61
59. Nadig, A.,&Sedivy, J. Evidence of perspective-taking constraints in children’sonline reference resolution. Psychological Science,2002,13,329-336
60. Chambers, C. G., Tanenhaus, M. K., Eberhard, K. M. Filip, H.,&Carlson, G. N.Circumscribing referential domains in real-time language comprehension. Journal ofMemory and Language,2002,47(1):30-49
61. Sedivy, J. C., Tanenhaus, M. K., Chambers, C. G.,&Carlson, G. N. Achievingincremental semantic interpretation through contextual representation. Cognition,1999,71(2):109-147
62. Spivey, M., Tanenhaus, M., Eberhard, K.,&Sedivy, J. Eye movements andspoken language comprehension: Effects of visual context on syntactic ambiguityresolution. Cognitive Psychology,2002,45(4):447-481
63. Dahan, D., Magnuson, J. S.,&Tanenhaus, M. K. Time course of frequencyeffects in spoken-word recognition: Evidence from eye movements. CognitivePsychology,2001,42(4):317-367
64. Yee, E.,&Sedivy, J. C. Eye Movements to pictures reveal transient semanticactivation during spoken word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition,2006,32(1):1-14
65. Hahne, A.,&Friederici, A. D. Differential task effects on semantic and syntacticprocesses as revealed by ERPs. Cognitive Brain Research,2002,13(3):339-356
66. Van Petten, C., Coulson, S., Rubin, S., Plante, E.,&Parks, M. Time course ofword identification and semantic integration in spoken language. Journal ofExperimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,1999,25(2):394-417
67. Kutas, M.,&Hillyard, S. A. Brain potentials during reading reflect wordexpectancy and semantic association. Nature,1984,307(12):161-163
68. Van den Brink, D., Brown, C. M.,&Hagoort, P. Electrophysiological evidence forearly contextual influences during spoken-word recognition: N200versus N400effects. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,2001,13(7):967-985
69. Connolly, J. F.,&Phillips, N. A. Event-related potential components reflectphonological and semantic processing of the terminal word of spoken sentences.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,1994,6(3):256-266
70. Bocker, K. B., Bastiaansen, M. C., Vroomen, J., Brunia, C. H.,&de Gelder, B. AnERP correlate of metrical stress in spoken word recognition. Psychophysiology,1999,36(6):706-720
71. Friedrich, C. K., Alter, K.,&Kotz, S. A. An electrophysiological response todifferent pitch contours in words. NeuroReport,2001,12(15):3189-3191
72. Schirmer, A., Tang, S.-L., Penney, T. B., Gunter, T. C.,&Chen, H.–C. Brainresponses to segmentally and tonally induced semantic violations in Cantonese.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,2005,17(1):1-12
73. Bruno, J. L., Manis, F. R., Keating, P., Sperling, A. J., Nakamoto, J.,&Seidenberg, M. S. Auditory word identification in dyslexic and normally achievingreaders. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,2007,97(3):183-204
74. Lyytinen, H., Guttorm, T. K., Huttunen, T., Ha¨ma¨la¨inen, J., Leppa¨nen, P. H. T.,&Vesterinen, M. Psychophysiology of developmental dyslexia: A review offindings including studies of children at risk for dyslexia. Journal ofNeurolinguistics,2005,18(2):167-195
75. Gandour, J., Dzemidzic, M., Wong, D., Lowe, M., Tong, Y., Hsieh, L.,Satthamnuwong, N.,&Lurito, J. Temporal integration of speech prosody is shapedby language experience: An fMRI study. Brain and Language,2003,84(3):318-336
76. Francis, A. L., Ciocca, V.,&Ng, B. K. C. On the (non) categorical perception oflexical tones. Perception and Psychophysics,2003,65,1029-1044
77. Kuhl, P. K. Early linguistic experience and phonetic perception: Implications fortheories of developmental speech perception. Journal of Phonetics,1993,21(1-2):125-139
78. Mattock, K.,&Burnham, D. Chinese and English infants’ tone perception:Evidence for perceptual reorganization. Infancy,2006,10(3):241-265
79. Lee, K. Y. S., Chiu, S. N.,&vanHasselt, C. A. Tone perception ability ofCantonese-speaking children. Language and Speech,2002,45(4):387-406
80. Ciocca, V.,&Lui, J. Y.-K. The development of the perception of Cantoneselexical tones. Journal of Multicultural Communication Disorders,2003,1(2):141-147
81. Wong, P., Schwartz, R. G.,&Jenkins, J. J. Perception and production of lexicaltones by3-year-old, Mandarin-speaking children. Journal of Speech, Language, andHearing Research,2005,48,1065-1079
82. McBride-Chang, C., Tong, X., Shu, H., Wong, A. M.-Y., Leung, K.-W.,&Tardif,T. Syllable, phoneme, and tone: Psycholinguistic units in early Chinese and Englishword recognition. Scientific Studies of Reading,2008,12(2):171-194
83. Meng, X., Sai, X., Wang, C., Wang, J., Sha, S.,&Zhou, X. Auditory and speechprocessing and reading development in Chinese school children: Behavioural andERP Evidence. Dyslexia,2005,11(4):292-310
84. Shu, H., Peng, H.,&McBride-Chang, C. Phonological awareness in youngChinese children. Developmental Science,2008,11(1):171-181
85. McBride-Chang, C., Lam, F., Lam, C., Doo, S., Wong, S. W. L.,&Chow, Y. Y. Y.Word recognition and cognitive profiles of Chinese pre-school children at risk fordyslexia through language delay or familial history of dyslexia. Journal of ChildPsychology and Psychiatry,2008,49(2):211-218
86. Ho, C. S.-H., Chan, D. W.-O, Lee, S.-H., Tsang, S.-M.,&Luan, H. V. Cognitiveprofiling and preliminary subtyping in Chinese developmental dyslexia. Cognition,2004,91(1):43-75
87. Ho, C. S.-H., Chan, D. W.-O, Tsang, S.-M., Lee, S.-H.,&Chung, K. K. H.Word learning deficit among Chinese dyslexic children. Journal of Child Language,2006,33,145-161
88. Cheung, H., Chung, K. K. H.,&Wong, S. W. L., McBride-Chang, C., Penney, T.B.,&Ho, C. S.-H. Perception of tone and aspiration contrasts in Chinese childrenwith dyslexia. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,2009,50(6):726-733
89. Li, C. N.,&Thompson, S. A. The acquisition of tone in Mandarin-speakingchildren. Journal of Child Language,1977,4,185-199
90. Moore, B. C. J. Coding of sounds in the auditory system and its relevance tosignal processing and coding in cochlear implants. Otology&Neurotology,2003,24(2):243-254
91. Liu, T.-C., Chen, H. P.,&Lin, H. C. Effects of limiting the number of activeelectrodes on Mandarin tone perception in young children using cochlear implants.Acta Otolaryngologica (Stockh),2004,124,1149-1154
92. Peng. S. C., Tomblin, J. B., Cheung, H., Lin, Y.–S.,&Wang, L.-S. Perceptionand production of mandarin tones in prelingually deaf children with cochlearimplants. Ear and Hearing,2004,25(3):251-264
93. Khouw, E.,&Ciocca, V. Acoustic and perceptual study of Cantonese tonesproduced by profoundly hearing-impaired adolescents. Ear and Hearing,2006,27(3):243-255
94. Xu, L., Chen, X.-W., Zhou, N., Li, Y.-X., Zhao, X.-Y.,&Han, D. M.Recognition of lexical tone production of children with an artificial neural network.Acta Oto-Laryngologica,2007,127,365-369
95. Evans, J. L., Saffran, J. R.,&Robe-Torres, K. Statistical learning in children withspecific language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research,2009,52,321-335
96. Gandour, J.,&Dardarananda, R. Identification of tonal contrasts in Thai aphasicpatients. Brain and Language,1983,18(1):98-114
97. Eng, N., Obler, L. K., Harris, K. S.,&Abramson, A. S. Tone perception deficits inChinese-speaking Broca’s aphasics. Aphasiology,1996,10,649-656
98. Hughes, C. P., Chan, J.-L.,&Su, M.-S. Aprosodia in Chinese patients with rightcerebral hemisphere lesion. Archives of Neurology,1983,40(12):732-736
99. Packard, J. L. Tone production deficits in nonfluent aphasic Chinese speech. Brainand Language,1986,29(2):212-223
100. Ryalls, J.,&Reinvang, I. Functional lateralization of linguistic tones: Acousticevidence from Norwegian. Language and Speech,1986,29(4):389-398
101. Gandour, J., Petty, S. H.,&Dardarananda, R. Perception and production of tonein aphasia. Brain and Language,1998,35(2):201-240
102. Gandour, J., Ponglorpisit, S., Khunadorn, F., Dechongkit, S., Boongrid, P.,Boonklam, R.,&Potisuk, S. Lexical tones in Thai after unilateral brain damage.Brain and Languge,1992,43(2):275-307
103. Benson, D. F. Aphasia. In: Heilman, K. M., Valenstein, E., eds. Clinicalneuropsychology,3rd ed. New York: Oxford,1993
104. Gandour, J., Dechongkit, S., Khunadorn, F., Boongird, P.,&Potisuk, S.Anticipatory tonal coarticulation in Thai noun compounds after unilateral braindamage. Brain and Language,1993,45(1):1-20
105. Gandour, J., Potisuk, S., Ponglorpisit, S., Dechongkit, S., Khunadorn, F.,&Boongird, P. Tonal coarticulation in Thai after unilateral brain damage. Brain andLanguage,1996,52(3):505-535
106. Yiu, E.,&Fok, A. Lexical tone disruption in Cantonese aphasic speakers.Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics,1995,9(1):79-92
107. Bradvik, B., Dravins, C., Holtas, S., Rosen, I., Ryding, E.,&Ingvar, D. Dosingle right hemisphere infarcts or transient ischaemic attack result in aprosody?Acta Neurological Scandinavica,1990,81(1):61-70
108. Bradvik, B., Dravins, C., Holtas, S., Rosen, I., Ryding, E.,&Ingvar, D.Disturbances of speech prosody following right hemisphere infarcts. ActaNeurological Scandinavica,1991,84(2):114-126
109. Gandour, J., Larsen, J., Dechongkit, S., Ponglorpisit, S.,&Khunadorn, F. Speechprosody in affective contexts in Thai patients with right hemisphere lesions. Brainand Language,1995,51(3):422-443
110. Ross, E., Edmondson, J., Seibert, G. B.,&Chan, J.-L. Affective exploitation oftone in Taiwanese: An acoustical study of tone latitude. Journal of Phonetics,1992,20,441-456
111. Van Lancker, D.,&Fromkin, V. A. Hemispheric specialization for pitch and tone:Evidence from Thai. Journal of Phonetics,1973,1(2):101–109
112. VanLancker, D.,&Fromkin, V. A. Cerebral dominance for pitch contrasts in tonelanguage speakers and in musically untrained and trained English speakers. Journalof Phonetics,1978,6(1):19-23
113. Moen, I. Functional lateralization of the perception of Norwegian word tones:Evidence from a dichotic listening experiment. Brain and Language,1993,44(4):400-413
114. Woerner, W. Tone processing and the brain. In: Proceedings of the ThirdInternational Symposium on Language and Linguistics: Pan-Asiatic linguistics, vol.1. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press,1992,588-603
115. Baudoin-Chial, S. Hemispheric lateralization of modern standard Chinese toneprocessing. Journal of Neurolinguistics,1986,2(1):189-199
116. Wang, Y., Jongman, A.,&Sereno, J. Dichotic perception of Mandarin tones byChinese and American listeners. Brain and Language,2001,78(3):332-348
117. Gandour, J., Wong, D.,&Hutchins, G. Pitch processing in the human brain isinfluenced by language experience. Neuroreport,1998,9(9):2115-2119
118. Gandour, J., Wong, D., Hsieh, L., Weinzapfel, B., Van Lancker, D.,&Hutchins,G. D. A crosslinguistic PET study of tone perception. Journal of CognitiveNeuroscience,2000,12(1):207-222
119. Klein, D., Zatorre, R. J., Milner, B.,&Zhao, V. A crosslinguistic PET study oftone perception in Mandarin Chinese and English speakers. Neuroimage,2001,13(4):646-653
120. Hsieh, L., Gandour, J., Wong, D.,&Hutchins, G. D. Functional heterogeneity ofinferior frontal gyrus is shaped by linguistic experience. Brain and Languge,2001,76(3):227-252
121. Hlustik, P., Solodkin, A., Gullapalli, R. P., Noll, D. C.,&Small, S. L. Functionallateralization of the human premotor cortex during sequential movements. Brain andCognition,2002,49(1):54-62
122. Gandour, J., Dechongkit, S., Ponglorpisit, S.,&Khunadorn, F. Speech timing atthe sentence level in Thai after unilateral brain damage. Brain and Languge,1994,46(3):419-438
123.胡艳梅,徐展.汉语声调加工过程的脑神经机制述评.心理科学,2011,34(1):196-200
124. Smith, M. C., Meiran, N.,&Besner, D. On the interaction between linguistic andpictorial systems in the absence of semantic mediation: Evidence from a primingparadigm. Memory&Cognition,2000,28(2):204-213
125. Liberman, A. M.,&Whalen, D. H. On the relation of speech to language. TrendsCognitive Science,2000,4,187-196
126. Zatorre, R. J., Belin, P., Penhune, V. B. Structure and function of auditory cortex:music and speech. Trends in Cognitive Science,2002,11,964-953
127. Zatorre, R. J.,&Belin, P. Spectral and temporal processing in human auditorycortex. Cereb Cortex,2001,11,946-953
128.北京语言学院语言教学研究所编.现代汉语频率词典.北京语言学院出版社,1986
129. Studdert-Kennedy, M. Speech perception. In N.J.Lass (Ed.), Contemporaryissues in experimental phonetics. New York: Academic Press,1976,243-293
130. Marslen-Wilson, W.,&Tyler, L. K. The temporal structure of spoken languageunderstanding. Cognition,1980,8,1-71
131. Connine, C.M., Mullenix, J. W., Shernoff, E.,&Yelen, J. Word familiarity andfrequency in visual and auditory word recognition. Journal of ExperimentalPsychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition,1990,16,1084-1096
132. Grosjean, F. Spoken word recognition Processes and the gating Paradigm.Perception&Psychophysies,1980,28,267-283
133.高兵,高峰强.汉语字词识别中词频和语义透明度的交互作用.心理科学,2005,28(6):1358-1360
134.王丽红.老年人词频与语境效应及知觉广度的眼动研究.硕士毕业论文，2008
135.贾宁,张石磊,陈洁彬.词频对学习判断的影响.心理学探新,2010,30(6):32-35
136.李馨,白学军,闫国利.词边界信息和词频在汉语阅读中的作用.心理与行为研究,2011,2,133-139
137.杨玉芳.辅音特征和声调识别中的耳优势.心理学报,1991,2,131-138
138. Gabriele, M., Rita, C., Barbara, B.,&Alfonso, C. The categorical distinction ofvowel and consonant representations: evidence from dysgraphia. Neurocase: TheNeural Basis of Cognition,2004,10(2):109-121
139.龚文进.汉语双字词听觉词汇识别进程中词频效应和多义词效应研究.华南师范大学,硕士毕业论文
140.李小健,方杰,楼婧.汉语同音字具体频率和同音字数在听觉词汇通达中的相互作用.心理科学,2011,34(1):43-47
141.李小健,王文娜,李晓倩.同音字族内的听觉通道词频效应与同音字表征的激活.心理学报,2011,43(7):749-762
142. Jay, T. B. Words and word recognition. The Psychology of Language, Chapter4,New York: Prentioe Hall.2003,98-141
143. Cutler, A.,&Otake, T. Rhythmic categories in spoken-word recognition. Journalof Memory and Language,2002,46(2):296-322
144. Zhou, X. Phonology in lexical processing of Chinese: Priming tone neighbors.Psychological Science,2000,23,133-140
145. Luce, P. A., Pisoni, D. B.,&Goldinger, S. D. Similarity neighborhoods ofspoken words. In: G T M Altmann ed. Cognitive Models of Speech Processing.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,1990,122-147
146. Dupoux, E., Pallier, C., Sebastian, N.,&Mehler, J. A distressing/deafness inFrench? Journal of Memory and Language,1997,36,406-421
147. Shen, X. S.,&Lin, M. A perceptual study of Mandarin tones2and3. Languageand Speech,1991,34(2):145-156
148. Whalen, D. H.,&Xu, Y. Information for Mandarin tones in the amplitudecontour and in brief segments. Phonetica,1992,49(1):25-47
149.武宁宁,舒华.句子语境中汉语词类歧义词的意义激活.心理学报,2002,34,454-461
150. Li, X. L., Gandour, J., Wong, D., Dzemidzic, M.,&Bian, W. Fractionatingmedicational processes underlying speech segmentation. School of medicine,Purdue University Press,2003
151.覃薇薇,刘思耘,杨莉,周宗奎.前分类声音存储器对声调和情绪韵律的加工.心理学报.2010,42(6):651-662
152.张清芳.汉语单音节和双音节词汇产生中的音韵编码过程:内隐启动范式研究.心理学报,2008,40(3):253-262
153. Levelt, W. J. M. Picture naming and word frequency: Comments on Alario,Costa and Caramazza, Language and Cognitive Processes,17(3),299-319.Language and Cognitive Processes,2002,17(6):663-671
154. Robert, E., Guttentagab,&Donna, C. Identifying the basis for the wordfrequency effect in recognition memory. Memory,1994,2(3):255-273
155. Fernando, C., Patrick, B., José, R. A.,&Alfonso, C. The specific-wordfrequency effect in speech production: Evidence from Spanish and French. TheQuarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,2010,63(4):750-771
156. Morton, J. Interaction of information in word recognition. Psychological Review,1969,76(2):165-178
157. Becker, C. A. Semantic context and word frequency effects in word recognition.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,1979,3,389-401
158.赖云鹏,肖庐奇,庄捷,曲折,高定国,丁玉珑.言语产生过程中汉字音韵信息加工的时间过程——来自LRP及N200的证据.生物物理学报,2005,21,33-34
159. Talairach, J.,&Tournoux, P. Co-planar sereotaxc atlas of the human brain (M.Rayport, Trans.). New York: Thieme Medical Publishers,1988
160. Nichols, T. E.,&Holmes, A. P. Nonparametric permutation tests for functionalneuroimaging: A primer with examples. Human Brain Mapping,2002,15,1-25
161.赵燕,蔡笑岳.学科领域知识和学业成绩对工作记忆广度的影响.心理发展与教育,2012,1,72-78
162. Jacobsen, T., Horváth, J., Schr ger, E., Lattner, S., Widmann, A.,&Winkler, I.Pre-attentive auditory processing of lexicality. Brain and Language,2004,88,54-67
163. Naatanen, R. The perception of speech sounds by the human brain as reflectedby the mismatch negativity (MMN) and itsmagnetic equivalent (MMNm).Psychophysiol,2001,38(1):1-21
164.罗跃嘉,魏景汉.跨通路注意的失匹配负波研究.中国科学,1998,28(2):186-191
165. Ramanathan, K., Mechael, T. H., Jiang, G. J. Amolecular mechanism forelectrical tuning of cochlear hair cells. Science,1999,283,215-217
166. Astikainen, P., Lillstrang, E., Ruusuvirta, T. Visualmismatch negativity forchanges in orientation—a sensory memory-dependent response. European Journalof Neuroscience,2008,28(11):2319-2324
167. Proverbio, A. M.,&Zani, A. Time course of brain activation duringgraphemic/phonologic processing in reading: An ERP study. Brain Language,2003,87,412-420
168. Tan, L. H., Feng, C. M., Fox, P. T. An fMRI study with written Chinese.Neuroreport,2001,12,83-88
169. Fu, S., Chen, Y., Smith, S., Iversen, S.,&Matthews, P. M. Effects of word formon brain processing of written Chinese. Neuroimage,2002,17(3):1538-1548
170.彭聃龄,徐世勇,丁国盛.汉语单字词音、义加工的脑激活模式.中国神经科学杂志,2003,19(5):287-296
171. Marco-Pallarés, J., Grau, C.,&Ruffini, G. Combined ICA-LORETA analysis ofmismatch negativity. NeuroImage,2005,25,471-477
172.张积家,肖二平.汉语口吃者在不出声言语中的语音编码.心理学报,2008,40(3):263-273
173. Levelt, W. J. M. Models of word production. Trends in Cognitive Science,1999,6,223-232
174.张清芳,杨玉芳.汉语单音节词汇产生中音韵编码的单元.心理科学,2005,28(2):374-378
175.周晓琴.汉语普通话单音节词声调识别分析.南方医科大学,耳鼻咽喉头颈外科学,2009,硕士
176. Naatanen, R. Mismatch negativity (MMN) perspectives for application.International Journal of Psychophysiol,2000,37(1):3-10
177. Gandour, J. Brain mapping of Vhinese prosody. In P.Li, L.H.Tan, E.Bates,&O.J.L.Taeng (Eds.), Handbook of East Asian Psycholinguistics (Vol.Ⅰ：Chinesepp.308-319). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
178. Xu, Y., Gandour, J., Talavage, T., Wong, D., Dzemidzic, M., Tong, Y. X.Activation of the Left Planum Temporale in Pitch Processing Is Shaped byLanguage Experience. Human Brain Mapping,2006,27,173-183
179. Li, X. Q., Yang, Y. F.,&Hagoort, P. Pitch accent and lexical tone processing inChinese discourse comprehension: An ERP study. Brain Research,2008,1222,192-200
180.曾红玲,刘思耘.语篇语境对句子理解的影响：来自N400的证据.心理科学进展,2009,17,314-320
181. Chandrasekaran, B., Gandour, J.,&Krishuan, A. Neuroplasticity in theprocessing of pitch dimensions: A multidimensional scaling analysis of themismatch negativity. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience,2007,25,195-210
182. Gandour, J., Tong, Y., Wong, D., Talabage, T., Dzemidzic, M., Xu, Y., et al.Hemispheric roles in the perception of speech prosody. NeuroImage,2004,23,344-357
183. Luo, H., Ni, J.T., Li, Z. H., Li, X. O., Zhang, D. R.,Zeng, F. G., et al. Oppositepatterns of hemisphere dominance for early auditory processing of lexical tones andconsonants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A,2006,103,19558-19563
184. Connolly, J. F., Phillips, N. A.,&Forbes, K. A. K. The effects of phonologicaland semantic features of sentence–ending words on visual event-related brainpotentials. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology,1995,94(4):276-287
185. Holcomb, P. J. Semantic priming and stimulus degradation: Implications for therole of the N400in language processing. Psychophysilolgy,1993,30,47-61
186. Rugg, M. D. Event-related brain potentials dissociated repetition effects ofhigh-and low-frequency words. Memory&Cognition,1990,18,367-379
187. Kanske, P.,&Kotz, S. A. Concreteness in emotional words: ERP evidence froma hemifield study. Brain Research,2007,1148,138-148
188.邵志芳,杜逸旻,王岩,李先春.无决策成分的靶记忆与源记忆的加工深度比较.心理科学,2011,34(2):337-342
189.韩静,李华,苏俊红.卒中患者大脑半球语言认知N400差异性研究.中风与神经疾病杂志,2011,28(8):742-744
190.周海波.中文隐喻加工神经机制的ERP研究.湖南师范大学,2011,博士论文
191.陈璇.正常人汉语成语和句子事件相关电位N400的研究及其临床应用.中国人民解放军第一军医大学,2003,硕士论文
192.李虹,舒华.学前和小学低段不同识字量儿童的认知能力比较.心理发展与教育.2009,3,1-8
193.张积家,张厚粲,彭聃龄.分类过程中汉字的语义提取.心理学报,1991,23(2):139-144
194.彭聃龄,丁国盛.汉语逆序词的加工——词素在词加工中的作用.心理学报,1999,31(1):36-46
195.吕勇,沈德立,杜英春,韩宗义.听觉呈现条件下汉语双字词语义和语音启动的ERP研究.心理科学,2004,27(1):8-12
196. Gandour, J. Tone: Neurophonetics.In K. Brown (Ed.), Encyclopedia of languageand linguistics. Oxford, UK: Elsevier.2006,12,751-760
197.舒华,唐映红,张亚旭.汉语双音节同音词词汇歧义消解过程的研究.心理学报,2000,32(3):247-252
198. Schmidt, S. B.,&Gonzalez, E. C. Who Do You Love, Your Mother or YourHorse? An Event-Related Brain Potential Analysis of Tone Processing in MandarinChinese. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research,2004,33(2):103-135
199.周晓林,曲延轩,庄捷.再探汉字加工中语音、语义激活的相对时间进程.心理与行为研究,2003,1(4):241-247
200.刘丽,彭聃龄.汉语普通话声调加工的右耳优势及其机理:一项双耳分听的研究.心理学报,2004,36(3):260-264
201. Krishnan, A., Swaminathan, J.,&Gandour, J. T. Experience dependentenhancement of linguistic pitch representation in the brainstem is not specific to aspeech context. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,2009,21(6):1092-1105
202. Siok, W. T., Jin, Z., Fletcher, P.,&Tan, L. H. Distinct brain regions associatedwith syllable and phoneme. Human Brain Mapping,2003,18,201-207
203.邓园,冯丽萍,彭聃龄.不同语境下汉语三声连续变调发生规律初探.心理学报.2003,35(6):719-725
204.林泳海,王玲玉,钱琴珍,邱静静.方言经验对早期沪语儿童汉语语音意识的影响.心理科学,2011,34(2):414-417
205.李秀红,杨德胜,静进,郑娟,罗丹,王馨,李雁芸,黄敏园,张晓岚.粤语与普通话大学生的普通话语音加工.中国心理卫生杂志,2011,25(7):528-532
206.李斐.香港大学生普通话口语会话语音偏误分析.首都师范大学学报(社会科学版),2009, S3,18-21
2.杨行峻,迟惠生.语音信号数字处理.北京,电子工业出版社,1995
3. Chao, F.-S. Chinese: A Linguistic Introduction [M]. New York: CambridgeUniversity Press,2006,36-38
4. Chao, Y.-R. Mandarin primer. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.1948
5.吉祥波.阿拉伯学生双音节词声调偏误分析.云南师范大学学报(对外汉语教学与研究版),2010,9,8(5):33-41
6.季云起.声调特征在言语识别技术中的价值.中国司法鉴定,2010,5,75-78
7. Chen, H.-C.&Shu, H. Lexical activation during the recognition of Chinesecharacters: evidence against early phonological activation. Psychonomic Bulletinand Review,2001,8(3):511-518
8. Chen, H.-C. Chinese reading and comprehension: A cognitive psychologyperspective. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), Handbook of Chinese psychology, Hong Kong:Oxford University Press.1996,43-62
9. Cheung, H., Chen, H.-C., Lai, C.Y., Wong, O.C.,&Hills, M. The development ofphonological awareness: Effects of speech experience, orthography, and literacy.Cognition,2001,81(3):227-241
10. Marslen-Wukson, W. D.,&Welsh, A. Processing interactions and lexical accessduring word recognition in continuous speech. Cognitive Psychology,1978,10(1):29-63
11. Moss, H.,&Marslen-Wilson, W. D. Access to word meanings during spokenlanguage comprehension: Effects of sentential semantic context. Journal ofExperimental Psychology: Learning, Memory,&Cognition,1993,19(6):1254-1276
12. McClelland, J. L.,&Elman, J. L. The TRACE model of speech perception.Cognitive Psychology,1986,18(1):1-86
13. Connine, C. M., Blasko, D. G.,&Titone D. Do the beginnings of words have aspecial status in auditory word recognition? Journal of Memory and Language,1993,32,193-210
14. Norris, D. Shortlist: A connectionist model of continuous speech recognition.Cognition,1994,52(3):189-234
15. Norris, D., McQueen, J. M. Shortlist B: A Bayesian model of continuous speechrecognition. Psychological Review,2008,115(2):357-395
16. Luce P. A.,&Pisoni, D. B. Recognizing spoken words: the neighborhoodactivation model. Ear&Hear,1998,19(1):1-36
17.张宁,刘莎,盛玉麒,郭连生,杨宜林,徐娟娟.普通话儿童词汇相邻性多音节词表编制研究.中华耳科学杂志,2008,6(1):30-34
18. Wu, J.-L., Lin, C.-Y., Yang, H.-M.&Lin Y.-H. Effect of age at cochlearimplantation on open-set word recognition in Mandarin speaking deaf children.International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology,2006,70(2):207-211
19. Gaskell, M. G.,&Marslen-Wilson, W. D. Integrating form and meaning: Adistributed model of speech perception. Language and Cognitive Processes,1997,12(5/6):613-656
20. McNellis, M. G.,&Blumstein, S. E. Self-organizing dynamics of lexical access innormals and aphasics. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,2001,13(2):151-170
21. Connine, C. M., Titone, D., Deelman, T.,&Blasko, D. G. Similarity mapping inspoken word recognition. Journal of Memory and Language,1997,37,463-480
22. Marslen-Wilson, W. D. Functional parallelism in spoken word recognition.Cognition,1987,25(1-2):71-102
23. Moss, H. E., McCormick, S. F.,&Tyler, L. K. The time course of activation ofsemantic information during spoken word recognition. Language and CognitiveProcesses,1997,12(5/6):695-731
24. Zwitserlood, P. The locus of the effects of sentential–semantic context inspoken-word processing. Cognition,1989,32(1):25-64
25. Tweedy, J. R., Lapinski, R. H.,&Schaneveldt, R. W. Semantic context effects onword recognition: Influence of varying the proportion of items presented in anappropriate context. Memory&Cognition,1977,5(1):84-89
26.武宁宁,舒华. Gating范式：探讨听觉词汇加工的途径.心理与行为研究，2003,1(2):105-109
27.武宁宁,舒华.Gating技术与汉语听觉词汇加工.心理学报,2003,35(05):582-590
28. Zaidel, E., Clarke, J. M.,&Suyenobu, B. Hemispheric independence: a paradigmcase for cognitive neuroscience. In: Scheibel, A. B., Wechsler, A. F. eds.,Neurobiology of higher cognitive function. New York: Guilford Press,1990,297-355
29. Cutler, A.,&Clifton, C. E. The use of prosodic information in word recognition.In H. Bouma&D. G. Bouwhuis (Eds.), Attention and performance X: Control oflanguage processes, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum,1984,183-196
30. Swinney, D. Lexical access during sentence comprehension (Re) consideration ofcontext effects. Journal of Verbal Learning&Verbal Behavior,1979,18(6):645-659
31. Cutler, A. Forbear is a homophone: Lexical prosody does not constrain lexicalaccess. Language and Speech,1986,29(3):201-220
32. Marslen-Wilson, W. D., Moss, H. E.,&van Halen, S. Perceptual distance andcompetition in lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: HumanPerception and Performance,1996,22(6):1376-1392
33. McQueen, J. M., Norris, D. G.,&Cutler, A. Competition in spoken wordrecognition: Spotting words in other words. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition,1994,20(3):621-638
34. Soto-Faraco, S., Sebastia′n-Galle′s, N.,&Cutler, A. Segmental andsuprasegmental mismatch in lexical access. Journal of Memory and Language,2001,45(3):412-432
35. Friedrich, C. K., Kotz, S. A., Friederici, A. F.,&Alter, K. Pitch modulates lexicalidentification in spoken word recognition: ERP and behavioral evidence. CognitiveBrain Research,2004,20(2):300-308
36. Cutler, A.,&Van Donselaar, W. Voornaam is not (really) a homophone: Lexicalprosody and lexical access in Dutch. Language and Speech,2001,44(2):171-195
37. Pike, K. L. Tone languages. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press,1948
38. Cutler, A.,&Chen, H.-C. Lexical tone in Cantonese spoken-word processing.Attention, Perception and Psychophysics,1997,59(2):165-179
39. Ye, Y.,&Connine, C. M. Processing spoken Chinese: The role of tone information.Language and Cognitive Processes,1999,14(5/6):609-630
40. Zhou, X.,&Marslen-Wilson, W. The nature of sublexical processing in readingChinese characters. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, andCognition,1999,25,819-837
41. Zhou, X.,&Marslen-Wilson, W. Sublexical processing in reading Chinesecharacters. In: Wang J. Inhoff A, Chen H–C eds. Reading Chinses Script: ACognitive Analysis. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.1999,37-64
42. Zhou, X.,&Marslen-Wilson, W. The relative time course of semantic andphonological activation in reading Chinese. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition,2000,26(5):1245-1265
43.周晓林,曲延轩,舒华, Gaskell, M. G.,&Marslen-Wilson, W. D.汉语听觉词汇加工中声调信息对语义激活的制约作用.心理学报,2004,36(4):379-392
44. Fox, R.A.,&Unkefer, J. The effect of lexical status on the perception of tone.Journal of Chinese Linguistics,1985,13,69-90
45. Lee, Y.-S., Vakock, D. A.,&Wurm, L.H. Tone perception in Cantonese andMandarin: a cross-linguistic comparison. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research,1996,25(5):527-542
46. Liu, S.–Y.,&Samuel, A. G. Perception of Mandarin lexical tones when F0information is neutralized. Language and Speech,2004,47(2):109-138
47. Allopenna, P. D., Magnuson, J.,&Tanenhaus, M. K. Tracking the time course ofspoken word recognition using eye movements: Evidence of continuous mappingmodels. Journal of Memory and Language,1998,38,419-439
48. Cooper, R. M. The control of eye fixation by the meaning of spoken language, Anew methodology for the real-time investigation of speech perception, memory, andlanguage processing. Cognitive Psychology,1974,6(1):84-107
49. Tanenhaus, M. K., Spivey-Knowlton, M. J., Eberhard, K. M.,&Sedivy, J. C.Integration of visual and linguistic processing in spoken language comprehension.Science,1995,268(5217):1632-1634
50. Dahan, D., Magnuson, J. S., Tanenhaus, M. K.,&Hogan, E. M. Subcategoricalmismatches and the time course of lexical access: Evidence for lexical competition.Language and Cognitive Processes,2001,16(5/6):507-534
51. Huettig, F.,&Altmann, G. T. M. Word meaning and the control of eye fixation:Semantic competitor effects and the visual world paradigm. Cognition,2005,96(1):B23-B32
52. Vanderwart, M. Priming by pictures in lexical decision. Journal of VerbalLearning and Verbal Behavior,1984,23(1):67-83
53. Carr, T. H., McCauley, C., Sperber, R. D.,&Parmelee, C. M. Words, pictures,and priming: On semantic activation conscious identification, and the automaticityof information processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perceptionand Performance,1982,8(6):757-777
54. Durso, F. T.,&Johnson, M. Facilitation in naming and categorizing repeatedpictures and words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, andCognition,1979,5(5):449-459
55. Scarborough, D. L., Gerard, L.,&Cortese, C. Accessing lexical memory: Thetransfer of word repetition effects across task and modality. Memory&Cognition,1979,7(1):3-12
56. Dell’Acqua, R.,&Grainger, J. Unconscious semantic priming from pictures.Cognition,1999,73(1): B1-B15
57. Bajo, M.-T. Semantic facilitation with pictures and words. Journal ofExperimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,1988,14(4):579-589
58. Hanna, J. E., Tanenhaus, M. K.,&Trueswell, J. C. The effects of common groundand perspective on domains of referential interpretation. Journal of Memory andLanguage,2003,49(1):43-61
59. Nadig, A.,&Sedivy, J. Evidence of perspective-taking constraints in children’sonline reference resolution. Psychological Science,2002,13,329-336
60. Chambers, C. G., Tanenhaus, M. K., Eberhard, K. M. Filip, H.,&Carlson, G. N.Circumscribing referential domains in real-time language comprehension. Journal ofMemory and Language,2002,47(1):30-49
61. Sedivy, J. C., Tanenhaus, M. K., Chambers, C. G.,&Carlson, G. N. Achievingincremental semantic interpretation through contextual representation. Cognition,1999,71(2):109-147
62. Spivey, M., Tanenhaus, M., Eberhard, K.,&Sedivy, J. Eye movements andspoken language comprehension: Effects of visual context on syntactic ambiguityresolution. Cognitive Psychology,2002,45(4):447-481
63. Dahan, D., Magnuson, J. S.,&Tanenhaus, M. K. Time course of frequencyeffects in spoken-word recognition: Evidence from eye movements. CognitivePsychology,2001,42(4):317-367
64. Yee, E.,&Sedivy, J. C. Eye Movements to pictures reveal transient semanticactivation during spoken word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition,2006,32(1):1-14
65. Hahne, A.,&Friederici, A. D. Differential task effects on semantic and syntacticprocesses as revealed by ERPs. Cognitive Brain Research,2002,13(3):339-356
66. Van Petten, C., Coulson, S., Rubin, S., Plante, E.,&Parks, M. Time course ofword identification and semantic integration in spoken language. Journal ofExperimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,1999,25(2):394-417
67. Kutas, M.,&Hillyard, S. A. Brain potentials during reading reflect wordexpectancy and semantic association. Nature,1984,307(12):161-163
68. Van den Brink, D., Brown, C. M.,&Hagoort, P. Electrophysiological evidence forearly contextual influences during spoken-word recognition: N200versus N400effects. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,2001,13(7):967-985
69. Connolly, J. F.,&Phillips, N. A. Event-related potential components reflectphonological and semantic processing of the terminal word of spoken sentences.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,1994,6(3):256-266
70. Bocker, K. B., Bastiaansen, M. C., Vroomen, J., Brunia, C. H.,&de Gelder, B. AnERP correlate of metrical stress in spoken word recognition. Psychophysiology,1999,36(6):706-720
71. Friedrich, C. K., Alter, K.,&Kotz, S. A. An electrophysiological response todifferent pitch contours in words. NeuroReport,2001,12(15):3189-3191
72. Schirmer, A., Tang, S.-L., Penney, T. B., Gunter, T. C.,&Chen, H.–C. Brainresponses to segmentally and tonally induced semantic violations in Cantonese.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,2005,17(1):1-12
73. Bruno, J. L., Manis, F. R., Keating, P., Sperling, A. J., Nakamoto, J.,&Seidenberg, M. S. Auditory word identification in dyslexic and normally achievingreaders. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,2007,97(3):183-204
74. Lyytinen, H., Guttorm, T. K., Huttunen, T., Ha¨ma¨la¨inen, J., Leppa¨nen, P. H. T.,&Vesterinen, M. Psychophysiology of developmental dyslexia: A review offindings including studies of children at risk for dyslexia. Journal ofNeurolinguistics,2005,18(2):167-195
75. Gandour, J., Dzemidzic, M., Wong, D., Lowe, M., Tong, Y., Hsieh, L.,Satthamnuwong, N.,&Lurito, J. Temporal integration of speech prosody is shapedby language experience: An fMRI study. Brain and Language,2003,84(3):318-336
76. Francis, A. L., Ciocca, V.,&Ng, B. K. C. On the (non) categorical perception oflexical tones. Perception and Psychophysics,2003,65,1029-1044
77. Kuhl, P. K. Early linguistic experience and phonetic perception: Implications fortheories of developmental speech perception. Journal of Phonetics,1993,21(1-2):125-139
78. Mattock, K.,&Burnham, D. Chinese and English infants’ tone perception:Evidence for perceptual reorganization. Infancy,2006,10(3):241-265
79. Lee, K. Y. S., Chiu, S. N.,&vanHasselt, C. A. Tone perception ability ofCantonese-speaking children. Language and Speech,2002,45(4):387-406
80. Ciocca, V.,&Lui, J. Y.-K. The development of the perception of Cantoneselexical tones. Journal of Multicultural Communication Disorders,2003,1(2):141-147
81. Wong, P., Schwartz, R. G.,&Jenkins, J. J. Perception and production of lexicaltones by3-year-old, Mandarin-speaking children. Journal of Speech, Language, andHearing Research,2005,48,1065-1079
82. McBride-Chang, C., Tong, X., Shu, H., Wong, A. M.-Y., Leung, K.-W.,&Tardif,T. Syllable, phoneme, and tone: Psycholinguistic units in early Chinese and Englishword recognition. Scientific Studies of Reading,2008,12(2):171-194
83. Meng, X., Sai, X., Wang, C., Wang, J., Sha, S.,&Zhou, X. Auditory and speechprocessing and reading development in Chinese school children: Behavioural andERP Evidence. Dyslexia,2005,11(4):292-310
84. Shu, H., Peng, H.,&McBride-Chang, C. Phonological awareness in youngChinese children. Developmental Science,2008,11(1):171-181
85. McBride-Chang, C., Lam, F., Lam, C., Doo, S., Wong, S. W. L.,&Chow, Y. Y. Y.Word recognition and cognitive profiles of Chinese pre-school children at risk fordyslexia through language delay or familial history of dyslexia. Journal of ChildPsychology and Psychiatry,2008,49(2):211-218
86. Ho, C. S.-H., Chan, D. W.-O, Lee, S.-H., Tsang, S.-M.,&Luan, H. V. Cognitiveprofiling and preliminary subtyping in Chinese developmental dyslexia. Cognition,2004,91(1):43-75
87. Ho, C. S.-H., Chan, D. W.-O, Tsang, S.-M., Lee, S.-H.,&Chung, K. K. H.Word learning deficit among Chinese dyslexic children. Journal of Child Language,2006,33,145-161
88. Cheung, H., Chung, K. K. H.,&Wong, S. W. L., McBride-Chang, C., Penney, T.B.,&Ho, C. S.-H. Perception of tone and aspiration contrasts in Chinese childrenwith dyslexia. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,2009,50(6):726-733
89. Li, C. N.,&Thompson, S. A. The acquisition of tone in Mandarin-speakingchildren. Journal of Child Language,1977,4,185-199
90. Moore, B. C. J. Coding of sounds in the auditory system and its relevance tosignal processing and coding in cochlear implants. Otology&Neurotology,2003,24(2):243-254
91. Liu, T.-C., Chen, H. P.,&Lin, H. C. Effects of limiting the number of activeelectrodes on Mandarin tone perception in young children using cochlear implants.Acta Otolaryngologica (Stockh),2004,124,1149-1154
92. Peng. S. C., Tomblin, J. B., Cheung, H., Lin, Y.–S.,&Wang, L.-S. Perceptionand production of mandarin tones in prelingually deaf children with cochlearimplants. Ear and Hearing,2004,25(3):251-264
93. Khouw, E.,&Ciocca, V. Acoustic and perceptual study of Cantonese tonesproduced by profoundly hearing-impaired adolescents. Ear and Hearing,2006,27(3):243-255
94. Xu, L., Chen, X.-W., Zhou, N., Li, Y.-X., Zhao, X.-Y.,&Han, D. M.Recognition of lexical tone production of children with an artificial neural network.Acta Oto-Laryngologica,2007,127,365-369
95. Evans, J. L., Saffran, J. R.,&Robe-Torres, K. Statistical learning in children withspecific language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research,2009,52,321-335
96. Gandour, J.,&Dardarananda, R. Identification of tonal contrasts in Thai aphasicpatients. Brain and Language,1983,18(1):98-114
97. Eng, N., Obler, L. K., Harris, K. S.,&Abramson, A. S. Tone perception deficits inChinese-speaking Broca’s aphasics. Aphasiology,1996,10,649-656
98. Hughes, C. P., Chan, J.-L.,&Su, M.-S. Aprosodia in Chinese patients with rightcerebral hemisphere lesion. Archives of Neurology,1983,40(12):732-736
99. Packard, J. L. Tone production deficits in nonfluent aphasic Chinese speech. Brainand Language,1986,29(2):212-223
100. Ryalls, J.,&Reinvang, I. Functional lateralization of linguistic tones: Acousticevidence from Norwegian. Language and Speech,1986,29(4):389-398
101. Gandour, J., Petty, S. H.,&Dardarananda, R. Perception and production of tonein aphasia. Brain and Language,1998,35(2):201-240
102. Gandour, J., Ponglorpisit, S., Khunadorn, F., Dechongkit, S., Boongrid, P.,Boonklam, R.,&Potisuk, S. Lexical tones in Thai after unilateral brain damage.Brain and Languge,1992,43(2):275-307
103. Benson, D. F. Aphasia. In: Heilman, K. M., Valenstein, E., eds. Clinicalneuropsychology,3rd ed. New York: Oxford,1993
104. Gandour, J., Dechongkit, S., Khunadorn, F., Boongird, P.,&Potisuk, S.Anticipatory tonal coarticulation in Thai noun compounds after unilateral braindamage. Brain and Language,1993,45(1):1-20
105. Gandour, J., Potisuk, S., Ponglorpisit, S., Dechongkit, S., Khunadorn, F.,&Boongird, P. Tonal coarticulation in Thai after unilateral brain damage. Brain andLanguage,1996,52(3):505-535
106. Yiu, E.,&Fok, A. Lexical tone disruption in Cantonese aphasic speakers.Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics,1995,9(1):79-92
107. Bradvik, B., Dravins, C., Holtas, S., Rosen, I., Ryding, E.,&Ingvar, D. Dosingle right hemisphere infarcts or transient ischaemic attack result in aprosody?Acta Neurological Scandinavica,1990,81(1):61-70
108. Bradvik, B., Dravins, C., Holtas, S., Rosen, I., Ryding, E.,&Ingvar, D.Disturbances of speech prosody following right hemisphere infarcts. ActaNeurological Scandinavica,1991,84(2):114-126
109. Gandour, J., Larsen, J., Dechongkit, S., Ponglorpisit, S.,&Khunadorn, F. Speechprosody in affective contexts in Thai patients with right hemisphere lesions. Brainand Language,1995,51(3):422-443
110. Ross, E., Edmondson, J., Seibert, G. B.,&Chan, J.-L. Affective exploitation oftone in Taiwanese: An acoustical study of tone latitude. Journal of Phonetics,1992,20,441-456
111. Van Lancker, D.,&Fromkin, V. A. Hemispheric specialization for pitch and tone:Evidence from Thai. Journal of Phonetics,1973,1(2):101–109
112. VanLancker, D.,&Fromkin, V. A. Cerebral dominance for pitch contrasts in tonelanguage speakers and in musically untrained and trained English speakers. Journalof Phonetics,1978,6(1):19-23
113. Moen, I. Functional lateralization of the perception of Norwegian word tones:Evidence from a dichotic listening experiment. Brain and Language,1993,44(4):400-413
114. Woerner, W. Tone processing and the brain. In: Proceedings of the ThirdInternational Symposium on Language and Linguistics: Pan-Asiatic linguistics, vol.1. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press,1992,588-603
115. Baudoin-Chial, S. Hemispheric lateralization of modern standard Chinese toneprocessing. Journal of Neurolinguistics,1986,2(1):189-199
116. Wang, Y., Jongman, A.,&Sereno, J. Dichotic perception of Mandarin tones byChinese and American listeners. Brain and Language,2001,78(3):332-348
117. Gandour, J., Wong, D.,&Hutchins, G. Pitch processing in the human brain isinfluenced by language experience. Neuroreport,1998,9(9):2115-2119
118. Gandour, J., Wong, D., Hsieh, L., Weinzapfel, B., Van Lancker, D.,&Hutchins,G. D. A crosslinguistic PET study of tone perception. Journal of CognitiveNeuroscience,2000,12(1):207-222
119. Klein, D., Zatorre, R. J., Milner, B.,&Zhao, V. A crosslinguistic PET study oftone perception in Mandarin Chinese and English speakers. Neuroimage,2001,13(4):646-653
120. Hsieh, L., Gandour, J., Wong, D.,&Hutchins, G. D. Functional heterogeneity ofinferior frontal gyrus is shaped by linguistic experience. Brain and Languge,2001,76(3):227-252
121. Hlustik, P., Solodkin, A., Gullapalli, R. P., Noll, D. C.,&Small, S. L. Functionallateralization of the human premotor cortex during sequential movements. Brain andCognition,2002,49(1):54-62
122. Gandour, J., Dechongkit, S., Ponglorpisit, S.,&Khunadorn, F. Speech timing atthe sentence level in Thai after unilateral brain damage. Brain and Languge,1994,46(3):419-438
123.胡艳梅,徐展.汉语声调加工过程的脑神经机制述评.心理科学,2011,34(1):196-200
124. Smith, M. C., Meiran, N.,&Besner, D. On the interaction between linguistic andpictorial systems in the absence of semantic mediation: Evidence from a primingparadigm. Memory&Cognition,2000,28(2):204-213
125. Liberman, A. M.,&Whalen, D. H. On the relation of speech to language. TrendsCognitive Science,2000,4,187-196
126. Zatorre, R. J., Belin, P., Penhune, V. B. Structure and function of auditory cortex:music and speech. Trends in Cognitive Science,2002,11,964-953
127. Zatorre, R. J.,&Belin, P. Spectral and temporal processing in human auditorycortex. Cereb Cortex,2001,11,946-953
128.北京语言学院语言教学研究所编.现代汉语频率词典.北京语言学院出版社,1986
129. Studdert-Kennedy, M. Speech perception. In N.J.Lass (Ed.), Contemporaryissues in experimental phonetics. New York: Academic Press,1976,243-293
130. Marslen-Wilson, W.,&Tyler, L. K. The temporal structure of spoken languageunderstanding. Cognition,1980,8,1-71
131. Connine, C.M., Mullenix, J. W., Shernoff, E.,&Yelen, J. Word familiarity andfrequency in visual and auditory word recognition. Journal of ExperimentalPsychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition,1990,16,1084-1096
132. Grosjean, F. Spoken word recognition Processes and the gating Paradigm.Perception&Psychophysies,1980,28,267-283
133.高兵,高峰强.汉语字词识别中词频和语义透明度的交互作用.心理科学,2005,28(6):1358-1360
134.王丽红.老年人词频与语境效应及知觉广度的眼动研究.硕士毕业论文，2008
135.贾宁,张石磊,陈洁彬.词频对学习判断的影响.心理学探新,2010,30(6):32-35
136.李馨,白学军,闫国利.词边界信息和词频在汉语阅读中的作用.心理与行为研究,2011,2,133-139
137.杨玉芳.辅音特征和声调识别中的耳优势.心理学报,1991,2,131-138
138. Gabriele, M., Rita, C., Barbara, B.,&Alfonso, C. The categorical distinction ofvowel and consonant representations: evidence from dysgraphia. Neurocase: TheNeural Basis of Cognition,2004,10(2):109-121
139.龚文进.汉语双字词听觉词汇识别进程中词频效应和多义词效应研究.华南师范大学,硕士毕业论文
140.李小健,方杰,楼婧.汉语同音字具体频率和同音字数在听觉词汇通达中的相互作用.心理科学,2011,34(1):43-47
141.李小健,王文娜,李晓倩.同音字族内的听觉通道词频效应与同音字表征的激活.心理学报,2011,43(7):749-762
142. Jay, T. B. Words and word recognition. The Psychology of Language, Chapter4,New York: Prentioe Hall.2003,98-141
143. Cutler, A.,&Otake, T. Rhythmic categories in spoken-word recognition. Journalof Memory and Language,2002,46(2):296-322
144. Zhou, X. Phonology in lexical processing of Chinese: Priming tone neighbors.Psychological Science,2000,23,133-140
145. Luce, P. A., Pisoni, D. B.,&Goldinger, S. D. Similarity neighborhoods ofspoken words. In: G T M Altmann ed. Cognitive Models of Speech Processing.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,1990,122-147
146. Dupoux, E., Pallier, C., Sebastian, N.,&Mehler, J. A distressing/deafness inFrench? Journal of Memory and Language,1997,36,406-421
147. Shen, X. S.,&Lin, M. A perceptual study of Mandarin tones2and3. Languageand Speech,1991,34(2):145-156
148. Whalen, D. H.,&Xu, Y. Information for Mandarin tones in the amplitudecontour and in brief segments. Phonetica,1992,49(1):25-47
149.武宁宁,舒华.句子语境中汉语词类歧义词的意义激活.心理学报,2002,34,454-461
150. Li, X. L., Gandour, J., Wong, D., Dzemidzic, M.,&Bian, W. Fractionatingmedicational processes underlying speech segmentation. School of medicine,Purdue University Press,2003
151.覃薇薇,刘思耘,杨莉,周宗奎.前分类声音存储器对声调和情绪韵律的加工.心理学报.2010,42(6):651-662
152.张清芳.汉语单音节和双音节词汇产生中的音韵编码过程:内隐启动范式研究.心理学报,2008,40(3):253-262
153. Levelt, W. J. M. Picture naming and word frequency: Comments on Alario,Costa and Caramazza, Language and Cognitive Processes,17(3),299-319.Language and Cognitive Processes,2002,17(6):663-671
154. Robert, E., Guttentagab,&Donna, C. Identifying the basis for the wordfrequency effect in recognition memory. Memory,1994,2(3):255-273
155. Fernando, C., Patrick, B., José, R. A.,&Alfonso, C. The specific-wordfrequency effect in speech production: Evidence from Spanish and French. TheQuarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,2010,63(4):750-771
156. Morton, J. Interaction of information in word recognition. Psychological Review,1969,76(2):165-178
157. Becker, C. A. Semantic context and word frequency effects in word recognition.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,1979,3,389-401
158.赖云鹏,肖庐奇,庄捷,曲折,高定国,丁玉珑.言语产生过程中汉字音韵信息加工的时间过程——来自LRP及N200的证据.生物物理学报,2005,21,33-34
159. Talairach, J.,&Tournoux, P. Co-planar sereotaxc atlas of the human brain (M.Rayport, Trans.). New York: Thieme Medical Publishers,1988
160. Nichols, T. E.,&Holmes, A. P. Nonparametric permutation tests for functionalneuroimaging: A primer with examples. Human Brain Mapping,2002,15,1-25
161.赵燕,蔡笑岳.学科领域知识和学业成绩对工作记忆广度的影响.心理发展与教育,2012,1,72-78
162. Jacobsen, T., Horváth, J., Schr ger, E., Lattner, S., Widmann, A.,&Winkler, I.Pre-attentive auditory processing of lexicality. Brain and Language,2004,88,54-67
163. Naatanen, R. The perception of speech sounds by the human brain as reflectedby the mismatch negativity (MMN) and itsmagnetic equivalent (MMNm).Psychophysiol,2001,38(1):1-21
164.罗跃嘉,魏景汉.跨通路注意的失匹配负波研究.中国科学,1998,28(2):186-191
165. Ramanathan, K., Mechael, T. H., Jiang, G. J. Amolecular mechanism forelectrical tuning of cochlear hair cells. Science,1999,283,215-217
166. Astikainen, P., Lillstrang, E., Ruusuvirta, T. Visualmismatch negativity forchanges in orientation—a sensory memory-dependent response. European Journalof Neuroscience,2008,28(11):2319-2324
167. Proverbio, A. M.,&Zani, A. Time course of brain activation duringgraphemic/phonologic processing in reading: An ERP study. Brain Language,2003,87,412-420
168. Tan, L. H., Feng, C. M., Fox, P. T. An fMRI study with written Chinese.Neuroreport,2001,12,83-88
169. Fu, S., Chen, Y., Smith, S., Iversen, S.,&Matthews, P. M. Effects of word formon brain processing of written Chinese. Neuroimage,2002,17(3):1538-1548
170.彭聃龄,徐世勇,丁国盛.汉语单字词音、义加工的脑激活模式.中国神经科学杂志,2003,19(5):287-296
171. Marco-Pallarés, J., Grau, C.,&Ruffini, G. Combined ICA-LORETA analysis ofmismatch negativity. NeuroImage,2005,25,471-477
172.张积家,肖二平.汉语口吃者在不出声言语中的语音编码.心理学报,2008,40(3):263-273
173. Levelt, W. J. M. Models of word production. Trends in Cognitive Science,1999,6,223-232
174.张清芳,杨玉芳.汉语单音节词汇产生中音韵编码的单元.心理科学,2005,28(2):374-378
175.周晓琴.汉语普通话单音节词声调识别分析.南方医科大学,耳鼻咽喉头颈外科学,2009,硕士
176. Naatanen, R. Mismatch negativity (MMN) perspectives for application.International Journal of Psychophysiol,2000,37(1):3-10
177. Gandour, J. Brain mapping of Vhinese prosody. In P.Li, L.H.Tan, E.Bates,&O.J.L.Taeng (Eds.), Handbook of East Asian Psycholinguistics (Vol.Ⅰ：Chinesepp.308-319). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
178. Xu, Y., Gandour, J., Talavage, T., Wong, D., Dzemidzic, M., Tong, Y. X.Activation of the Left Planum Temporale in Pitch Processing Is Shaped byLanguage Experience. Human Brain Mapping,2006,27,173-183
179. Li, X. Q., Yang, Y. F.,&Hagoort, P. Pitch accent and lexical tone processing inChinese discourse comprehension: An ERP study. Brain Research,2008,1222,192-200
180.曾红玲,刘思耘.语篇语境对句子理解的影响：来自N400的证据.心理科学进展,2009,17,314-320
181. Chandrasekaran, B., Gandour, J.,&Krishuan, A. Neuroplasticity in theprocessing of pitch dimensions: A multidimensional scaling analysis of themismatch negativity. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience,2007,25,195-210
182. Gandour, J., Tong, Y., Wong, D., Talabage, T., Dzemidzic, M., Xu, Y., et al.Hemispheric roles in the perception of speech prosody. NeuroImage,2004,23,344-357
183. Luo, H., Ni, J.T., Li, Z. H., Li, X. O., Zhang, D. R.,Zeng, F. G., et al. Oppositepatterns of hemisphere dominance for early auditory processing of lexical tones andconsonants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A,2006,103,19558-19563
184. Connolly, J. F., Phillips, N. A.,&Forbes, K. A. K. The effects of phonologicaland semantic features of sentence–ending words on visual event-related brainpotentials. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology,1995,94(4):276-287
185. Holcomb, P. J. Semantic priming and stimulus degradation: Implications for therole of the N400in language processing. Psychophysilolgy,1993,30,47-61
186. Rugg, M. D. Event-related brain potentials dissociated repetition effects ofhigh-and low-frequency words. Memory&Cognition,1990,18,367-379
187. Kanske, P.,&Kotz, S. A. Concreteness in emotional words: ERP evidence froma hemifield study. Brain Research,2007,1148,138-148
188.邵志芳,杜逸旻,王岩,李先春.无决策成分的靶记忆与源记忆的加工深度比较.心理科学,2011,34(2):337-342
189.韩静,李华,苏俊红.卒中患者大脑半球语言认知N400差异性研究.中风与神经疾病杂志,2011,28(8):742-744
190.周海波.中文隐喻加工神经机制的ERP研究.湖南师范大学,2011,博士论文
191.陈璇.正常人汉语成语和句子事件相关电位N400的研究及其临床应用.中国人民解放军第一军医大学,2003,硕士论文
192.李虹,舒华.学前和小学低段不同识字量儿童的认知能力比较.心理发展与教育.2009,3,1-8
193.张积家,张厚粲,彭聃龄.分类过程中汉字的语义提取.心理学报,1991,23(2):139-144
194.彭聃龄,丁国盛.汉语逆序词的加工——词素在词加工中的作用.心理学报,1999,31(1):36-46
195.吕勇,沈德立,杜英春,韩宗义.听觉呈现条件下汉语双字词语义和语音启动的ERP研究.心理科学,2004,27(1):8-12
196. Gandour, J. Tone: Neurophonetics.In K. Brown (Ed.), Encyclopedia of languageand linguistics. Oxford, UK: Elsevier.2006,12,751-760
197.舒华,唐映红,张亚旭.汉语双音节同音词词汇歧义消解过程的研究.心理学报,2000,32(3):247-252
198. Schmidt, S. B.,&Gonzalez, E. C. Who Do You Love, Your Mother or YourHorse? An Event-Related Brain Potential Analysis of Tone Processing in MandarinChinese. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research,2004,33(2):103-135
199.周晓林,曲延轩,庄捷.再探汉字加工中语音、语义激活的相对时间进程.心理与行为研究,2003,1(4):241-247
200.刘丽,彭聃龄.汉语普通话声调加工的右耳优势及其机理:一项双耳分听的研究.心理学报,2004,36(3):260-264
201. Krishnan, A., Swaminathan, J.,&Gandour, J. T. Experience dependentenhancement of linguistic pitch representation in the brainstem is not specific to aspeech context. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,2009,21(6):1092-1105
202. Siok, W. T., Jin, Z., Fletcher, P.,&Tan, L. H. Distinct brain regions associatedwith syllable and phoneme. Human Brain Mapping,2003,18,201-207
203.邓园,冯丽萍,彭聃龄.不同语境下汉语三声连续变调发生规律初探.心理学报.2003,35(6):719-725
204.林泳海,王玲玉,钱琴珍,邱静静.方言经验对早期沪语儿童汉语语音意识的影响.心理科学,2011,34(2):414-417
205.李秀红,杨德胜,静进,郑娟,罗丹,王馨,李雁芸,黄敏园,张晓岚.粤语与普通话大学生的普通话语音加工.中国心理卫生杂志,2011,25(7):528-532
206.李斐.香港大学生普通话口语会话语音偏误分析.首都师范大学学报(社会科学版),2009, S3,18-21