汉日单字同形动词对比研究及汉语教学对策
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摘要
汉日同形词让日本人汉语学习者容易识别汉语词汇。但越是相近相似的事物越是难以区分,容易混淆。汉日同形词也让他们容易缺乏对汉日两种词义系统不对应性的认识。
本文通过汉日单字同形动词词义的对比,分析汉日词义系统不对应性的特征;根据测试的结果,分析偏误表现,归纳偏误原因;在此基础上设计汉语词汇教学对策。通过词义分析和偏误分析总结出教学对策的策略是:一、在词汇解释时着重说明汉日同形词的主要异同点。二、将容易产生的偏误展示出来,以加深学生对汉日同形词的理解。本文用于分析的是:先从《汉语水平词汇与汉字等级大纲》的甲类1003词中选出183个单字动词,其次在2136个日本常用汉字(2010公布)的范围内找出与它相应的单字动词(带假名词尾),然后按照选词标准再筛选出的27个词。
本文分析的汉日同形词大部分是多义词,其义项之间的关系很复杂。日本学生对汉语词的词义理解不够或没有汉语的语感时,容易套用日语的词汇来搭配词语。我们认为,汉日语中同形词的确会因母语类推而诱导日本学习者产生的偏误,并且这种偏误在较长的时间内使他们的学习停滞不前。但如果教师在教学中及时采用相应的教学对策,便能扭转这种不理想情况的发生,使“绊脚石”转化为“桥梁”。
Chinese and Japanese homographs make it easy for the Japanese who learn Chinese to identify Chinese vocabulary. However, the more similar and close things look like, the harder to differentiate them and people are prone to get confused. These Japanese and Chinese homographs make them hard to realize that Japanese semantic system are Chinese semantic system are not corresponding with each other.
In this article through the comparing of single word (single character) Chinese and Japanese homographs, we analyze the characteristics that Chinese semantic system is not in correspondence with Japanese semantic system; we study the appearances of the words and sum up the reasons which cause the deviation or distortion basing on the results of the testing. To get the right words for the analysis: We chose 183 Single character verbs from the 1003 Group A words from the book Words and Characters for Chinese Proficiency Level Outline first; Then we found the corresponding single character verbs (with astrakhan suffix) of them in the 2136 Japanese commonly used Chinese Characters ( Kanji) (Published in year 2010) and finally selected 27 words from them after the further filtering. Most of the Chinese and Japanese homographs analyzed in this article are polysemous word; the connections of its different meanings are truly complicated.
Japanese student who doesn't have the comprehensive understanding of the meanings of Chinese words or doesn't have a very good sense of Chinese language might Collocate Japanese words mechanically with Chinese words; Indeed, Chinese and Japanese homographs do tend to lead to the understanding deviation from Japanese learners who infer the meaning of Chinese words basing on their native language and stop them from further progress with the learning of Chinese for quite a long period of time. However, if the teachers can timely adopt effective corresponding solutions, such unsatisfactory situations would be reversed, which can turn the obstacles to“bridge”for the learning of Chinese for the Japanese students.
本文通过汉日单字同形动词词义的对比,分析汉日词义系统不对应性的特征;根据测试的结果,分析偏误表现,归纳偏误原因;在此基础上设计汉语词汇教学对策。通过词义分析和偏误分析总结出教学对策的策略是:一、在词汇解释时着重说明汉日同形词的主要异同点。二、将容易产生的偏误展示出来,以加深学生对汉日同形词的理解。本文用于分析的是:先从《汉语水平词汇与汉字等级大纲》的甲类1003词中选出183个单字动词,其次在2136个日本常用汉字(2010公布)的范围内找出与它相应的单字动词(带假名词尾),然后按照选词标准再筛选出的27个词。
本文分析的汉日同形词大部分是多义词,其义项之间的关系很复杂。日本学生对汉语词的词义理解不够或没有汉语的语感时,容易套用日语的词汇来搭配词语。我们认为,汉日语中同形词的确会因母语类推而诱导日本学习者产生的偏误,并且这种偏误在较长的时间内使他们的学习停滞不前。但如果教师在教学中及时采用相应的教学对策,便能扭转这种不理想情况的发生,使“绊脚石”转化为“桥梁”。
Chinese and Japanese homographs make it easy for the Japanese who learn Chinese to identify Chinese vocabulary. However, the more similar and close things look like, the harder to differentiate them and people are prone to get confused. These Japanese and Chinese homographs make them hard to realize that Japanese semantic system are Chinese semantic system are not corresponding with each other.
In this article through the comparing of single word (single character) Chinese and Japanese homographs, we analyze the characteristics that Chinese semantic system is not in correspondence with Japanese semantic system; we study the appearances of the words and sum up the reasons which cause the deviation or distortion basing on the results of the testing. To get the right words for the analysis: We chose 183 Single character verbs from the 1003 Group A words from the book Words and Characters for Chinese Proficiency Level Outline first; Then we found the corresponding single character verbs (with astrakhan suffix) of them in the 2136 Japanese commonly used Chinese Characters ( Kanji) (Published in year 2010) and finally selected 27 words from them after the further filtering. Most of the Chinese and Japanese homographs analyzed in this article are polysemous word; the connections of its different meanings are truly complicated.
Japanese student who doesn't have the comprehensive understanding of the meanings of Chinese words or doesn't have a very good sense of Chinese language might Collocate Japanese words mechanically with Chinese words; Indeed, Chinese and Japanese homographs do tend to lead to the understanding deviation from Japanese learners who infer the meaning of Chinese words basing on their native language and stop them from further progress with the learning of Chinese for quite a long period of time. However, if the teachers can timely adopt effective corresponding solutions, such unsatisfactory situations would be reversed, which can turn the obstacles to“bridge”for the learning of Chinese for the Japanese students.
引文
[1]王顺洪.日本人汉语学习研究,语教学,北京:北京大学出版社,2008.p.222
[2]邹文.日语汉字词与汉语相关词汇的对比分析—同形词、异形同义词及同素逆序词,[J]华中师范大学硕士论文,2003.p.6
[3]郭洁.对日汉语词汇教学研究—汉日同形词偏误分析与对策,[J]厦门大学硕士论文,2008.p.56
[4]唐磊主编.现代日中常用汉字对比词典,[Z]北京:北京出版社,1996.前言
[5]王顺洪.日本人汉语学习研究,北京:北京大学出版社,2008.p.67
[6]王顺洪.日本人汉语学习研究,北京:北京大学出版社,2008.p.222
[7]郭洁.对日汉语词汇教学研究—汉日同形词偏误分析与对策,[J]厦门大学硕士论文,2008.p.56
1.中国社会学院语言研究所词典编辑室编.现代汉语词典第5版,[Z]北京:商务印书馆,2005.
2.唐磊主编.现代日中常用汉字对比词典,[Z]北京:北京出版社,1996.
3.鲁健骥,文华主编.商务馆学汉语词典,[Z]北京:商务印书馆,2007.
4.赵新,李英主编.商务馆学汉语近义词词典,[Z]北京:商务印书馆,2009.
5.杨寄州,贾永芬主编.1700对近义词语用法对比,[Z]北京:北京语言大学出版社,2009
6.スーパー大辞林,[Z]東京:三省堂,2006.
7.中日词典第2版,[Z]東京:講談社,2002.
8.日中词典第2版,[Z]東京:講談社,2002.
9.中日大词典增订第2版,[Z]:爱知大学/大修馆书店,1987.
10.陈伟.翻译与词典间性研究,上海:上海译文出版社,2007.12
11.刘颂浩.第二语言习得导论—对外汉语教学视角,北京:世界图书出版公司北京公司,2007.
12.王顺洪.日本人汉语学习研究,北京:北京大学出版社,2008.
13.许余龙.对比语言学概论,上海:上海外语教育出版社,1992.
14.姚晓波.中介语与对外汉语教学,上海:学林出版社,2009.
15.郭洁.对日汉语词汇教学研究—汉日同形词偏误分析与对策,厦门大学硕士论文,2008.
16.徐桂梅.对日汉学习型词典的编纂,2010.
17.邹文.日语汉字词与汉语相关词汇的对比分析—同形词、异形同义词及同素逆序词,华中师范大学硕士论文,2003.
18.木村裕章.中国語における自動詞と他動詞の分類について,東亜大学紀要,2004.
19.木村裕章.日本語と中国語における自?他動詞の対応と分類,東亜大学紀要,2010.
[2]邹文.日语汉字词与汉语相关词汇的对比分析—同形词、异形同义词及同素逆序词,[J]华中师范大学硕士论文,2003.p.6
[3]郭洁.对日汉语词汇教学研究—汉日同形词偏误分析与对策,[J]厦门大学硕士论文,2008.p.56
[4]唐磊主编.现代日中常用汉字对比词典,[Z]北京:北京出版社,1996.前言
[5]王顺洪.日本人汉语学习研究,北京:北京大学出版社,2008.p.67
[6]王顺洪.日本人汉语学习研究,北京:北京大学出版社,2008.p.222
[7]郭洁.对日汉语词汇教学研究—汉日同形词偏误分析与对策,[J]厦门大学硕士论文,2008.p.56
1.中国社会学院语言研究所词典编辑室编.现代汉语词典第5版,[Z]北京:商务印书馆,2005.
2.唐磊主编.现代日中常用汉字对比词典,[Z]北京:北京出版社,1996.
3.鲁健骥,文华主编.商务馆学汉语词典,[Z]北京:商务印书馆,2007.
4.赵新,李英主编.商务馆学汉语近义词词典,[Z]北京:商务印书馆,2009.
5.杨寄州,贾永芬主编.1700对近义词语用法对比,[Z]北京:北京语言大学出版社,2009
6.スーパー大辞林,[Z]東京:三省堂,2006.
7.中日词典第2版,[Z]東京:講談社,2002.
8.日中词典第2版,[Z]東京:講談社,2002.
9.中日大词典增订第2版,[Z]:爱知大学/大修馆书店,1987.
10.陈伟.翻译与词典间性研究,上海:上海译文出版社,2007.12
11.刘颂浩.第二语言习得导论—对外汉语教学视角,北京:世界图书出版公司北京公司,2007.
12.王顺洪.日本人汉语学习研究,北京:北京大学出版社,2008.
13.许余龙.对比语言学概论,上海:上海外语教育出版社,1992.
14.姚晓波.中介语与对外汉语教学,上海:学林出版社,2009.
15.郭洁.对日汉语词汇教学研究—汉日同形词偏误分析与对策,厦门大学硕士论文,2008.
16.徐桂梅.对日汉学习型词典的编纂,2010.
17.邹文.日语汉字词与汉语相关词汇的对比分析—同形词、异形同义词及同素逆序词,华中师范大学硕士论文,2003.
18.木村裕章.中国語における自動詞と他動詞の分類について,東亜大学紀要,2004.
19.木村裕章.日本語と中国語における自?他動詞の対応と分類,東亜大学紀要,2010.