合成孔径雷达参数估计及信号仿真新方法研究
|
摘要
多普勒参数估计和原始信号仿真在合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar, SAR)技术领域广受关注,前者是SAR高质量成像的保证,后者是SAR技术研究、系统研制的必要手段。本文重点研究了解SAR多普勒模糊方法,适于斜视SAR的多普勒参数联合估计方法,不依赖SAR运动参数先验知识的盲成像算法以及SAR原始信号仿真的快速方法。所有参数估计的新方法都经过了实测数据的验证,原始信号的快速仿真方法也在实际SAR仿真系统中得到了应用。本文的具体创新性成果如下:
1.推导了SAR多普勒中心与场景距离的近似线性关系,并据之提出了一种解多普勒模糊的新方法。该方法在二维时域实现,适于低对比度场景,且由于只需估计模糊的多普勒中心,具有高的计算效率。
2.研究了SAR信号在距离多普勒(RD)域的统计特性。基于该统计特性,提出了RD域对比度最大化和最小化两种稳健的解多普勒模糊方法。
3.基于RD域对比度最大化或最小化,针对SAR的斜视会降低SAR传统自聚焦方法的性能问题,提出了多普勒参数联合估计方法,有效提高了自聚焦精度。
4.在多普勒参数联合估计方法及对传统的相位差自聚焦方法进行改进的基础上,提出了不依赖SAR平台运动先验知识的盲成像算法。
5.提出了SAR原始信号仿真的快速算法。以波数域成像算法为例,推导了SAR信号仿真算法与SAR成像算法的互逆关系。证明了SAR发射线性调频信号时,从目标空间出发模拟SAR信号空间的正向法和从图像空间出发反演SAR信号空间的逆向法两者之间的统一性。给出了香农插值的快速实现方法。
6.提出了在仿真的原始信号中,基于多普勒波束锐化(DBS)的SAR平台运动位置误差注入方法,解决了运动位置误差对目标回波影响的空变性模拟问题。
Doppler parameters estimation and raw signal simulation for SAR (synthetic aperture radar) have attracted much attention in SAR technical field. The former is necessary for SAR high-quality image formation, while the latter for SAR technical study and system development. The methods for resolving SAR PRF-ambiguity, jointly estimating Doppler parameters for squinted SAR, blindly imaging SAR data independent of apriori knowledge about SAR motion, and fast simulation of SAR raw signal are researched in this thesis. The proposed algorithms about parameters estimation are verified with real SAR data, and the raw signal simulation method has been applied in a real SAR simulation system. The innovations of this thesis are as follows:
1. The approximate linear relation between SAR Doppler centroid and the slant range of the scene is derived. Based on the relation, a novel method for resolving SAR PRF-ambiguity is proposed. Implemented in the two-dimensional temporal domain, the method is suit for low contrast scene, and computationally efficient with only the estimation of ambiguous Doppler centroid needed.
2. The statistical property of SAR signal in the range Doppler (RD) domain is researched. By using the statistical property, two robust methods to resolve PRF-ambiguity: RD domain contrast maximization and minimization,are proposed.
3. SAR squint mode would degrade the performance of traditional auto-focus methods. To solve this problem, a joint estimation approach of Doppler parameters, based on RD domain contrast maximization and minimization, is presented, which efficiently improves the auto-focus accuracy.
4. On the basis of joint estimation method of Doppler parameters, and the improvement on traditional phase difference auto-focus method, SAR blind image formation algorithm is proposed. The algorithm can image SAR data,being free of any apriori information about SAR platform motion.
5. Fast algorithm for SAR raw signal simulation is proposed. By taking wavenumber domain imaging algorithm as an example, the reversible relationship between SAR signal simulating algorithm and SAR imaging algorithm is derived. For the SAR that transmits LFM signal, it is proved that the forward method which simulates SAR receiving process is consistent with the backward method that utilizes the inverse process of SAR imaging algorithm. Fast implementation of Shannon interpolation is presented.
6. By using DBS, a method to insert the SAR platform motion position deviation in the simulated raw signal is proposed, which simulates the space-variance of the effect of the position deviation on SAR raw signal.
1.推导了SAR多普勒中心与场景距离的近似线性关系,并据之提出了一种解多普勒模糊的新方法。该方法在二维时域实现,适于低对比度场景,且由于只需估计模糊的多普勒中心,具有高的计算效率。
2.研究了SAR信号在距离多普勒(RD)域的统计特性。基于该统计特性,提出了RD域对比度最大化和最小化两种稳健的解多普勒模糊方法。
3.基于RD域对比度最大化或最小化,针对SAR的斜视会降低SAR传统自聚焦方法的性能问题,提出了多普勒参数联合估计方法,有效提高了自聚焦精度。
4.在多普勒参数联合估计方法及对传统的相位差自聚焦方法进行改进的基础上,提出了不依赖SAR平台运动先验知识的盲成像算法。
5.提出了SAR原始信号仿真的快速算法。以波数域成像算法为例,推导了SAR信号仿真算法与SAR成像算法的互逆关系。证明了SAR发射线性调频信号时,从目标空间出发模拟SAR信号空间的正向法和从图像空间出发反演SAR信号空间的逆向法两者之间的统一性。给出了香农插值的快速实现方法。
6.提出了在仿真的原始信号中,基于多普勒波束锐化(DBS)的SAR平台运动位置误差注入方法,解决了运动位置误差对目标回波影响的空变性模拟问题。
Doppler parameters estimation and raw signal simulation for SAR (synthetic aperture radar) have attracted much attention in SAR technical field. The former is necessary for SAR high-quality image formation, while the latter for SAR technical study and system development. The methods for resolving SAR PRF-ambiguity, jointly estimating Doppler parameters for squinted SAR, blindly imaging SAR data independent of apriori knowledge about SAR motion, and fast simulation of SAR raw signal are researched in this thesis. The proposed algorithms about parameters estimation are verified with real SAR data, and the raw signal simulation method has been applied in a real SAR simulation system. The innovations of this thesis are as follows:
1. The approximate linear relation between SAR Doppler centroid and the slant range of the scene is derived. Based on the relation, a novel method for resolving SAR PRF-ambiguity is proposed. Implemented in the two-dimensional temporal domain, the method is suit for low contrast scene, and computationally efficient with only the estimation of ambiguous Doppler centroid needed.
2. The statistical property of SAR signal in the range Doppler (RD) domain is researched. By using the statistical property, two robust methods to resolve PRF-ambiguity: RD domain contrast maximization and minimization,are proposed.
3. SAR squint mode would degrade the performance of traditional auto-focus methods. To solve this problem, a joint estimation approach of Doppler parameters, based on RD domain contrast maximization and minimization, is presented, which efficiently improves the auto-focus accuracy.
4. On the basis of joint estimation method of Doppler parameters, and the improvement on traditional phase difference auto-focus method, SAR blind image formation algorithm is proposed. The algorithm can image SAR data,being free of any apriori information about SAR platform motion.
5. Fast algorithm for SAR raw signal simulation is proposed. By taking wavenumber domain imaging algorithm as an example, the reversible relationship between SAR signal simulating algorithm and SAR imaging algorithm is derived. For the SAR that transmits LFM signal, it is proved that the forward method which simulates SAR receiving process is consistent with the backward method that utilizes the inverse process of SAR imaging algorithm. Fast implementation of Shannon interpolation is presented.
6. By using DBS, a method to insert the SAR platform motion position deviation in the simulated raw signal is proposed, which simulates the space-variance of the effect of the position deviation on SAR raw signal.
引文
[1] 张澄波. 综合孔径雷达原理、系统分析与应用. 北京:科学出版社,1989
[2] 刘永坦等. 雷达成像技术. 哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1999
[3] Giorgio Franceschetti, Riccardo Lanari. Synthetic Aperture RADAR PROCESSING. Boca Raton London New York Washington, D. C. :CRC Press, 1999
[4] 保铮,邢孟道,王彤. 雷达成像技术. 北京:电子工业出版社,2005
[5] EUSAR 2006. 6th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar. C. Electronic Proceedings. Dresden, Germany, 2006
[6] S. Parashar, G. J. Wessels. SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR DATA SIMULATION SOFTWARE PACKAGE AT CCRS. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1989. IGARSS'89. 12th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing. 1989 International , Vol. 3, JULY 10 -14th 1989 ,Pages:1729 – 1732;
[7] Giorgio Fanceschetti, Mauizio Migliaccio, Daniele Riccio. The SAR Simulation:an Overview. IEEE Proceedings of IGARSS’95,1995(3):2283-2285
[8] Giorgio Fanceschetti,Mauizio Migliaccio,Daniele Riccio et al. SARAS:A Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) Raw Signal Simulator. IEEE Trans. ON Geosci. Remote Sensing, Vol. 30, No. 1, Jan 1992
[9] R. Bamler, H. Runge, U. Steinbrecher. A Distributed Target Sar Raw Data Simulator With Arbitrary Doppler Variation. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1992. IGARSS '92. International , 26-29 May 1992 ,287-290
[10] Li, F. K., Held, D. N., Curlander, J. et al. Doppler parameter estimation for synthetic aperture radars. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, Vol. GE-23, No. 1, 1985, 47-56
[11] F. Wong, Ian G. Cumming. A Combined SAR Doppler Centroid Estimation Scheme Based upon Signal. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 34, no. 3, 1996, 696-707
[12] R. Bamler. “Doppler Frequency Estimation and the Cramér-Rao Bound,” IEEE Trans GRS, vol. GE-29, no. 3, 1991, 385-390
[13] Madsen. S.N. “Estimating the Doppler centroid of SAR data,” IEEE Trans. AES, vol. AES-25, No.2, 1989, 134-140
[14] F. Berizzi, G. Corsini, M. Diani et al. New time-domain clutter-lock algorithm. IEE Proc.-Radar. Sonar. Navig., Vol. 144, No. 6, Dec. 1997, 341-347
[15] Jia Xu, Gang Li, Jun Li, et a. An effective SAR Doppler center estimation method based on inner product. IEEE International Radar conference, 2005
[16] H. Runge, R. Bamler. PRF Ambiguity Resolving For SAR. Proceeding of IGARSS,’89symp., 1989, 2572-2575
[17] I. G. Cumming, P. F. Kavanagh, M. R. Ito. Resolving the Doppler ambiguity for spaceborne synthetic aperture radar. Proc. Of IGARSS,’86 symp., Zúrich, Ref. ESA SP-254,1986, 1639-1643
[18] A. Moreira, R. Scheiber. Doppler parameter estimation algorithms for SAR processing with the chirp scaling approach. IGARSS’ 94, 1994, 1977-1979
[19] 潘凤艳,邢孟道,廖桂生. 解多普勒模糊的一种新方法. 雷达科学与技术,Vol. 1, No. 2, 2003, 109-113
[20] 刘国庆,黄顺吉. 星载 SAR 多普勒质心估计的新方法-幅度相关法. 电子科学学刊,Vol. 16,No. 1, 1994, 67-70
[21] Y. K. Kong, B. L. Cho, Y. S. Kim. Ambiguity-Free Doppler Centroid Estimation Technique for Airborne SAR Using the Radon Transform. IEEE Trans. Geosci Remote Sensing, vol. 43,No. 4, Apr. 2005, 715-721
[22] R. Bamler, H. Runge. PRF-Ambiguity Resolving by Wavelength Diversity. IEEE Trans. Geosci Remote Sensing, vol. 29, no. 6, Nov. 1991, 997-1003
[23] Walter G. Carrara, Ron S. Goodman, Ronald M. Majewski. Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar: Signal Processing Algorithm. Artech House Boston·London, 1995
[24] Jia Xu, Ying-ning Peng, Xiang-Gen Xia. Parametric SAR autofocusing: inherent accuracy limitations and realization. IEEE Trans. Geoscience and remote sensing, vol. GE-42, no.11, 2004, 2397-241
[25] 禹卫东. 合成孔径雷达信号处理研究:[博士学位论文]. 南京航空航天大学,1997
[26] C. Curlander, R. N. McDonough. Synthetic Aperture Radar: System and Signal Processing. New York: Wiley, 1991
[27] C. Oliver, S. Quegan. Understanding Synthetic Aperture Radar Images.Norwood. MA: Artech House, 1998.
[28] 刘月花,荆鳞角. 对比度最优自聚焦算法. 电子与信息学报,Vol. 25, No. 1, Jan. 2003
[29] 武昕伟,朱兆达. 利用对比度最大化实现 SAR 图像自聚焦. 现代雷达,2002,第三期
[30] J. Dall. A New Frequency Domain Autofocus algorithm for SAR. Proc. Of IGARSS, 1991, 1069-1072
[31] J. R. Moreira, Wolfgang Keydel, A new MTI-SAR approach using the reflectivity displacement method, IEEE Trans. GRS, vo1.33, no.5, 1995, 1238-1244
[32] 车万方,丁东涛,杨建航. 基于 RDM 的合成孔径雷达运动补偿. 现代雷达,2002 年,第 4 期
[33] D.E.Wahl, D. C. Chiglia, C. V. Jakowatz. Phase Gradient Autofocus-A Robust Tool for High Resolution SAP Phase Correction. IEEE Trans., AES, Vol. 30, NO. 3, JULY 1994,pp827~834
[34] 许稼,彭应宁,张砾坪等. 一种合成孔径雷达参数化自聚焦的新方法. 雷达科学与技术,Vol. 1, No. 4, 2003, 215-218
[35] 张劲林,许荣庆,刘永坦. 星载合成孔径雷达多普勒调频斜率的时频估计方法. 高技术通讯,1998 年 12 月
[36] 王盛利,李士国,倪晋麟等. 一种新的变换-匹配傅里叶变换. 电子学报,Vol. 29, No. 3, Mar. 2003, 403-405
[37] 刘志强,宋家骏. 星载合成孔径雷达回波信号模拟器原理和设计. 1995 全国第五届遥测遥感遥控技术年会论文集,中国电子学会三遥分会,1995
[38] 李凌杰,王建国,黄顺吉. 基于真实反射场景 SAR 原始信号模拟. 电子科技大学学报,1996,25(6):566-568
[39] F. Klaus, O. Loffeld. Simulation Of Planetary Surfaces For A SAR Data Simulator. IGARSS '92, May 1992, 291 - 293
[40] 黄立胜,王贞松等. 基于 FFT 的快速 SAR 分布目标回波模拟算法. 遥感学报,Vol. 8, No. 2, 2004
[41] 肖欣,皮亦鸣. 机载 SAR 回波信号模拟研究. 合肥:CSAR 2003 论文集,2003,82-84
[42] J. Meyer-Hilberg. PIRDIS: A New Versatile Tool for SAR/MTI systems Simulation. EUSAR 2006, Electronic Proceedings, 2006
[43] 王琦,王岩飞. 真实数据背景下的 SAR 运动目标回波信号模拟及应用. 电子与信息学报,Vol. 25, No. 10, 2003,1302-1305
[44] 李燕平,邢孟道,保铮. 无人机载 SAR 实时成像的运动补偿方法. 南京:CSAR 2005, 98-101
[45] G. Fanceschetti,A. Iodice, S. Perna et al. SAR Sensor Trajectory Deviations: Fourier Domain Formulation and Extended Scene Simulation of Raw Signal. IEEE Trans. ON Geosci. Remote Sensing, Vol. 44, No. 9, Sep 2006, 2323-2333
[46] 许稼,蒋兴舟,唐劲松等. 基于改进距离-多普勒算法的合成孔径声呐斜视成像研究. 声学学报,Vol.28, No. 4, Jul 2003, 351-356
[47] K. Tomiyasu. Computer Simulation of Speckle in a Synthetic Aperture Radar Image Pixel. IEEE Trans. GE. Vol. 21, No. 3, July 1983
[48] 高等数学教学与命题研究组编, 清华大学数学系贾仲孝审. 概率论与数理统计(浙大三版)学习指导. 北京:中国林业出版社,2003,184-185
[49] 浙江大学数学系高等数学教研组. 概率论与数理统计. 北京:人民教育出版社,1979
[50] 肖明耀. 误差理论与应用. 北京:计量出版社,1985,292-295
[51] 葛凤翔,孟华东,彭应宁等. 杂波谱中心和谱宽估计方法. 清华大学学报(自然科学版),Vol. 42,No. 7,2002,941-944
[52] 臧铁飞,龙腾,吴嗣亮等. 一种新的星载 SAR 多普勒调频率的估计方法. 北京理工大学学报,Vol. 20, No. 6, Dec 2000, 729-732
[53] 张劲林,许荣庆,刘永坦. 适于大斜视星载 SAR 系统的改进距离-多普勒算法. 系统工程与电子技术,Vol. 21, No. 8, 1999, 9-11
[54] G. Fanceschetti,R. Guida, A. Iodice et al. Efficient Sensor Simulation of Hybrid Stripmap/Spotlight SAR Raw Signal From Extended Scenes. IEEE Trans. ON Geosci. Remote Sensing, Vol. 42, No. 11, Nov 2004, 2385-2396
[55] G. Fanceschetti, A. Iodice, D. Riccio et al. A 2-D Fourier Domain Approach for Spotlight SAR Raw Signal Simulation of Extended Scenes. IGARSS’02, June 2002, 853-855
[56] 陈杰,周荫清,李春升. 星载 SAR 自然地面场景仿真方法研究. 电子学报,Vol. 29, No. 9, Sep 2001, 1202-1205
[57] 张洪利. SAR 原始信号仿真研究:[硕士学位论文]. 西安:西北工业大学,2003
[58] 万锋. 星载合成孔径雷达分布目标原始数据模拟:[硕士学位论文]. 北京:中国科学院研究生院,2003
[59] A. E. Robertson, D. V. Arnold, D. G. Long. Computer Simulation of Synthetic Aperture Radar Data. IGARSS’ 98, July 1998, 1086-1087
[60] 李晋生,王钦伟. 合成孔径雷达回波仿真技术研究. 计算机仿真,Vol. 22, No. 1, Jan 2005, 268-270
[61] 张洪欣,李少洪,毛士艺. 合成孔径雷达实时成像回波数据的生成方法. 遥测遥控,Vol. 21, No. 6, Nov 2001, 33-37
[62] 张洪欣,张成亮. 基于复杂真实场景的合成孔径雷达原始回波数据的一种模拟方法. 现代电子技术,2001 年第 3 期,25-27
[63] Yongmei Guo, Wen Hong, Shiyi Mao. Integrated Velocity Transformation from Side-Looking SAR Data to Squinted Mode. CHINESE JOURNAL OF AERONAUTICS, Vol. 14, No. 3, Aug 2001, 160-165
[64] 韦立登,李绍恩,吴一戎等. SAR 原始回波信号生成算法的性能比较研究. 电子与信息学报,Vol. 27, No. 2, Feb 2005, 262-265
[65] C. Camporeale, G. Galati. Digital computer simulateion of synthetic aperture systems and images. European Trans. on Telecommunication and Related Technologies. 2(3), 1991, 343-352
[66] G. Alberti, S. Esposito, A. Moccia et al. An airborne interfereometric SAR simulation. Proc of PIERS’94, Noordwijk, the Netherlands, CD-ROM 1994, 1-5
[67] G. Fanceschetti,G. Schirinzi. A SAR Processor Based on Two-Dimensional FFT Codes. IEEE Trans. ON Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 26, No. 2, Mar 1990, 356-366
[68] J. R. Bennett, I. G. Cumming, R. A. Deane. The Digital Processing of Seasat Synthetic Aperture Radar Data. IEEE International Radar Conference, 1980
[69] 李春升,李景文,周荫清. 星载 SAR 数字成像的实现方法. 电子学报,Vol. 21. No. 9, Sep 1993, 55-58
[70] H. Runge, R. Bamler. A Novel High Precision SAR Focusing Algorithm Based On Chirp Scaling. IGARSS’92, 1992, 372-375
[71] I. Cumming, F. Wong. A SAR Processing Algorithm With No Interpolation. IGARSS’92, 1992, 376-379
[72] R. K. Raney, H. Runge, R. Bamler et al. Precision SAR Processing Using Chirp Scaling. IEEE Trans. ON Geosci. Remote Sensing, Vol. 32, No. 4, July 1994, 786-799
[73] 李春升,黄岩,王璇等. 基于 Chirp Scaling 算法的星载 SAR 成像处理实现方法. 电子学报,Vol. 24, No. 6, June 1996, 20-23
[74] C. Cafforio, C. Prati, E. Rocca. SAR Data Focousing Using Seismic Migration Techniques. IEEE Trans. ON Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 27, No. 2, Mar 1991, 194-205
[75] R. Bamler. A Comparison of Range-Doppler and Wavenumber Domain SAR Focusing Algorithms. IEEE Trans. ON Geosci. Remote Sensing, Vol. 30, No. 4, July 1992, 706-713
[76] W. Hughes, K. Gault, G. J. Princz. A Comparison of the Range-Doppler and Chirp Scaling Algorithms with reference to RADARSAT. IGARSS’96, May 1996, 1221-1224
[77] M. Jin, C. Wu. A SAR correlation algorithm which accommodate large-range migration. IEEE Trans. on GE, Vol. 22, No. 6, 1984, 592-597
[78] C. Y. Chang, M. Jin, J. C. Curlander. Squint mode SAR processing algorithms. IGARSS’89, 1989, 1702-105
[79] 许稼. 合成孔径雷达信号处理若干问题研究:[博士后出站报告],清华大学电子工程系,2005
[80] 刘光炎. 斜视及前视合成孔径雷达系统的成像与算法研究:[博士学位论文],电子科技大学,2002
[81] T. S. Yeo, N. L. Tan, C. B. Zhang et al. A New Subaperture Approach to High Squint SAR Processing. IEEE Trans. ON Geosci. Remote Sensing, Vol. 39, No. 5, May 2001, 954-968
[82] G. W. Davdson, I. G. Cumming, M. R. Ito, A Chirp Scaling Approach for Processing Squint Mode SAR Data. IEEE Trans. ON Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 32, No. 1, Jan 1996, 121-133
[83] 黄岩,李春升,陈杰等. 高分辨星载 SAR 改进 Chirp Scaling 成像算法. 电子学报,Vol. 28, No. 3, Mar 2000, 35-38
[84] 刘利国,周荫清. 基于等效斜视距离模型的高分辨率星载 SAR 波数域成像算法. 电子学报,Vol. 31, No. 12A, Dec 2003, 1998-2001
[85] S. R. J. Axelsson. Fast simulation of of SAR raw data from Complex scenes. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE, SAR Image Analysis, Modeling, and Techniques Ⅳ, France, Sep 2001, 188-197
[2] 刘永坦等. 雷达成像技术. 哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1999
[3] Giorgio Franceschetti, Riccardo Lanari. Synthetic Aperture RADAR PROCESSING. Boca Raton London New York Washington, D. C. :CRC Press, 1999
[4] 保铮,邢孟道,王彤. 雷达成像技术. 北京:电子工业出版社,2005
[5] EUSAR 2006. 6th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar. C. Electronic Proceedings. Dresden, Germany, 2006
[6] S. Parashar, G. J. Wessels. SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR DATA SIMULATION SOFTWARE PACKAGE AT CCRS. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1989. IGARSS'89. 12th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing. 1989 International , Vol. 3, JULY 10 -14th 1989 ,Pages:1729 – 1732;
[7] Giorgio Fanceschetti, Mauizio Migliaccio, Daniele Riccio. The SAR Simulation:an Overview. IEEE Proceedings of IGARSS’95,1995(3):2283-2285
[8] Giorgio Fanceschetti,Mauizio Migliaccio,Daniele Riccio et al. SARAS:A Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) Raw Signal Simulator. IEEE Trans. ON Geosci. Remote Sensing, Vol. 30, No. 1, Jan 1992
[9] R. Bamler, H. Runge, U. Steinbrecher. A Distributed Target Sar Raw Data Simulator With Arbitrary Doppler Variation. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1992. IGARSS '92. International , 26-29 May 1992 ,287-290
[10] Li, F. K., Held, D. N., Curlander, J. et al. Doppler parameter estimation for synthetic aperture radars. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, Vol. GE-23, No. 1, 1985, 47-56
[11] F. Wong, Ian G. Cumming. A Combined SAR Doppler Centroid Estimation Scheme Based upon Signal. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 34, no. 3, 1996, 696-707
[12] R. Bamler. “Doppler Frequency Estimation and the Cramér-Rao Bound,” IEEE Trans GRS, vol. GE-29, no. 3, 1991, 385-390
[13] Madsen. S.N. “Estimating the Doppler centroid of SAR data,” IEEE Trans. AES, vol. AES-25, No.2, 1989, 134-140
[14] F. Berizzi, G. Corsini, M. Diani et al. New time-domain clutter-lock algorithm. IEE Proc.-Radar. Sonar. Navig., Vol. 144, No. 6, Dec. 1997, 341-347
[15] Jia Xu, Gang Li, Jun Li, et a. An effective SAR Doppler center estimation method based on inner product. IEEE International Radar conference, 2005
[16] H. Runge, R. Bamler. PRF Ambiguity Resolving For SAR. Proceeding of IGARSS,’89symp., 1989, 2572-2575
[17] I. G. Cumming, P. F. Kavanagh, M. R. Ito. Resolving the Doppler ambiguity for spaceborne synthetic aperture radar. Proc. Of IGARSS,’86 symp., Zúrich, Ref. ESA SP-254,1986, 1639-1643
[18] A. Moreira, R. Scheiber. Doppler parameter estimation algorithms for SAR processing with the chirp scaling approach. IGARSS’ 94, 1994, 1977-1979
[19] 潘凤艳,邢孟道,廖桂生. 解多普勒模糊的一种新方法. 雷达科学与技术,Vol. 1, No. 2, 2003, 109-113
[20] 刘国庆,黄顺吉. 星载 SAR 多普勒质心估计的新方法-幅度相关法. 电子科学学刊,Vol. 16,No. 1, 1994, 67-70
[21] Y. K. Kong, B. L. Cho, Y. S. Kim. Ambiguity-Free Doppler Centroid Estimation Technique for Airborne SAR Using the Radon Transform. IEEE Trans. Geosci Remote Sensing, vol. 43,No. 4, Apr. 2005, 715-721
[22] R. Bamler, H. Runge. PRF-Ambiguity Resolving by Wavelength Diversity. IEEE Trans. Geosci Remote Sensing, vol. 29, no. 6, Nov. 1991, 997-1003
[23] Walter G. Carrara, Ron S. Goodman, Ronald M. Majewski. Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar: Signal Processing Algorithm. Artech House Boston·London, 1995
[24] Jia Xu, Ying-ning Peng, Xiang-Gen Xia. Parametric SAR autofocusing: inherent accuracy limitations and realization. IEEE Trans. Geoscience and remote sensing, vol. GE-42, no.11, 2004, 2397-241
[25] 禹卫东. 合成孔径雷达信号处理研究:[博士学位论文]. 南京航空航天大学,1997
[26] C. Curlander, R. N. McDonough. Synthetic Aperture Radar: System and Signal Processing. New York: Wiley, 1991
[27] C. Oliver, S. Quegan. Understanding Synthetic Aperture Radar Images.Norwood. MA: Artech House, 1998.
[28] 刘月花,荆鳞角. 对比度最优自聚焦算法. 电子与信息学报,Vol. 25, No. 1, Jan. 2003
[29] 武昕伟,朱兆达. 利用对比度最大化实现 SAR 图像自聚焦. 现代雷达,2002,第三期
[30] J. Dall. A New Frequency Domain Autofocus algorithm for SAR. Proc. Of IGARSS, 1991, 1069-1072
[31] J. R. Moreira, Wolfgang Keydel, A new MTI-SAR approach using the reflectivity displacement method, IEEE Trans. GRS, vo1.33, no.5, 1995, 1238-1244
[32] 车万方,丁东涛,杨建航. 基于 RDM 的合成孔径雷达运动补偿. 现代雷达,2002 年,第 4 期
[33] D.E.Wahl, D. C. Chiglia, C. V. Jakowatz. Phase Gradient Autofocus-A Robust Tool for High Resolution SAP Phase Correction. IEEE Trans., AES, Vol. 30, NO. 3, JULY 1994,pp827~834
[34] 许稼,彭应宁,张砾坪等. 一种合成孔径雷达参数化自聚焦的新方法. 雷达科学与技术,Vol. 1, No. 4, 2003, 215-218
[35] 张劲林,许荣庆,刘永坦. 星载合成孔径雷达多普勒调频斜率的时频估计方法. 高技术通讯,1998 年 12 月
[36] 王盛利,李士国,倪晋麟等. 一种新的变换-匹配傅里叶变换. 电子学报,Vol. 29, No. 3, Mar. 2003, 403-405
[37] 刘志强,宋家骏. 星载合成孔径雷达回波信号模拟器原理和设计. 1995 全国第五届遥测遥感遥控技术年会论文集,中国电子学会三遥分会,1995
[38] 李凌杰,王建国,黄顺吉. 基于真实反射场景 SAR 原始信号模拟. 电子科技大学学报,1996,25(6):566-568
[39] F. Klaus, O. Loffeld. Simulation Of Planetary Surfaces For A SAR Data Simulator. IGARSS '92, May 1992, 291 - 293
[40] 黄立胜,王贞松等. 基于 FFT 的快速 SAR 分布目标回波模拟算法. 遥感学报,Vol. 8, No. 2, 2004
[41] 肖欣,皮亦鸣. 机载 SAR 回波信号模拟研究. 合肥:CSAR 2003 论文集,2003,82-84
[42] J. Meyer-Hilberg. PIRDIS: A New Versatile Tool for SAR/MTI systems Simulation. EUSAR 2006, Electronic Proceedings, 2006
[43] 王琦,王岩飞. 真实数据背景下的 SAR 运动目标回波信号模拟及应用. 电子与信息学报,Vol. 25, No. 10, 2003,1302-1305
[44] 李燕平,邢孟道,保铮. 无人机载 SAR 实时成像的运动补偿方法. 南京:CSAR 2005, 98-101
[45] G. Fanceschetti,A. Iodice, S. Perna et al. SAR Sensor Trajectory Deviations: Fourier Domain Formulation and Extended Scene Simulation of Raw Signal. IEEE Trans. ON Geosci. Remote Sensing, Vol. 44, No. 9, Sep 2006, 2323-2333
[46] 许稼,蒋兴舟,唐劲松等. 基于改进距离-多普勒算法的合成孔径声呐斜视成像研究. 声学学报,Vol.28, No. 4, Jul 2003, 351-356
[47] K. Tomiyasu. Computer Simulation of Speckle in a Synthetic Aperture Radar Image Pixel. IEEE Trans. GE. Vol. 21, No. 3, July 1983
[48] 高等数学教学与命题研究组编, 清华大学数学系贾仲孝审. 概率论与数理统计(浙大三版)学习指导. 北京:中国林业出版社,2003,184-185
[49] 浙江大学数学系高等数学教研组. 概率论与数理统计. 北京:人民教育出版社,1979
[50] 肖明耀. 误差理论与应用. 北京:计量出版社,1985,292-295
[51] 葛凤翔,孟华东,彭应宁等. 杂波谱中心和谱宽估计方法. 清华大学学报(自然科学版),Vol. 42,No. 7,2002,941-944
[52] 臧铁飞,龙腾,吴嗣亮等. 一种新的星载 SAR 多普勒调频率的估计方法. 北京理工大学学报,Vol. 20, No. 6, Dec 2000, 729-732
[53] 张劲林,许荣庆,刘永坦. 适于大斜视星载 SAR 系统的改进距离-多普勒算法. 系统工程与电子技术,Vol. 21, No. 8, 1999, 9-11
[54] G. Fanceschetti,R. Guida, A. Iodice et al. Efficient Sensor Simulation of Hybrid Stripmap/Spotlight SAR Raw Signal From Extended Scenes. IEEE Trans. ON Geosci. Remote Sensing, Vol. 42, No. 11, Nov 2004, 2385-2396
[55] G. Fanceschetti, A. Iodice, D. Riccio et al. A 2-D Fourier Domain Approach for Spotlight SAR Raw Signal Simulation of Extended Scenes. IGARSS’02, June 2002, 853-855
[56] 陈杰,周荫清,李春升. 星载 SAR 自然地面场景仿真方法研究. 电子学报,Vol. 29, No. 9, Sep 2001, 1202-1205
[57] 张洪利. SAR 原始信号仿真研究:[硕士学位论文]. 西安:西北工业大学,2003
[58] 万锋. 星载合成孔径雷达分布目标原始数据模拟:[硕士学位论文]. 北京:中国科学院研究生院,2003
[59] A. E. Robertson, D. V. Arnold, D. G. Long. Computer Simulation of Synthetic Aperture Radar Data. IGARSS’ 98, July 1998, 1086-1087
[60] 李晋生,王钦伟. 合成孔径雷达回波仿真技术研究. 计算机仿真,Vol. 22, No. 1, Jan 2005, 268-270
[61] 张洪欣,李少洪,毛士艺. 合成孔径雷达实时成像回波数据的生成方法. 遥测遥控,Vol. 21, No. 6, Nov 2001, 33-37
[62] 张洪欣,张成亮. 基于复杂真实场景的合成孔径雷达原始回波数据的一种模拟方法. 现代电子技术,2001 年第 3 期,25-27
[63] Yongmei Guo, Wen Hong, Shiyi Mao. Integrated Velocity Transformation from Side-Looking SAR Data to Squinted Mode. CHINESE JOURNAL OF AERONAUTICS, Vol. 14, No. 3, Aug 2001, 160-165
[64] 韦立登,李绍恩,吴一戎等. SAR 原始回波信号生成算法的性能比较研究. 电子与信息学报,Vol. 27, No. 2, Feb 2005, 262-265
[65] C. Camporeale, G. Galati. Digital computer simulateion of synthetic aperture systems and images. European Trans. on Telecommunication and Related Technologies. 2(3), 1991, 343-352
[66] G. Alberti, S. Esposito, A. Moccia et al. An airborne interfereometric SAR simulation. Proc of PIERS’94, Noordwijk, the Netherlands, CD-ROM 1994, 1-5
[67] G. Fanceschetti,G. Schirinzi. A SAR Processor Based on Two-Dimensional FFT Codes. IEEE Trans. ON Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 26, No. 2, Mar 1990, 356-366
[68] J. R. Bennett, I. G. Cumming, R. A. Deane. The Digital Processing of Seasat Synthetic Aperture Radar Data. IEEE International Radar Conference, 1980
[69] 李春升,李景文,周荫清. 星载 SAR 数字成像的实现方法. 电子学报,Vol. 21. No. 9, Sep 1993, 55-58
[70] H. Runge, R. Bamler. A Novel High Precision SAR Focusing Algorithm Based On Chirp Scaling. IGARSS’92, 1992, 372-375
[71] I. Cumming, F. Wong. A SAR Processing Algorithm With No Interpolation. IGARSS’92, 1992, 376-379
[72] R. K. Raney, H. Runge, R. Bamler et al. Precision SAR Processing Using Chirp Scaling. IEEE Trans. ON Geosci. Remote Sensing, Vol. 32, No. 4, July 1994, 786-799
[73] 李春升,黄岩,王璇等. 基于 Chirp Scaling 算法的星载 SAR 成像处理实现方法. 电子学报,Vol. 24, No. 6, June 1996, 20-23
[74] C. Cafforio, C. Prati, E. Rocca. SAR Data Focousing Using Seismic Migration Techniques. IEEE Trans. ON Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 27, No. 2, Mar 1991, 194-205
[75] R. Bamler. A Comparison of Range-Doppler and Wavenumber Domain SAR Focusing Algorithms. IEEE Trans. ON Geosci. Remote Sensing, Vol. 30, No. 4, July 1992, 706-713
[76] W. Hughes, K. Gault, G. J. Princz. A Comparison of the Range-Doppler and Chirp Scaling Algorithms with reference to RADARSAT. IGARSS’96, May 1996, 1221-1224
[77] M. Jin, C. Wu. A SAR correlation algorithm which accommodate large-range migration. IEEE Trans. on GE, Vol. 22, No. 6, 1984, 592-597
[78] C. Y. Chang, M. Jin, J. C. Curlander. Squint mode SAR processing algorithms. IGARSS’89, 1989, 1702-105
[79] 许稼. 合成孔径雷达信号处理若干问题研究:[博士后出站报告],清华大学电子工程系,2005
[80] 刘光炎. 斜视及前视合成孔径雷达系统的成像与算法研究:[博士学位论文],电子科技大学,2002
[81] T. S. Yeo, N. L. Tan, C. B. Zhang et al. A New Subaperture Approach to High Squint SAR Processing. IEEE Trans. ON Geosci. Remote Sensing, Vol. 39, No. 5, May 2001, 954-968
[82] G. W. Davdson, I. G. Cumming, M. R. Ito, A Chirp Scaling Approach for Processing Squint Mode SAR Data. IEEE Trans. ON Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 32, No. 1, Jan 1996, 121-133
[83] 黄岩,李春升,陈杰等. 高分辨星载 SAR 改进 Chirp Scaling 成像算法. 电子学报,Vol. 28, No. 3, Mar 2000, 35-38
[84] 刘利国,周荫清. 基于等效斜视距离模型的高分辨率星载 SAR 波数域成像算法. 电子学报,Vol. 31, No. 12A, Dec 2003, 1998-2001
[85] S. R. J. Axelsson. Fast simulation of of SAR raw data from Complex scenes. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE, SAR Image Analysis, Modeling, and Techniques Ⅳ, France, Sep 2001, 188-197