白斑综合症病毒致病相关早期蛋白的鉴定及基因组同源重复区的功能研究
|
摘要
对虾白斑综合症病毒(White Spot Syndromic Virus, WSSV)，又称为白斑杆状病毒(White Spot Bacilliform Virus, WSBV)，是严重危害对虾养殖业的主要病原之一。本论文从WSSV宿主广泛性出发，围绕着病毒致病关键蛋白，特别是病毒早期蛋白，以及病毒蛋白与宿主蛋白间的相互作用机制，从结构功能基因组学和蛋白质组学角度对该病毒快速致死性的原因和机制进行了深入的研究。
本文内容主要包括下列工作：(1)以卤虫(Artemia franciscana)为实验对象简单阐述了其在WSSV宿主链中的作用；(2)在WSSV感染过程中起关键作用的病毒早期蛋白，如：病毒类胶原蛋白(Collagen-like Protein，CLP)和胸腺嘧啶核苷酸合成酶(Thymidylate Synthase，TS)的结构功能作了深入的研究；(3)通过病毒基因组同源重复区特异性结合蛋白的纯化鉴定，对病毒早期基因表达产物与宿主蛋白间的相互作用和在病毒感染和复制过程的作用做了初步的分析。
实验结果显示：□卤虫是一种acute host和latent host之外的，非致病性的载体宿主(passive carrier)，病毒进入宿主体内并不增殖，宿主无大量死亡和其他典型的病理特征，病毒染色体DNA可随着宿主繁殖而传递到受精卵中，并随着子代个体的发育成熟逐渐消失；□作为一种双链DNA动物病毒，在WSSV中发现了独特的类胶原蛋白(WSSV-CLP)和高保守的病毒胸腺嘧啶核苷酸合成酶(WSSV-TS)，这两种蛋白在病毒感染宿主早期开始转录表达，其中WSSV-clp基因编码一个病毒糖蛋白，该蛋白位于病毒粒子核衣壳和病毒包膜之间，并可形成多聚体结构。WSSV-CLP是第一个被证实糖基化修饰的结构蛋白。WSSV-ts基因编码表达WSSV基因组中最为保守的一个蛋白，体外表达的重组TS具有特异的底物结合能力。虽
沈阳药科大学博士学位论文摘要
然没有明显的poly(A)加尾信号(AATAAA)，3‘一RAcE发现该基因在病毒感染过程
中可以正常转录，其mRNA含有poly(A)尾巴;口通过改进的亲和层析技术，
SDS一PAGE电泳及GMSA分析等手段的相互结合，纯化得到特异结合于病毒同源
区(homologous repeat regions，hrrs)高保守结构域(highly eonserved domain，HCD)的
一组蛋白。这些蛋白与病毒感染宿主，并启动宿主已封闭基因的重新表达，及病
毒复制增殖相关的信号传导系统有关。
结果表明，WSSV一CLP是病毒结构蛋白，该蛋白经过糖基化修饰，可能在病
毒感染宿主细胞，与宿主细胞表面受体结合，并促进宿主细胞膜融合的过程中起
重要的作用。包括病毒胸腺嗜睫核昔酸合成酶在内的一系列由病毒早期基因编码
表达的，与DNA代谢密切相关的酶组成的独立于宿主之外的病毒胸腺啼睫核昔酸
合成系统，可能是WSSV感染宿主导致快速死亡的主要原因之一。病毒人尹脚特异
性结合蛋白的发现，将为研究病毒核酸复制，表达调控提供了大量的信息。
Shrimp White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), which has also deen referred to as White Spot Bacilliform Virus (WSBV), is a major pathogen of cultivated shrimp but its host range includes a large number of crustaceans. This paper is concerned on the possible pathogen related gene, expecially on the viral early gene products and DNA-specific binding proteins, for studying the infection machenism of WSSV on functional proteomics level.
In this thesis, three main works are included. (1) Using Anemia franciscana as experimental animals, we briefly expatiate on the host wideness of WSSV. (2) The structure and function of two infection- and pathogen-related proteins of WSSV, an unique viral collagen and a highly conserved viral thymidylate synthase, was identified and characterized. (3) Isolation and identification of DNA-specific binding proteins of WSSV and the modification and regulation of these cofactors in process of viral transcription and translation by using a combination of DNA-affinity chromatography, SDS-PAGE and mass spectrographic analysis.
The results we obtained in this thesis showed, D As a member of crustaceans, Artemia fransicana was predicted to be passively non-infectious carrier of WSSV. In Artemia, WSSV was not proliferation and can be transmited from nauplii to adult. WSSV was removed during the hatching of the reproductive cysts and the offspring Artemia was WSSV PCR-negative. D As the largest DNA virus which sequence has been completely sequenced, WSSV-clp and ts gene was transcribed at the early stage of infection. WSSV-CLP was an envelope protein and located between the double-layer membranes of WSSV and can form a network structure under transmission electron microscopy. WSSV-CLP was the first envelope protein that discovered to be
glycosylated by using the treatment of N-glycosylationase F. WSSV-te encodes a highly conserved protein, and the recombination TS maintained substrate-specific binding activity. Without obviously polyadenylation signal [poly(A)], result of 3'-RACE indicated that ts was transcribed during infection and the mRNA was found contain a poly A at the 3'terminer. D Through the recombination of improved affinity chromatography, SDS-PAGE and gel mobility shift assay (GMSA), the ///rs-specific binding protein comples were isolated and purified. This protein fraction was thought to be involved in the gene replication of WSSV and interaction with host proteins.
The results suggested that WSSV-CLP was a WSSV envelope protein that is N-glycosylated. It may play important roles in infection of WSSV as other glycoproteins found in the envelope of Baculoviridae. Together with a seriers of early genes, WSSV-TS constructed a de novo dTMP synthses system, which plays important roles in viral DNA replication. The hrrs-specific binding protein complex showed us important information on the replication of WSSV DNA. This suggest that when the virus enters the host cells, viral early genes is expressed and form complexes in the immediately early stage of infection with the regulation of host proteins which make it possible to consider this as the main causes for the rapid death of infected shrimp. Results in these investigations lead us directions for the prevention and for the therapy of WSSV.
本文内容主要包括下列工作：(1)以卤虫(Artemia franciscana)为实验对象简单阐述了其在WSSV宿主链中的作用；(2)在WSSV感染过程中起关键作用的病毒早期蛋白，如：病毒类胶原蛋白(Collagen-like Protein，CLP)和胸腺嘧啶核苷酸合成酶(Thymidylate Synthase，TS)的结构功能作了深入的研究；(3)通过病毒基因组同源重复区特异性结合蛋白的纯化鉴定，对病毒早期基因表达产物与宿主蛋白间的相互作用和在病毒感染和复制过程的作用做了初步的分析。
实验结果显示：□卤虫是一种acute host和latent host之外的，非致病性的载体宿主(passive carrier)，病毒进入宿主体内并不增殖，宿主无大量死亡和其他典型的病理特征，病毒染色体DNA可随着宿主繁殖而传递到受精卵中，并随着子代个体的发育成熟逐渐消失；□作为一种双链DNA动物病毒，在WSSV中发现了独特的类胶原蛋白(WSSV-CLP)和高保守的病毒胸腺嘧啶核苷酸合成酶(WSSV-TS)，这两种蛋白在病毒感染宿主早期开始转录表达，其中WSSV-clp基因编码一个病毒糖蛋白，该蛋白位于病毒粒子核衣壳和病毒包膜之间，并可形成多聚体结构。WSSV-CLP是第一个被证实糖基化修饰的结构蛋白。WSSV-ts基因编码表达WSSV基因组中最为保守的一个蛋白，体外表达的重组TS具有特异的底物结合能力。虽
沈阳药科大学博士学位论文摘要
然没有明显的poly(A)加尾信号(AATAAA)，3‘一RAcE发现该基因在病毒感染过程
中可以正常转录，其mRNA含有poly(A)尾巴;口通过改进的亲和层析技术，
SDS一PAGE电泳及GMSA分析等手段的相互结合，纯化得到特异结合于病毒同源
区(homologous repeat regions，hrrs)高保守结构域(highly eonserved domain，HCD)的
一组蛋白。这些蛋白与病毒感染宿主，并启动宿主已封闭基因的重新表达，及病
毒复制增殖相关的信号传导系统有关。
结果表明，WSSV一CLP是病毒结构蛋白，该蛋白经过糖基化修饰，可能在病
毒感染宿主细胞，与宿主细胞表面受体结合，并促进宿主细胞膜融合的过程中起
重要的作用。包括病毒胸腺嗜睫核昔酸合成酶在内的一系列由病毒早期基因编码
表达的，与DNA代谢密切相关的酶组成的独立于宿主之外的病毒胸腺啼睫核昔酸
合成系统，可能是WSSV感染宿主导致快速死亡的主要原因之一。病毒人尹脚特异
性结合蛋白的发现，将为研究病毒核酸复制，表达调控提供了大量的信息。
Shrimp White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), which has also deen referred to as White Spot Bacilliform Virus (WSBV), is a major pathogen of cultivated shrimp but its host range includes a large number of crustaceans. This paper is concerned on the possible pathogen related gene, expecially on the viral early gene products and DNA-specific binding proteins, for studying the infection machenism of WSSV on functional proteomics level.
In this thesis, three main works are included. (1) Using Anemia franciscana as experimental animals, we briefly expatiate on the host wideness of WSSV. (2) The structure and function of two infection- and pathogen-related proteins of WSSV, an unique viral collagen and a highly conserved viral thymidylate synthase, was identified and characterized. (3) Isolation and identification of DNA-specific binding proteins of WSSV and the modification and regulation of these cofactors in process of viral transcription and translation by using a combination of DNA-affinity chromatography, SDS-PAGE and mass spectrographic analysis.
The results we obtained in this thesis showed, D As a member of crustaceans, Artemia fransicana was predicted to be passively non-infectious carrier of WSSV. In Artemia, WSSV was not proliferation and can be transmited from nauplii to adult. WSSV was removed during the hatching of the reproductive cysts and the offspring Artemia was WSSV PCR-negative. D As the largest DNA virus which sequence has been completely sequenced, WSSV-clp and ts gene was transcribed at the early stage of infection. WSSV-CLP was an envelope protein and located between the double-layer membranes of WSSV and can form a network structure under transmission electron microscopy. WSSV-CLP was the first envelope protein that discovered to be
glycosylated by using the treatment of N-glycosylationase F. WSSV-te encodes a highly conserved protein, and the recombination TS maintained substrate-specific binding activity. Without obviously polyadenylation signal [poly(A)], result of 3'-RACE indicated that ts was transcribed during infection and the mRNA was found contain a poly A at the 3'terminer. D Through the recombination of improved affinity chromatography, SDS-PAGE and gel mobility shift assay (GMSA), the ///rs-specific binding protein comples were isolated and purified. This protein fraction was thought to be involved in the gene replication of WSSV and interaction with host proteins.
The results suggested that WSSV-CLP was a WSSV envelope protein that is N-glycosylated. It may play important roles in infection of WSSV as other glycoproteins found in the envelope of Baculoviridae. Together with a seriers of early genes, WSSV-TS constructed a de novo dTMP synthses system, which plays important roles in viral DNA replication. The hrrs-specific binding protein complex showed us important information on the replication of WSSV DNA. This suggest that when the virus enters the host cells, viral early genes is expressed and form complexes in the immediately early stage of infection with the regulation of host proteins which make it possible to consider this as the main causes for the rapid death of infected shrimp. Results in these investigations lead us directions for the prevention and for the therapy of WSSV.
引文
1. JSA Shrimp Virus Work Group. (1997). An evaluation of potential shrimp virus impacts on cultured shrimp and wild shrimp population in the gulf of Mexico and southeastern US Atlantic coastal waters. A report to the Joint Subcommittee on Aquaculture.
2. Rosenberry B (1998) Shrimp hits new high. Fish Farming International 25:1
3. Rosenberry B (1999) Farmed shrimp up by 12 per cent. Fish Farmer January/February 40-41
4．苏永全主编．虾类健康养殖．(1998，)，北京；海洋出版社
5. Alday de Graindorge, V. & Griffith, D. (2001). Ecuador. In Thematic Review on Management Strategies for Major Diseases in Shrimp Aquaculture. A Component of the WB/NACA/WWF/FAO Programme on Shrimp Farming and the Environment. Report of the Workshop held in Cebu, Philippines from 28-30 November 1999. (In press).
6. Alderman, D.J. (1996). Geographical spread of bacterial and fungal diseases of crustaceans. Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot. 15(2): 603-632.
7. Rajendran, K.V., Vijayan, K.K., Santiago, T.C. & Krol, R.M. (1999). Experimental host range and histopathology of white spot bacilliform virus (WSBV) infection in shrimp, prawns, crabs and lobsters from India. J.. Fish Dis. 22: 183-191.
8. Vlak, J.M., Jean-Robert. B., Flegel, T. W., Guang, H. K., Lightner, D. V., Lo, C. F., Loh, P. C., and Walker, P. J. (2002) Nimaviridae A new virus family infecting aquatic invertebrates.A report in Ⅻth International Congress of Virology. Paris
9. Otta, S.K., Shubha, G., Joseph, B., Chakraborty, A., Karunasagar, I. & Karnnasagar, I. (1999). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of white spot bacilliform virus (WSBV) in cultured and wild crustaceans in India. Dis. Aquat. Org. 38: 67-70.
10. Bartley, D. & Subasinghe, R.P. (1996). Historical aspects of international movement of living aquatic species. Rev. Sci, Tech. Off Int. Epizoot. 15(2): 387-400.
11. Walker, P. and R. Subasinghe. eds. (2000). DNA-based molecular diagnostic techniques: research needs for standardisation and validation of the detection of aquatic animal pathogens and diseases. Report and proceedings of the Expert Workshop on DNA-based Molecular Diagnostic Techniques: Research Needs for Standardization and Validation of the Detection of Aquatic Animal Pathogens and Diseases. Bangkok, Thailand, 7-9 February 1999. FAO Fish. Techn. Pap. No. 395, 93 pp.
12. Wang C H. Lo C F. Leu JH. Chou C M. Yeh P Y. Chou H Y. Tung M C. Chang C F. Su M S. Kou GH. (1995) Purification and genomic analysis of baeulovirus associated with spot bacilliform (WSBV) of Penaeus monodon. Disease of Aquatic Organisms. 23:239-242
13. Chou H Y. Huang C Y. Wang C H. Chiang H C. Lo C F. (1995) Pathogencity of baculovirus infection causing white spot bacilliform in cultured penaeid shrimp in Taiwan. Disease of Aquatic organisms. 23:165-173
14. Lo C F. Leu J H. Ho C H. Chen C H. Peng S E. Chen Y T. Chou C M. Yeh P Y. Huang C J. Chou H Y. Wang C H. Kou G H. (1996) Detection of baeulovirus associated with white spot bacilliform (WSBV) in penaeid shrimps using polymerase chain reaction. Disease of Aquatic Organisms. 25(1): 133-141
15. Chang P S. Lo C F. Wang Y C. Kou G H. (1996) Identification white spot bacilliform associated baeuiovirus (WSBV) target organs in the shrimp Penaeus monodon by in situ hybridization. Disease Aquatic Organisms. 27:131-139
16．王云祥，李秀梅，孙金生．天津地区对虾暴发性流行病的病因、病理及传播途径的初步研究．海洋科学．1994，6：1-5
17．吴友吕，倪梦麟．养殖对虾暴发性流行病—中国对虾肝胰腺坏死病研究．东海海洋．1993，11(4)：42-48
18．张红卫，王金星，于士广等．山东中国对虾暴发病病原体的研究．海洋科学．1995，(1)：5-7
19．国际翔，王丽霞，李文清等．辽宁沿海养殖对虾暴发性病害的病因分析．电子显微镜
学报，1994，13(5)：355
20．郑国兴，耿龙坤，沈亚林等．东海区养殖对虾暴发性流行病病原及防疫对策．海洋科学．1995，(2)：1-3
21．薛清刚．对虾传染性皮下与造血组织坏死病毒(IHHNV)的研究进展．国外水产．1994，1：20
22．薛清刚，王文兴．对虾疾病的研究现状于我国虾病泛滥的成因分析．海洋科学．1995，1：20
23．高玮，张立人，陈隶华．对虾病害的研究进展。第二届全国人工养殖对虾疾病综合防治和环境管理学术研讨会论文集，中科学技术协会学会部编
24．彭家珍，任家鸣，沈菊英等．急性致死性对虾病的杆状病毒病原的研究．病毒学报．1995，11(2)：151-157
25．黄捷，于佳，宋晓玲等．对虾暴发性流行病原的人工感染研究．海洋水产研究．1995，16(1)：52-58
26．战文斌，愈开康，孟庆显等 中国对虾杆状病毒病的研究．中国水产科学．1995，2：22-28
27．黄捷，于佳，宋晓玲等．对虾皮下及造血组织坏死杆状病毒的精细结构、核酸、多肽及血清学研究．海洋水产研究．1995，16(1)：11-23
28．陈细法，陈平，吴定虎等．养殖对虾一种新杆状病毒的研究．中国科学(C辑)．1997，27(5)：415-420
29．胡超群．广东养殖对虾流行病的特点和病因．海洋科学．1994，6：9-10
30．徐洪涛，王运涛，朴爱春等．1996年中国对虾暴发性流行病病毒病原研究．病毒学报．1999，15(2)：158-162
31. Inouye K, Miwa S, Oseko N, Nakano H, et al. (1994) Mass moralities of cultured kuruma shrimp Penaeus japonicus in Japan in 1993: electron microscopic evidence of the causative virus. Fish Pathology. 29(2): 149-158
32. Takahshi Y et al. (1994) Electron microscopic evidence of bacilliform virus infection in kuruma shrimp(Penaeus japonicus). Fish Pathology. 29(2): 121-125
33．吴友吕，王方国，洪健．长毛对虾杆状病毒的研究．电子显微镜学报．1994，13(5)：356
34．黄捷，宋晓玲，于佳等．杆状病毒的皮下及造血组织坏死—对虾暴发性流行病的病原和病理学．海洋水产研究．1995，16(1)：1-10
35．国际翔，王丽霞，李文清等．对虾杆状病毒感染寄主细胞的超微结构观察．海洋科学，1994，(6)：38-42
36．张立人，张建红，陈隶华等．东方对虾杆状病毒在宿主细胞内的装配．电子显微学报．1994，13(5)：354
37．陈细法，吴定虎，黄槐等．养殖对虾一种病毒的超微结构特点．电子显微镜学报．1994，13(5)：357
38．邹国祥，谭金山，候颖一等．对虾肝胰腺肌上皮细胞的杆状病毒．电子显微镜学报．1994，13(5)：358
39．胡超群．斑节对虾”病毒性白斑病”及其防治的研究．第二届全国人工一种对虾疾病综合防治和环境管理学术研讨会论文集．中国科学技术协会学会部编．青岛：青岛海洋大学出版社．1996 46-52
40. Durand S et al. (1997) Ultrastructure and morphogeniesis of white spot bacilliform baculovirus(WSBV). Disease of Aquatic Organisms. 29:205-211
41．周宸，曾志南，陈木．对虾杆状病毒组织病理研究．第二捷全国人工养殖对虾疾病综合防治和环境管理学术研讨会论文集，中国科学技术协会学会部编．青岛：青岛海洋大学出版社．1996，15-18
42. Rohrman G F. (1992) Bacuiovirus structural proteins. Journal of General Virology.73:749-761
43．吕鸿声．昆虫病毒与昆虫病毒病．北京：科学出版社．1985
44. Gombart A F et al. (1989) Characterization of the genetic organization of the HindIII M region of the multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Orgyla pseudotsugata reveals
major differences among baculoviruses. Journal of General virology. 70:1815-1828
45. Yang F, Wang W, Cheng Y Z, Xu X. (1997) A simple and efficient method for purification of prawn baculovirus DNA. Joural of Virological Methods. 67:1-4
46. Bruce L D, Trumper B B, Lightner D V. (1991) Methods for viral isolation and DNA extraction for a penaeid shrimp baculovirus. Jouranl of Virological Methods. 34:245-254
47. Wongteerasupaya C, Vickers J E, Sriurairatana S, Nash G L, Akarajamorn A, Boonseag V, Panyim S, Tassanakajon A, Withyachumnarnkul B, Flegel T W, (1995) A non-occluded, systemic baculovirus that occurs in cells of ectodermal and mesodermal origin and causes high mortality in the black tiger prawn penaeus monodon. Dis Aquat Org 21:60-77
48. Francki, R. I. B., Fauquet, C. M., Knudson, D. L. and Brown, F. (1991) International Committee on Taxonomy of Virus. New York
49. Yang F, Jun H, Xionghui L, et al. (2001) Complete genome sequence of White Spot Bacillovirus from shrimp. Journal of Virology. 75(23): 11811-11820
50. Gonzales M P, Sanchez X, Ganga M A, Lopez-Lastra M, et al. (1997) Detection of the infections hematopoietic necrosis virus directly from infected fish tissues by dot blot hybridization with a non-Radioactive probe. Journal of Virological Methods. 65:273-279
51. Meng-Feng T, Chu-Fang L, Marielle C W, et al. (2001) Transcriptional Analysis of the Ribonucleotide Reductase Genes of Shrimp White Spot Bacilliform Virus. Virology. 4, 272:92-99
52. Marielle C W, Van H. Meng-Feng T, Christel A S, et al. (2000) Analysis of a genomic segment of white spot bacilliform virus of shrimp containing ribonucleotide reductase genes and repeat regions. Journal of General Virology. 81: 307-316
53. Marielle C W, Van H. Marcel W, et al. (2000) Identification of Two Major Virion Genes of White Spot Bacilliform Virus of Shrimp. Virology. 266:227-236
54. Meng-Feng T, Hon-Tsen Y, Huey-Fen T, et al. (2000) Identification and Characterization of a Shrimp White Spot Bacilliform Virus (WSBV) Gene That Encodes a Novel Chimeric Polypeptide of Cellular-Type Thymidine Kinase. Virology. 277:100-110
55. Marielle C W, Van H, Jeroen W, et al. (2001) White Spot Bacilliform Virus Envelope Protein VP28 Is Involved in the Systemic Infection of Shrimp. Virology. 228-233
56. Lu Y, L M Tapay, R B Gose, J A Brock, P C Loh (1997) Infectivity of Yellow-head virus (YHV) and the Chinese baculo-like virus (CBV) in two species of penaeid shrimp, Penaeus stylirostris (Stimpson) and P. vannamei (Boone). In T.W. Flegei and I. MacRae(eds.) Diseases in Asian Aquaculture Ⅲ. Asian Fisheries Society,Flegei, Manila.
57. Supamattaya K, R W Hoffmann, S Boonyaratpalin, P Kanchanaphum (1998) Experimental transmission of white spot bacilliform virus (WSBV) from black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon to the sand crab Portunus pelagicus, mud crab Scylla serrata and Krill Acetes sp. Dis Aquat Org 32:79-85
58. Chang P S, Chen H C, Wang Y C (1998) Detection of white spot bacilliform associated baculovirus in experimentally infected wild shrimp, crab and lobsters by in situ hybridization. Aquaculture 164: 233-242
59. Lan Y S, Lu W, and Xu X (2002) Genomic instability of prawn white spot bacilliform virus (WSBV) and its association to virus virulence. Virus Res. Dec; 90(1-2): 269-74.
60. Chang P S, Lo C F, Peng S E, Liu K F, Wang C H, Kou G H (2002) White spot bacilliform virus (WSBV) PCR-positive Artemia cysts yield PCR-negative nauplii that fail to transmit WSBV when fed to shrimp postlarvae. Dis Aquat Organ 24:1-10
61. Can-hua Huang, Li-ren Zhang, Jian-hong Zhang, Lian-chun Xiao, Qing-jiang Wu, Di-hua Chen, and Joseph K. -K. Li (2001) Purification and characterization of White Spot Bacilliform Virus (WSBV) produced in an alternate host: crayfish, Cambarus elarkii. Virus Research 76, 115-125
62. Chou H V, Huang C Y, Lo C F, Kou G H (1998) Studies on transmission of white spot bacilliform associated baculovirus (WSBV) in Penaeus monodon and P. japonicus via water borne contact and oral ingestion. Aquaculture 164:263-276
63. Wang Y C, Lo C F, Chang P S, Kou G H (1998) Experimental infection of white spot baculovirus in some cultured and wild decapods in Taiwan. Aquaculture 164:221-231
64. Chou H V, Huang C Y, Wang C H, Chiang H C, Lo C F (1995) Pathogenicity of a
baculovirus infection causing White Spot Bacilliform in cultured penaeid shrimp in Taiwan. Dis Aquat Org 23: 165-173
65. Nakano H, H Koube, S Umezawa, K Momoyama, M Hiraoka, K Inouye, N Oseko (1994) Mass mortalities of cultured kuruma shrimp, Penaeus japonicus, in Japan in 1993: epizootiological survey and infection trials. Fish Pathol. 29:135-139
66. Wongteerasupaya, C, S Wongwisansri, V Boonsaeng, S Panyim, P Pratanpipat, GL Nash, B Withyachumnarnkul and T W Fiegel (1996) DNA fragment of Penaeus monodon baculovirus PmNOBII gives positive in situ hybridization with White-spot viral infections in six penaeid shrimp species. Aquaculture 143:23-32
67. Lightner D.V. (Ed.) (1996). Handbook of Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures for Diseases of Penaeid Shrimp. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, USA.
68. Nunan L M, B T Poulos, DV Lightner (1998) The detection of White Spot Bacilliform Virus (WSBV) and Yellow Head Virus (YHV) in imported commodity shrimp. Aquaculture 160:19-30
69. Inouye K, Miwa S, Oseko N, Nakano H, Kimura T (1994) Mass mortalities of cultured kuruma shrimp, Penaeus japonicus in Japan in1993: electron micrscopic evidence of the causative virus. Fish Patho129:149-158
70. Peng S E, C F Lo, C H Ho, C F Chang, G H Kou (1998) Detection of white spot baculovirus (WSBV) in giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, using polymerase chain reaction. Aquaculture 164:253-262
71. Lo C F, Kou G H (1998) Virus-assiciated white spot bacilliform of bacilliform in Taiwan: a review. Fish Pathol 33:365-373
72. Lo, C. F., Hsu, H. C., Tsai, M. F., Ho, C. H., Peng, S. E., Kou, G. H., and Lightner, D. V. (1999) Dis. Aquat. Org. 35,175-185
73. Zhan, W. B., and Y. H. Wang. (1998)J. Aquatic Animal health. 10, 405-410.
74. A.S. Sahul Hameed, K. Yoganandhan, S. Sathish, M. Rasheed, V. Murugan, and Kunthala Jayaraman. (2001) Aquaculture 201, 179-186
75. Jiravanichpaisal P, Bangyeekhun E, Soderhali K, and Soderhall I. (2001) Dis. Aquat. Organ. 47,151-157
76. Chang P S, Lo C F, Wang Y C, Kou G H (1996) Identification of white spot bacilliform associated baculovirus (WSBV) target organs in the shrimp, Penaeus monodon by in situ hybridization. Dis Aquat Org 27:131-139
77. Flegei T W(1997) Special topic review: Major viral diseases of the black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) in Thailand. World J Microbiology and Biotechnology 13:433-442
78. Lightner D V (1996) A Handbook of Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures for Disease of Cultured Penaeid Shrimp. Section 3: Virus, World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
79. Eastoe, J. E. (1967) composition of collagen and allied proteins. In Treatise on collagen (Ramachandran, G. N., ed) pp. 1-72, Academic, London
80. Gross, J. (1956) The behavior of collagen unites as a model in morphogenesis. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. Suppl. 2, 26
81. Ramachandran, G. N., and Reddi, A. H., eds (1976) Biochemistry of Collagen. Plenum, New York
82. Miller, E. J., and Matukas, V. J. (1969) Chick cartilage collagen: a new type of α1 chain not present in bone and skin of species. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 64, 1264-1268
83. Mayne, R., and Burgeson, R. E., eds (1987) Structure and function of collagen types. Academic, Orlando, Florida
84. Kefalides, N. A. (1973) Structure and biosynthesis of basement membranes, Int. Rev. Connect. Tissue. Res. 6, 63-104
85. Van de Rest, M., and Garrone, R. (1990) Collagens as multidomain proteins. Biochimie. 72, 473-484
86. Sehmitt, F. O. (1942) Electron microscope investigations of the structure of collagen. J.. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 20, 11-33
87. Hodge, A. J., and Petruska, J. A. (1963) Recent studies with the electrcn microscope on the ordered aggregates of the troprocollagen molecule. Aspects of Protein Structure
(Ramachandran, G. N., ed) p. 289, Academic, New York
88. Fleisehmajer, R., Timpl, R., Tuderman, L. Raisher, L. Wiestner, M., Perlish, J. S., and Graves, P. N. (198 1) Ultrastructural identification of extension aminopropeptides of type Ⅰ and type Ⅲ collagens in human skin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 7360-7364
89. Henkel, W., and Glanville, R. W. (1982) Covalent crosslinking between molecules of type Ⅰ and type Ⅲ collagens. Eur. J. Biochem. 122, 205-213
90. Keene, D. R., Sakai, L. Y., Bachinger, H. P., and Burgeson, R. E. (1987) Type Ⅲ collagen can be present on banded collagen fibrils regardless of fibril diameter. J.. Cell. Biol. 105,2393-2402
91. Morris, N. P., and Bachinger, H. P. (1987) Type Ⅺ collagen is a heterotrimer with a composition (1α,2α,3α) retraining non-triple-helical domains. J. Biol. Chem. 262,11345-11350
92. Niyibizi, C., and Eyre, D. R. (1989) Identification of the cartilage α1(Ⅺ) chain in type Ⅴ collagen from bovin bone. FEBS Lett. 242, 314-318
93. Bernard, M. P., Yoshioka, H., Rodriguez, E., Van der Rest, M., Kimura, T., Ninomiya, Y., Olsen, B. R., and Ramirez, F. (1988) Cloning and Sequencing of pro-α1(Ⅺ) collagen cDNA demonstrates that type Ⅺ belongs to the fibrillar class of collagens and reveals that the expression of the gene is not restricted to cartilagenous tissue. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 17159-17166
94. Kimura, Y., Cheah, K. S. E., Chan, S. D. H., Lui, V. C. H., Mattei, M. G., Van der Rest, M., Ono, K., Solomon, E., Ninomiya, Y., and Olsen, B. R. (1989) The human α2(Ⅺ) collagen (COL11A2) chain. Molecular cloning of cDNA and genomic DNA reveals characteristics of a fibrillar collagen with differences in genomic organization. J.. Biol. Chem. 264, 13910-13916
95. Yoshioka, H., and Ramirez, F. (1990) Pro-α1(Ⅺ) collagen. Structure of the amino-terminal propeptide and expression of the gene in tumor cell lines. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 6423-6426
96. Exposito, J. Y., and Garrone, R. (1990) Characterization of a fibrillar collagen gene in spongs reveals the early evolutionary appearance of two collagen gene families. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 6669-6673
97. D'Alession, M., Ramirez, F., Suzuki, H. R., Solursh, M., and Grambino, R. (1990) Cloning of a fibrillar collagen gene expressed in the mesenchymal cells of the developing sea urchin embryo. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 7050-7054
98. Peltonen, L., Halila, R., and Ryhanen, L. (1985) Enzymes converting procollagens to collagens. J. Cell. Biochem. 28, 15-21
99. Prockop, D. J., Kivirikko, K. I., Tuderman, L., and Guzman, N. A. (1979) The biosynthesis of collagen and its disorders (first of two parts). N. Engl. J. Med. 301, 13-23
100. Adachi, E., Hayashi, T., and Hashimoto, P. H. (1989) Immunoelectron microscopical evidence that type Ⅴ collagen is a fibrillar collagen: important for an aggregating capability of the preparation for reconstituting banding fibrils. Matrix 9, 232-237
101. Fleischmajer, R., Perlish, J. S., and Timpl, R. (1985) Collagen fibrillogenesis in human skin. Ann. N. E Acad. Sci. 460, 246-257
102. Gordon, M. K., and Olsen, B. R. (1990) The contribution of collagenous proteins to tissue-specific matrix assemblies. Curt. Opin. Cell Biol. 2, 833-838
103. Muragaki, Y., Nishimura, I., Henney, A., Ninomiya, Y., and Olsen, B. R. (1990) The α1(Ⅸ) collagen gene gives rise to two different transcripts in bothmouse embryonic and human fetal RNA. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 87, 2400-2404
104. Brewton, R. G., Wright, D. W., and Mayne, R. (1991) Structural and functional comparison of type Ⅸ collagen-proteoglycan from chicken cartilage and vitreous humor, J. Biol. Chem. 263, 1615-1618
105. Vasios, G., Nishimura, I., Konomi, H., Van der Rest, M., Ninomiya, Y., and Olsen, B. R. (1988) Type Ⅸ collagen-proteoglycan contains a large amino-terminal globular domain encoded by multiple exons. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 2324-2329
106. Eyre, D. R., Apone, S., Wu, J. J., Ericsson, L. H., and Walsh, K. A. (1987) Collagen type
Ⅸ: evidence for covalent linkage to type Ⅱ collagen in cartilage. FEBS Lett. 220, 337-341
107. Van der Rest, M. and Mayne, R. (1988) Type Ⅸ collagen from cartilage is covalently crossinglinked to type Ⅱ collagen. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 1615-1618
108. Gordon, M. K., Gerecke, D. R., and Olsen, B. R. (1987) Type Ⅻ collagen: distinct extraceilular matrix component discovered by cDNA cloning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 6040-6044
109. Dublet, B., Oh, S., Sugrue, S. P., Gordon, M. K., Gerecke, D. R, Olsen, B. R., and Van der Rest, M. (1989)The structure of avian type Ⅻ collagen. α1(Ⅻ) chains contains 190-kDa non-triple helical amino-terminal domains and form homotrimeric molecules. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 13150-13156
110. Dublet, B., and Van der Rest, M. (1991) Type XIV collagen, a new homotrimeric molecule extracted from bovine skin and tendon, with a triple helical disulfide-bonded domain homologous to type Ⅸ and type Ⅻ collagens. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 6853-6858
111. Timpl, R. (1989) Structure and biological activity of basement membrane proteins. Eur. J. Biochem. 180, 487-502
112. Saus, J., Wieslander, J., Langeveld, J. P. M., Quinones, S., and Hudson, B. G. (1988) Identification of the goodpature antigen as the α3(Ⅳ) chain of collagen Ⅳ. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 13374-13380
113. Hostikka, S. L., Eddy, R. L., Byers, M. G., Hoyhtya, M., Shows, T. B., and Tryggvason, K. (1990) Identification of a distinct type Ⅳ collagen α chain with restricted kidney distribution and assignment of its gene to the locus of X chromosome-linked Alport bacilliform. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 1606-1610
114. Van Hulten MC, Witteveldt J, Peters S, Kioosterboer N, Tarchini R, Fiers M, Sandbrink H, Lankhorst RK, Vlak JM. (2001) Virology 286, 7-22
115. White, J. M. (1990) Viral And Cellular Membrane Fusion Proteins. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 52, 675-697
116. White, J. M. (1992) Membrane fusion. Science 258, 659-662
117. Melikyan, G. B., White, J. M. & Cohen, F. S. (1995) GPI-anchored influenza hemagglutinin induces hemifusion to both red blood cell and planar bilayer membranes. J. Cell Biol. 131,679-691
118. Melikyan, G. B., Brener, S. A., Ok, D. C. & Cohen, F. S. (1997) Inner but not outer membrane leaflets control the transition from glycosyl phosphatidy linositol-anehored influenza hemagglutinin-induced hemifusion to full fusion, J. Cell Biol. 136, 995-1005
119. Canhua Huang, Xiaobo Zhang, Qingsong Lin, Xun Xu, Zhihong Hu, and Choy-L. Hew (2002) Proteomic Analysis of Shrimp White Spot Bacilliform Viral Proteins and Characterization of a Novel Envelope Protein VP466. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 1, 223-231
120. Van Hulten, M. C. W., Witteveldt, J., Snippe, M. & Vlak, J. M. (2001). White spot bacilliform virus envelope protein VP28 is involved in the systemic infection of Shrimp. Virology 285, 228-233
121. Van Hulten, M. C W., Reijns, M., Vermeesch, A. M. G., Zandbergen, F., and Vlak, J. M. (2002) Identification of VP19 and VP15 of white spot bacilliform virus (WSBV) and glycosylation status of the WSBV major structural proteins, J. General Virol. 83,257-265
122. Hoffmann, K. and Stoffel, W. (1993) TMbase--A Database of Membrane Spanning Protein Segments. Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 374,166
123. Hoffmann, K., Bucher, P., Falquet, L., and Bairoch, A. (1999) Nucleic Acids Res. 27, 215-219
124. Yang, F., W. Wang, and X. Xu. (1997). A simple and efficient method for purification of prawn baculovirus DNA. J. Virol. Methods 67, 1-4.
125. Christopher, G. K., Loren, W., F.Stephen, L., Theodore, K., Matthew, B. G., and Alexander, J. S. (1997) Biochem. Biophysic. Res. Comm. 238, 277-279.
126. Kozak, M. (1995) Adherence to the first-AUG role when a second AUG codon follow closely upon the first. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 1734-1742
127. Kozak, M., (1989) The scanning model for translation: an update. EMBO J. 16, 2482-2492
128. Schmidt, T. M., and Linsenmayer, T. F. (1984) Biochemistry 23,553-558
129. Chan, D., Cole, W. G., Chow, C. W., Mundlos, S., and Bateman, J. F. (1995) A COL2A1 Mutation in Achondrogenesis Type Ⅱ Results in the Replacement of Type Ⅱ Collagen by Type Ⅰ and Ⅲ Collagens in Cartilage. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 1747-1753
130. Yuen, L., and Moss, B. (1987) Purification of a factor required for transcription of vaccinia virus early genes. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 84, 6417-6421
131. Tsai, M.F., Yu, H.T., Tzeng, H.F., Leu, J.H., Chou, C.M., Huang, C.J., Wang, C.H., Lin, J.Y., Kou, G.H., and Lo, C.F. (2000) Identification and characterization of a shrimp white spot bacilliform virus (WSBV) gene that encodes a novel chimeric polypeptide of cellular-type thymidine kinase and thymidylate kinase. Virolody. 277, 100～110
132. Mayne, R., and Burgeson, R. E., eds (1987) Structure and Function of collagen types. Academic, Orlando, Florida
133. Hulmes, D. J. S. (1992) The collagen superfamily-diverse structures and assemblies. Essays Biochem. 27, 49-67
134. Ferretti, J. J., McShan, W. M., Ajdic, D., Savic, D. J., Savic, G., Lyon, K., Primeaux, C., Sezate, S., Suvorov, A. N., Kenton, S., Lai, H. S., Lin, S. P., Qian, Y., Jia, H. G., Najar, F. Z., Ren, Q., Zhu, H., Song, L., White, J., Yuan, X., Clifton, S. W., Roe, B.A., and Mclaughlin, R. (2001) Complete genome sequence of an M1 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. US.A. 98, 4658-4663
135. Smith, M. C. M., Burns, N., Sayer, J. R., Sorrel, J. A., Casjens, S. R., and Hendrix, R. W. (1998) Bacteriophage Collagen. Science 279, 1834
136. Christian, A. T., and Gholamreza D., (1997) The Complete DNA Sequence of Lymphocystis Disease Virus. Virology 230, 207-216.
137. Albrecht, J. C., J. Nicholas, D. Billet, K. R. Cameron, B. Biesinger, C. Wittmann, M. A. Craxton, H. Coleman, B. Fleckenstein, and R.W. Honess. (1992). Primary structure of the herpesvirus saimiri genome. J. Virol. 66, 5047-5058.
138. Geck, P., S. A. Whitaker, M. M. Medveczky, and P. G. Medveczky. (1990). Expression of collagen-like sequences by a tumorvirus. J. Virol. 64, 3509-3515
139. Delaroque, N., S. Wolf, D. G. Mueller, and R. Knippers. (2000). Characterization and immunolocalization of major structural proteins in the brown algal virus EsV-1.Virology 269, 148-155
140. Kimura, T., Mattei, M. G., Stevens, J. W., Goldring, M. B., Ninomiya, Y., and Olsen, B. R.(1989). Molecular cloning of rat and human type Ⅸ collagen cDNA and localization of the alpha 1(Ⅸ) gene on the human chromosome 6. Eur. J. Biochem. 179, 71-78
141. James G. Bann and Hans Peter Ba chinger (2000) Glycosylation/Hydroxylation induced Stabilization of the Collagen Triple Helix. 4-trans-HYDROXYPROLINE IN THE Xaa POSITION CAN STABILIZE THE TRIPLE HELIX. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 24466-24469
142. Ragheb, J. A. & Anderson, F. (1994)) pH-independent murine leukemia virus ecotropic envelope-mediated cell fusion: implications for the role of the R peptide and p12E TM in viral entry. J. Virol. 68, 3207-3219
143. Weiss, C. D. & White, J. M. (1993) Characterization of stable Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing wild-type, secreted, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein. J. Virol. 67, 7060-7066
144. Odell, D., Wanas, E., Yan, J. & Ghosh, H. P. (1997) Influence of membrane anchoring and cytoplasmic domains on the fusogenic activity of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G. J. Virol. 71, 7996-8000
145. Van Regenmortel, M. H. V., Fauquest, C. M., Bishop, D. H. L., Carstens, E. B., Estes, M. K., Lemon, S. M., Maniloff, J., Mayo, M. A., Mcgeoch, D. J., Pringle, C. R., and Wiekner, R. B. (editors) (2000) Virus Taxonomy. Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Virus. San Diego: Academic Press.
146. Flint, M., and Mckeating, j. (2000) The role of the hepatitis C virus glycoproteins in infection. Rev. Med Virol. 10, 101-117
147. Granof, A., and Webster, R. G. (1999) Encyclopedia of Virology, 2nd edn. San Diego: Academic Press
148. Chu ML, Pan TC, Conway D, Kuo HJ, Glanville RW, Timpl R, Mann K, Deutzmann R. (1989) EMBO J 8, 1939-46
149. Pihlajaniemi, T. and Rehn, M. (1995) Two new collagen subgroups: membrane-associated collagens and types ⅩⅤ and ⅩⅤⅡ. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol., 50, 225-262
150. Snellman, A., Tu, H. Vaisanen, T., Kvist, A. P., Huhtala, P. and Pihlajaniemi, T. (2002) A short sequence in the N-terminal region is required for the trimerization of type ⅩⅢ collagen and is conserved in other collagenous transmembrane proteins. EMBO J. 19, 5051-5059
151. Yi Xu, Douglas R. Keene, Janusz M. Bujnicki, Magnus Hook, and slawomir Lukomski. (2002) Streptococcal Scll and Scl2 Proteins Form Collagen-like Triple Helices. J. Biol. Chem. 277 27312-27318
152. O'Reilly, D. R. (1997) in The Baculoviruses (Miller, Lois K., ed) 1st Ed., pp. 267-295, Plenum Press, New York
153. Anne, O. D. B., Roland, M., Sandrine, D., Laurence, C., Rene, C., Benoit, B., Marc, L. M., Francois, P., and Jean, D. (2000) The Transmembrane Domains of Hepatitis C Virus Envelope Glycoproteins E1 and E2 Play a Major Role in Heterodimerization. J. Biol. Chem.275, 31428-31437
154. Afonso C. L., Tulman E. R., Lu Z. (1999) The genome of Melanoplus sanguinipes Entomopoxvirus. J Virol. 73, 533～552
155. Albert J. Wahba and Moris Freiedkin (1962) The Enzymatic Synthesis of Thymidylate. J Biol. Chem. 237, 3794-3801
156. Altschul S. F, Fish W. Miller E.W. (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. J. Mol. Biol. 215,403～410
157. Arnold Lockshin, Krishna Mondal, and Peter V. Danenbergg (1984) Spectroscopic studies of ternary complexes of thymidylate synthetase, deoxyribonucleotides, and folate analogs. J. Biol. Chem. 259, 11346-11352
158. Bairoch. A., P. Bucher, K. Hofmann. (1997) The PROSITE database: its status in 1997. Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 217～221
159. Belfort M., Moelleken A., Maley G. F. (1983) Purification and properties of T4 phage thymidylate synthase produced by the cloned gene in an amplification vector. J Biol Chem. 258, 2045～2051
160. Benkovic S.J. (1980) On the mechanism of action of folate- and biopterin-requiring enzymes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 49, 227～251
161. Blakely, R. L. and Ben-kovic, S. J. (1984) 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolic acids and Pteridines Vol. 1, 191-253, John Wiley & Sons, New York
162. Bodemer W., NIller H. H., NItsche N. (1986) Organization of the thymidylate synthase gene of herpesvirus samiri.J Virol. 60, 114～123
163. Carreras, C. W., and Santi, D. V. (1995) The catalytic mechanism and structure of thymidylate synthase. Annu. Re V. Biochem. 64, 721-762
164. Chiericatti G, Santi DV. (1998) Aspartate 221 ofthymidylate synthase is involved in folate cofactor binding and in catalysis. Biochemistry. 37, 9038～9042
165. Danenberg, P. V. (1977) Thymidylate synthetase-a target enzyme in cancer chemotherapy. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 473, 73-92
166. Danenberg, P. V., and Lockshin, A. (1981) Fluorinated pyrimidines as tight-binding inhibitors of thymidylate synthetase. Pharmacal. Ther. 13, 69-90
167. Finer-Moore, J. S., Fauman, E. B., Foster, P. C., Perry, K. M., Santi, D. V., and Stroud, R. M. (1993) Refined structures of substrate-bound and phosphate-bound thymidylate synthase from Lactobacillus casei. J. Mol. Biol. 232, 1101-1116.
168. James J.R, Roy A.B, Ming-Cheng Chien (1996) Nucleotide sequence of the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV8). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93, 14862～14867
169. Kristin M, Christian A, Tidona U. (1998) Identification of a Thymidylate Synthase Gene within the Genome of Chilo Iridescent Virus. Virus Genes 17, 243～258
170. Larry, W. H. and Ellen, N. (1992) Asn177 in Escherichia coil Thymidylate Synthase is a Major Determinant of Pyrimidine Specificity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 9725-9729
171. McGeoch, D. J. and Davison, A. J (1999) Origin and Evolution of Virus Acdemic Press, New York.
172. McLauchlan, J., Gaffney, D., Whitton, J. L. & Clements, J. B. (1985) The consensus sequence YGTGTTYY located downstream from the AATAAA signal is required for efficient formation ofmRNA 3' termini. Nucleic Acids Res. 13, 1347-1368
173. Meng-Feng T, Chu-Fang Lo, Marielle C.W. (2000) Transcriptional Analysis of the Ribonucleotide Reductase Genes of Shrimp White Spot Bacilliform Virus. Virology. 277, 92～99
174. Meng-Feng T., Hon-Tsen Y., Huey-Fen T. (2000) Identification and characterization of a shrimp white spot bacilliform virus (WSBV) gene that encodes a novel chimeric polypeptide of cellular-type thymidine kinase and thymidylate kinase. Virolody. 277,100～110
175. Pearson W. R. (1990) Rapid and sensitive sequence comparison with FASTP and FASTA.Methods Enzymol. 183, 2444～2448
176. Perry, K. M., Fauman, E. B., Finer-Moore, J. S., Montfort, W. R., Maley, G. F., Maley, F., and Stroud, R. M. (1990) Plastic adaptation toward mutations in proteins: structural comparison of thymidylate synthases. Proteins: Struct., Funct., Genet. 8, 315-333.
177. Perry, K. M., Onuffer, J. J., Touchette, N. A., Herndon, C. S., Gittelman, M. S., Matthews, C. R., Chen, J. T., Mayer, R. J., Taira, K., Benkovic, S. J. etal. (1987) Effect of single amino acid replacements on the folding and stability of dihydrofolate reductase from Escherichia coll. Biochemistry 19,2674-2682
178. Richter J., Puchtler I., Fleckenstein B. (1988)Thymidylate synthase gene of herpesvirus ateles, J Virol. 62, 3530～3535
179. Sambrook J., Fritsch E.F., Maniatis T. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual 2nd Eds, Cold spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
180. Schiffer. (1995) The crystal structure of hTS implicated this Tyr residue in a drug resistance mechanistic role that may include both substrate binding and catalysis. Biochemistry. 34, 16279～16287
181. Tong Y., Liu-Chen X., Ercikan-Abali EA., Capiaux GM., Zhao SC., Banerjee D., Bertino JR. (1998) Isolation and characterization of thymitaq (AG337) and 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridylate-resistant mutants of human thymidylate synthase from ethyl methanesulfonate-exposed human sarcoma HT1080 cells. J Biol Chem. 273, 11611～11618
182. Williams, A. W., Dunlap, R. B., and Berger, S. H. (1998) A hydroxyl group at residue 216 is essential for catalysis by human thymidylate synthase. Biochemistry 37, 7096-7103
183. XiaoHong Chen, Mathews C.K., Wheeler L.J. (1995) An Immunoblot Assay Reveals that Bacteriophage T4 thymidylate Synthase and Dihydrofolate Reductase Are Not Virion Protein. J Virol. 69, 2119～2125
184. Kool M, Voeten J T, Goldbach R W, et al. (1993) Identification of seven putative origins of Autographa californica multiple nucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus DNA replication. Journal of General Virology. 74:2661-2668
185. Rasmussen C, Leisy D J, Ho P S, et al. (1996) Structure-function analysis of the Autographa californica multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus homologous region palindromes. Virology. 224(1):235-245
186. Luque T, Finch R, Crook N, et al. (2001) The complete sequence of the Cydia pomonella granulovirus genome. Journal of General Virology. 82:2531-2547
187. Kadonage J T. (1991) Purification of sequence-specific DNA binding proteins by Dna affinity chromatography. Methods Enzymol. 208:10-28
188. Kadonaga J T, Tjian R. (1986) Affinity purification of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins. Pro. Natl. Acad. Sci. 83:5889-5893
189. Murray P. Deutscher. (1990) Methods in Enzymology: Guide to Protein Purification. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
190. Marshak D R, Kdaonaga JT, Burgess R R, et al. (1996) Strategies for Protein Purification and Characterization: A Laboratory Course Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
191. Banniste A J, Kouzarides T. (1992) Basic peptides enhance protein/DNA interation in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res. 20(13):3523
192. Kozmik Z, Urbanek P, Paces V. (1990) Albumin improves formation and detection of
some specific protein-DNA complexes in the mobility shift assay. Nucleic Acids Res.18(8): 2198
193. Haukanes B I, Kvam C. (1993) Application of magnetic beads in Bioassays.Biotechnology. 11(1): 60-63
194. Ebel T T, Sippel A E. (1995) A rapid method to deplete endogenous DNA-binding proteins from reticulocyte lysate translation systems. Nucleic Acid Res. 2076-2077
195. Kawaguchi H, Asai A, Ohtsuka Y. (1989) Purification of DNA-binding transcription factors by their selective adsorption on the affinity latex particles. Nucleic Acids Res. 17(15): 6229-6240
196. Hemat F, McEntee K. (1994) A rapid and efficient PCR-based method for synthesizing high-molecular-weight multimers of oligonucleotides. Bichem Biopys Res Commun. 205(1): 475-481
197. Chalepakis G, Beato M. (1989) Hydroxyl radical interference: a new method for the study of protein-DNA interactions. Nucleic Acid Res. 17:1783
198. Fried M, Crother D M. (1981) Equilibria and kinetics of lac repressor-operator interations by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Nucleic Acids Res. 9(23):6505-6025
199. Garner M M, Revzin A. (1981) A gel eletrophoresis method for quantifying the binding of proteins to specific DNA regions: application to componets of the Escherichia coli lactose operon regulatory system. Nucleic Acids Res. 9(13):3047-3060
200. Berger R, Duncan M R, Berman B. (1993) Nonradiactive gel mobility shift assay using chmiluminescent detection. Biotechniques 15(4):650-652
201. Kemler Ⅰ, Schreiber E, Muller M M, et al. (1989) Ocatamer transcription factors bind to two different sequence motifs of the immunoglobulin heavy chain promoter. EMBO J. 8(7)L2001-2008
202．徐丽美，王玮，杨丰，对虾白斑杆状病毒(WSBV)定量PCR检测技术研究，高技术通讯，2001，11(121)，14—16
203. Severson DW; Williamson JL; Aiken JM (1991) Nucleotide sequence of a middle repetitive DNA from honey bees. Gene Jan 15; 97(2): 313-4
204. Stumph W.E.; Kristo P.; Tsai M.J.; O'Malley B.W. (1981) A chicken middle-repetitive DNA sequence which shares homology with mammalian ubiquitous repeats. Nucleic Acids Res. 9: 5383-5397,
205. Kuroiwa A, Obinata M, Natori S. (1983) Selective expression of cloned middle-repetitive sequences in nuclear RNA of mouse organs. Eur J Biochem Jan 17; 130(1): 161-5
206. Sanzo M.; Stevens B.; Tsai M.J.; O'Malley B.W. (1984) Isolation of a protein fraction that binds preferentially to chicken middle repetitive DNA. Biochemistry 23: 6491-6498,
207. Fernandez J, Gharahdaghi F, Mische S M. (1998) Routine identification of proteins from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE) gels or polyvinyl difluoride membranes using matrix assisted laster desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry(MAIDI-TOF-MASS). Electrophoresis. 19:1036-1045
208. Gharahdaghi F, Weinberg C R, Meagher D A. (1999) Mass spectrometry identification of protein from silver-stained polyacryamide gel: A method fro the removal of silver ions to enhance sensitivity. Electrophoresis. 20:601-605
2. Rosenberry B (1998) Shrimp hits new high. Fish Farming International 25:1
3. Rosenberry B (1999) Farmed shrimp up by 12 per cent. Fish Farmer January/February 40-41
4．苏永全主编．虾类健康养殖．(1998，)，北京；海洋出版社
5. Alday de Graindorge, V. & Griffith, D. (2001). Ecuador. In Thematic Review on Management Strategies for Major Diseases in Shrimp Aquaculture. A Component of the WB/NACA/WWF/FAO Programme on Shrimp Farming and the Environment. Report of the Workshop held in Cebu, Philippines from 28-30 November 1999. (In press).
6. Alderman, D.J. (1996). Geographical spread of bacterial and fungal diseases of crustaceans. Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot. 15(2): 603-632.
7. Rajendran, K.V., Vijayan, K.K., Santiago, T.C. & Krol, R.M. (1999). Experimental host range and histopathology of white spot bacilliform virus (WSBV) infection in shrimp, prawns, crabs and lobsters from India. J.. Fish Dis. 22: 183-191.
8. Vlak, J.M., Jean-Robert. B., Flegel, T. W., Guang, H. K., Lightner, D. V., Lo, C. F., Loh, P. C., and Walker, P. J. (2002) Nimaviridae A new virus family infecting aquatic invertebrates.A report in Ⅻth International Congress of Virology. Paris
9. Otta, S.K., Shubha, G., Joseph, B., Chakraborty, A., Karunasagar, I. & Karnnasagar, I. (1999). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of white spot bacilliform virus (WSBV) in cultured and wild crustaceans in India. Dis. Aquat. Org. 38: 67-70.
10. Bartley, D. & Subasinghe, R.P. (1996). Historical aspects of international movement of living aquatic species. Rev. Sci, Tech. Off Int. Epizoot. 15(2): 387-400.
11. Walker, P. and R. Subasinghe. eds. (2000). DNA-based molecular diagnostic techniques: research needs for standardisation and validation of the detection of aquatic animal pathogens and diseases. Report and proceedings of the Expert Workshop on DNA-based Molecular Diagnostic Techniques: Research Needs for Standardization and Validation of the Detection of Aquatic Animal Pathogens and Diseases. Bangkok, Thailand, 7-9 February 1999. FAO Fish. Techn. Pap. No. 395, 93 pp.
12. Wang C H. Lo C F. Leu JH. Chou C M. Yeh P Y. Chou H Y. Tung M C. Chang C F. Su M S. Kou GH. (1995) Purification and genomic analysis of baeulovirus associated with spot bacilliform (WSBV) of Penaeus monodon. Disease of Aquatic Organisms. 23:239-242
13. Chou H Y. Huang C Y. Wang C H. Chiang H C. Lo C F. (1995) Pathogencity of baculovirus infection causing white spot bacilliform in cultured penaeid shrimp in Taiwan. Disease of Aquatic organisms. 23:165-173
14. Lo C F. Leu J H. Ho C H. Chen C H. Peng S E. Chen Y T. Chou C M. Yeh P Y. Huang C J. Chou H Y. Wang C H. Kou G H. (1996) Detection of baeulovirus associated with white spot bacilliform (WSBV) in penaeid shrimps using polymerase chain reaction. Disease of Aquatic Organisms. 25(1): 133-141
15. Chang P S. Lo C F. Wang Y C. Kou G H. (1996) Identification white spot bacilliform associated baeuiovirus (WSBV) target organs in the shrimp Penaeus monodon by in situ hybridization. Disease Aquatic Organisms. 27:131-139
16．王云祥，李秀梅，孙金生．天津地区对虾暴发性流行病的病因、病理及传播途径的初步研究．海洋科学．1994，6：1-5
17．吴友吕，倪梦麟．养殖对虾暴发性流行病—中国对虾肝胰腺坏死病研究．东海海洋．1993，11(4)：42-48
18．张红卫，王金星，于士广等．山东中国对虾暴发病病原体的研究．海洋科学．1995，(1)：5-7
19．国际翔，王丽霞，李文清等．辽宁沿海养殖对虾暴发性病害的病因分析．电子显微镜
学报，1994，13(5)：355
20．郑国兴，耿龙坤，沈亚林等．东海区养殖对虾暴发性流行病病原及防疫对策．海洋科学．1995，(2)：1-3
21．薛清刚．对虾传染性皮下与造血组织坏死病毒(IHHNV)的研究进展．国外水产．1994，1：20
22．薛清刚，王文兴．对虾疾病的研究现状于我国虾病泛滥的成因分析．海洋科学．1995，1：20
23．高玮，张立人，陈隶华．对虾病害的研究进展。第二届全国人工养殖对虾疾病综合防治和环境管理学术研讨会论文集，中科学技术协会学会部编
24．彭家珍，任家鸣，沈菊英等．急性致死性对虾病的杆状病毒病原的研究．病毒学报．1995，11(2)：151-157
25．黄捷，于佳，宋晓玲等．对虾暴发性流行病原的人工感染研究．海洋水产研究．1995，16(1)：52-58
26．战文斌，愈开康，孟庆显等 中国对虾杆状病毒病的研究．中国水产科学．1995，2：22-28
27．黄捷，于佳，宋晓玲等．对虾皮下及造血组织坏死杆状病毒的精细结构、核酸、多肽及血清学研究．海洋水产研究．1995，16(1)：11-23
28．陈细法，陈平，吴定虎等．养殖对虾一种新杆状病毒的研究．中国科学(C辑)．1997，27(5)：415-420
29．胡超群．广东养殖对虾流行病的特点和病因．海洋科学．1994，6：9-10
30．徐洪涛，王运涛，朴爱春等．1996年中国对虾暴发性流行病病毒病原研究．病毒学报．1999，15(2)：158-162
31. Inouye K, Miwa S, Oseko N, Nakano H, et al. (1994) Mass moralities of cultured kuruma shrimp Penaeus japonicus in Japan in 1993: electron microscopic evidence of the causative virus. Fish Pathology. 29(2): 149-158
32. Takahshi Y et al. (1994) Electron microscopic evidence of bacilliform virus infection in kuruma shrimp(Penaeus japonicus). Fish Pathology. 29(2): 121-125
33．吴友吕，王方国，洪健．长毛对虾杆状病毒的研究．电子显微镜学报．1994，13(5)：356
34．黄捷，宋晓玲，于佳等．杆状病毒的皮下及造血组织坏死—对虾暴发性流行病的病原和病理学．海洋水产研究．1995，16(1)：1-10
35．国际翔，王丽霞，李文清等．对虾杆状病毒感染寄主细胞的超微结构观察．海洋科学，1994，(6)：38-42
36．张立人，张建红，陈隶华等．东方对虾杆状病毒在宿主细胞内的装配．电子显微学报．1994，13(5)：354
37．陈细法，吴定虎，黄槐等．养殖对虾一种病毒的超微结构特点．电子显微镜学报．1994，13(5)：357
38．邹国祥，谭金山，候颖一等．对虾肝胰腺肌上皮细胞的杆状病毒．电子显微镜学报．1994，13(5)：358
39．胡超群．斑节对虾”病毒性白斑病”及其防治的研究．第二届全国人工一种对虾疾病综合防治和环境管理学术研讨会论文集．中国科学技术协会学会部编．青岛：青岛海洋大学出版社．1996 46-52
40. Durand S et al. (1997) Ultrastructure and morphogeniesis of white spot bacilliform baculovirus(WSBV). Disease of Aquatic Organisms. 29:205-211
41．周宸，曾志南，陈木．对虾杆状病毒组织病理研究．第二捷全国人工养殖对虾疾病综合防治和环境管理学术研讨会论文集，中国科学技术协会学会部编．青岛：青岛海洋大学出版社．1996，15-18
42. Rohrman G F. (1992) Bacuiovirus structural proteins. Journal of General Virology.73:749-761
43．吕鸿声．昆虫病毒与昆虫病毒病．北京：科学出版社．1985
44. Gombart A F et al. (1989) Characterization of the genetic organization of the HindIII M region of the multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Orgyla pseudotsugata reveals
major differences among baculoviruses. Journal of General virology. 70:1815-1828
45. Yang F, Wang W, Cheng Y Z, Xu X. (1997) A simple and efficient method for purification of prawn baculovirus DNA. Joural of Virological Methods. 67:1-4
46. Bruce L D, Trumper B B, Lightner D V. (1991) Methods for viral isolation and DNA extraction for a penaeid shrimp baculovirus. Jouranl of Virological Methods. 34:245-254
47. Wongteerasupaya C, Vickers J E, Sriurairatana S, Nash G L, Akarajamorn A, Boonseag V, Panyim S, Tassanakajon A, Withyachumnarnkul B, Flegel T W, (1995) A non-occluded, systemic baculovirus that occurs in cells of ectodermal and mesodermal origin and causes high mortality in the black tiger prawn penaeus monodon. Dis Aquat Org 21:60-77
48. Francki, R. I. B., Fauquet, C. M., Knudson, D. L. and Brown, F. (1991) International Committee on Taxonomy of Virus. New York
49. Yang F, Jun H, Xionghui L, et al. (2001) Complete genome sequence of White Spot Bacillovirus from shrimp. Journal of Virology. 75(23): 11811-11820
50. Gonzales M P, Sanchez X, Ganga M A, Lopez-Lastra M, et al. (1997) Detection of the infections hematopoietic necrosis virus directly from infected fish tissues by dot blot hybridization with a non-Radioactive probe. Journal of Virological Methods. 65:273-279
51. Meng-Feng T, Chu-Fang L, Marielle C W, et al. (2001) Transcriptional Analysis of the Ribonucleotide Reductase Genes of Shrimp White Spot Bacilliform Virus. Virology. 4, 272:92-99
52. Marielle C W, Van H. Meng-Feng T, Christel A S, et al. (2000) Analysis of a genomic segment of white spot bacilliform virus of shrimp containing ribonucleotide reductase genes and repeat regions. Journal of General Virology. 81: 307-316
53. Marielle C W, Van H. Marcel W, et al. (2000) Identification of Two Major Virion Genes of White Spot Bacilliform Virus of Shrimp. Virology. 266:227-236
54. Meng-Feng T, Hon-Tsen Y, Huey-Fen T, et al. (2000) Identification and Characterization of a Shrimp White Spot Bacilliform Virus (WSBV) Gene That Encodes a Novel Chimeric Polypeptide of Cellular-Type Thymidine Kinase. Virology. 277:100-110
55. Marielle C W, Van H, Jeroen W, et al. (2001) White Spot Bacilliform Virus Envelope Protein VP28 Is Involved in the Systemic Infection of Shrimp. Virology. 228-233
56. Lu Y, L M Tapay, R B Gose, J A Brock, P C Loh (1997) Infectivity of Yellow-head virus (YHV) and the Chinese baculo-like virus (CBV) in two species of penaeid shrimp, Penaeus stylirostris (Stimpson) and P. vannamei (Boone). In T.W. Flegei and I. MacRae(eds.) Diseases in Asian Aquaculture Ⅲ. Asian Fisheries Society,Flegei, Manila.
57. Supamattaya K, R W Hoffmann, S Boonyaratpalin, P Kanchanaphum (1998) Experimental transmission of white spot bacilliform virus (WSBV) from black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon to the sand crab Portunus pelagicus, mud crab Scylla serrata and Krill Acetes sp. Dis Aquat Org 32:79-85
58. Chang P S, Chen H C, Wang Y C (1998) Detection of white spot bacilliform associated baculovirus in experimentally infected wild shrimp, crab and lobsters by in situ hybridization. Aquaculture 164: 233-242
59. Lan Y S, Lu W, and Xu X (2002) Genomic instability of prawn white spot bacilliform virus (WSBV) and its association to virus virulence. Virus Res. Dec; 90(1-2): 269-74.
60. Chang P S, Lo C F, Peng S E, Liu K F, Wang C H, Kou G H (2002) White spot bacilliform virus (WSBV) PCR-positive Artemia cysts yield PCR-negative nauplii that fail to transmit WSBV when fed to shrimp postlarvae. Dis Aquat Organ 24:1-10
61. Can-hua Huang, Li-ren Zhang, Jian-hong Zhang, Lian-chun Xiao, Qing-jiang Wu, Di-hua Chen, and Joseph K. -K. Li (2001) Purification and characterization of White Spot Bacilliform Virus (WSBV) produced in an alternate host: crayfish, Cambarus elarkii. Virus Research 76, 115-125
62. Chou H V, Huang C Y, Lo C F, Kou G H (1998) Studies on transmission of white spot bacilliform associated baculovirus (WSBV) in Penaeus monodon and P. japonicus via water borne contact and oral ingestion. Aquaculture 164:263-276
63. Wang Y C, Lo C F, Chang P S, Kou G H (1998) Experimental infection of white spot baculovirus in some cultured and wild decapods in Taiwan. Aquaculture 164:221-231
64. Chou H V, Huang C Y, Wang C H, Chiang H C, Lo C F (1995) Pathogenicity of a
baculovirus infection causing White Spot Bacilliform in cultured penaeid shrimp in Taiwan. Dis Aquat Org 23: 165-173
65. Nakano H, H Koube, S Umezawa, K Momoyama, M Hiraoka, K Inouye, N Oseko (1994) Mass mortalities of cultured kuruma shrimp, Penaeus japonicus, in Japan in 1993: epizootiological survey and infection trials. Fish Pathol. 29:135-139
66. Wongteerasupaya, C, S Wongwisansri, V Boonsaeng, S Panyim, P Pratanpipat, GL Nash, B Withyachumnarnkul and T W Fiegel (1996) DNA fragment of Penaeus monodon baculovirus PmNOBII gives positive in situ hybridization with White-spot viral infections in six penaeid shrimp species. Aquaculture 143:23-32
67. Lightner D.V. (Ed.) (1996). Handbook of Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures for Diseases of Penaeid Shrimp. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, USA.
68. Nunan L M, B T Poulos, DV Lightner (1998) The detection of White Spot Bacilliform Virus (WSBV) and Yellow Head Virus (YHV) in imported commodity shrimp. Aquaculture 160:19-30
69. Inouye K, Miwa S, Oseko N, Nakano H, Kimura T (1994) Mass mortalities of cultured kuruma shrimp, Penaeus japonicus in Japan in1993: electron micrscopic evidence of the causative virus. Fish Patho129:149-158
70. Peng S E, C F Lo, C H Ho, C F Chang, G H Kou (1998) Detection of white spot baculovirus (WSBV) in giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, using polymerase chain reaction. Aquaculture 164:253-262
71. Lo C F, Kou G H (1998) Virus-assiciated white spot bacilliform of bacilliform in Taiwan: a review. Fish Pathol 33:365-373
72. Lo, C. F., Hsu, H. C., Tsai, M. F., Ho, C. H., Peng, S. E., Kou, G. H., and Lightner, D. V. (1999) Dis. Aquat. Org. 35,175-185
73. Zhan, W. B., and Y. H. Wang. (1998)J. Aquatic Animal health. 10, 405-410.
74. A.S. Sahul Hameed, K. Yoganandhan, S. Sathish, M. Rasheed, V. Murugan, and Kunthala Jayaraman. (2001) Aquaculture 201, 179-186
75. Jiravanichpaisal P, Bangyeekhun E, Soderhali K, and Soderhall I. (2001) Dis. Aquat. Organ. 47,151-157
76. Chang P S, Lo C F, Wang Y C, Kou G H (1996) Identification of white spot bacilliform associated baculovirus (WSBV) target organs in the shrimp, Penaeus monodon by in situ hybridization. Dis Aquat Org 27:131-139
77. Flegei T W(1997) Special topic review: Major viral diseases of the black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) in Thailand. World J Microbiology and Biotechnology 13:433-442
78. Lightner D V (1996) A Handbook of Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures for Disease of Cultured Penaeid Shrimp. Section 3: Virus, World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
79. Eastoe, J. E. (1967) composition of collagen and allied proteins. In Treatise on collagen (Ramachandran, G. N., ed) pp. 1-72, Academic, London
80. Gross, J. (1956) The behavior of collagen unites as a model in morphogenesis. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. Suppl. 2, 26
81. Ramachandran, G. N., and Reddi, A. H., eds (1976) Biochemistry of Collagen. Plenum, New York
82. Miller, E. J., and Matukas, V. J. (1969) Chick cartilage collagen: a new type of α1 chain not present in bone and skin of species. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 64, 1264-1268
83. Mayne, R., and Burgeson, R. E., eds (1987) Structure and function of collagen types. Academic, Orlando, Florida
84. Kefalides, N. A. (1973) Structure and biosynthesis of basement membranes, Int. Rev. Connect. Tissue. Res. 6, 63-104
85. Van de Rest, M., and Garrone, R. (1990) Collagens as multidomain proteins. Biochimie. 72, 473-484
86. Sehmitt, F. O. (1942) Electron microscope investigations of the structure of collagen. J.. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 20, 11-33
87. Hodge, A. J., and Petruska, J. A. (1963) Recent studies with the electrcn microscope on the ordered aggregates of the troprocollagen molecule. Aspects of Protein Structure
(Ramachandran, G. N., ed) p. 289, Academic, New York
88. Fleisehmajer, R., Timpl, R., Tuderman, L. Raisher, L. Wiestner, M., Perlish, J. S., and Graves, P. N. (198 1) Ultrastructural identification of extension aminopropeptides of type Ⅰ and type Ⅲ collagens in human skin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 7360-7364
89. Henkel, W., and Glanville, R. W. (1982) Covalent crosslinking between molecules of type Ⅰ and type Ⅲ collagens. Eur. J. Biochem. 122, 205-213
90. Keene, D. R., Sakai, L. Y., Bachinger, H. P., and Burgeson, R. E. (1987) Type Ⅲ collagen can be present on banded collagen fibrils regardless of fibril diameter. J.. Cell. Biol. 105,2393-2402
91. Morris, N. P., and Bachinger, H. P. (1987) Type Ⅺ collagen is a heterotrimer with a composition (1α,2α,3α) retraining non-triple-helical domains. J. Biol. Chem. 262,11345-11350
92. Niyibizi, C., and Eyre, D. R. (1989) Identification of the cartilage α1(Ⅺ) chain in type Ⅴ collagen from bovin bone. FEBS Lett. 242, 314-318
93. Bernard, M. P., Yoshioka, H., Rodriguez, E., Van der Rest, M., Kimura, T., Ninomiya, Y., Olsen, B. R., and Ramirez, F. (1988) Cloning and Sequencing of pro-α1(Ⅺ) collagen cDNA demonstrates that type Ⅺ belongs to the fibrillar class of collagens and reveals that the expression of the gene is not restricted to cartilagenous tissue. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 17159-17166
94. Kimura, Y., Cheah, K. S. E., Chan, S. D. H., Lui, V. C. H., Mattei, M. G., Van der Rest, M., Ono, K., Solomon, E., Ninomiya, Y., and Olsen, B. R. (1989) The human α2(Ⅺ) collagen (COL11A2) chain. Molecular cloning of cDNA and genomic DNA reveals characteristics of a fibrillar collagen with differences in genomic organization. J.. Biol. Chem. 264, 13910-13916
95. Yoshioka, H., and Ramirez, F. (1990) Pro-α1(Ⅺ) collagen. Structure of the amino-terminal propeptide and expression of the gene in tumor cell lines. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 6423-6426
96. Exposito, J. Y., and Garrone, R. (1990) Characterization of a fibrillar collagen gene in spongs reveals the early evolutionary appearance of two collagen gene families. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 6669-6673
97. D'Alession, M., Ramirez, F., Suzuki, H. R., Solursh, M., and Grambino, R. (1990) Cloning of a fibrillar collagen gene expressed in the mesenchymal cells of the developing sea urchin embryo. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 7050-7054
98. Peltonen, L., Halila, R., and Ryhanen, L. (1985) Enzymes converting procollagens to collagens. J. Cell. Biochem. 28, 15-21
99. Prockop, D. J., Kivirikko, K. I., Tuderman, L., and Guzman, N. A. (1979) The biosynthesis of collagen and its disorders (first of two parts). N. Engl. J. Med. 301, 13-23
100. Adachi, E., Hayashi, T., and Hashimoto, P. H. (1989) Immunoelectron microscopical evidence that type Ⅴ collagen is a fibrillar collagen: important for an aggregating capability of the preparation for reconstituting banding fibrils. Matrix 9, 232-237
101. Fleischmajer, R., Perlish, J. S., and Timpl, R. (1985) Collagen fibrillogenesis in human skin. Ann. N. E Acad. Sci. 460, 246-257
102. Gordon, M. K., and Olsen, B. R. (1990) The contribution of collagenous proteins to tissue-specific matrix assemblies. Curt. Opin. Cell Biol. 2, 833-838
103. Muragaki, Y., Nishimura, I., Henney, A., Ninomiya, Y., and Olsen, B. R. (1990) The α1(Ⅸ) collagen gene gives rise to two different transcripts in bothmouse embryonic and human fetal RNA. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 87, 2400-2404
104. Brewton, R. G., Wright, D. W., and Mayne, R. (1991) Structural and functional comparison of type Ⅸ collagen-proteoglycan from chicken cartilage and vitreous humor, J. Biol. Chem. 263, 1615-1618
105. Vasios, G., Nishimura, I., Konomi, H., Van der Rest, M., Ninomiya, Y., and Olsen, B. R. (1988) Type Ⅸ collagen-proteoglycan contains a large amino-terminal globular domain encoded by multiple exons. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 2324-2329
106. Eyre, D. R., Apone, S., Wu, J. J., Ericsson, L. H., and Walsh, K. A. (1987) Collagen type
Ⅸ: evidence for covalent linkage to type Ⅱ collagen in cartilage. FEBS Lett. 220, 337-341
107. Van der Rest, M. and Mayne, R. (1988) Type Ⅸ collagen from cartilage is covalently crossinglinked to type Ⅱ collagen. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 1615-1618
108. Gordon, M. K., Gerecke, D. R., and Olsen, B. R. (1987) Type Ⅻ collagen: distinct extraceilular matrix component discovered by cDNA cloning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 6040-6044
109. Dublet, B., Oh, S., Sugrue, S. P., Gordon, M. K., Gerecke, D. R, Olsen, B. R., and Van der Rest, M. (1989)The structure of avian type Ⅻ collagen. α1(Ⅻ) chains contains 190-kDa non-triple helical amino-terminal domains and form homotrimeric molecules. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 13150-13156
110. Dublet, B., and Van der Rest, M. (1991) Type XIV collagen, a new homotrimeric molecule extracted from bovine skin and tendon, with a triple helical disulfide-bonded domain homologous to type Ⅸ and type Ⅻ collagens. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 6853-6858
111. Timpl, R. (1989) Structure and biological activity of basement membrane proteins. Eur. J. Biochem. 180, 487-502
112. Saus, J., Wieslander, J., Langeveld, J. P. M., Quinones, S., and Hudson, B. G. (1988) Identification of the goodpature antigen as the α3(Ⅳ) chain of collagen Ⅳ. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 13374-13380
113. Hostikka, S. L., Eddy, R. L., Byers, M. G., Hoyhtya, M., Shows, T. B., and Tryggvason, K. (1990) Identification of a distinct type Ⅳ collagen α chain with restricted kidney distribution and assignment of its gene to the locus of X chromosome-linked Alport bacilliform. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 1606-1610
114. Van Hulten MC, Witteveldt J, Peters S, Kioosterboer N, Tarchini R, Fiers M, Sandbrink H, Lankhorst RK, Vlak JM. (2001) Virology 286, 7-22
115. White, J. M. (1990) Viral And Cellular Membrane Fusion Proteins. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 52, 675-697
116. White, J. M. (1992) Membrane fusion. Science 258, 659-662
117. Melikyan, G. B., White, J. M. & Cohen, F. S. (1995) GPI-anchored influenza hemagglutinin induces hemifusion to both red blood cell and planar bilayer membranes. J. Cell Biol. 131,679-691
118. Melikyan, G. B., Brener, S. A., Ok, D. C. & Cohen, F. S. (1997) Inner but not outer membrane leaflets control the transition from glycosyl phosphatidy linositol-anehored influenza hemagglutinin-induced hemifusion to full fusion, J. Cell Biol. 136, 995-1005
119. Canhua Huang, Xiaobo Zhang, Qingsong Lin, Xun Xu, Zhihong Hu, and Choy-L. Hew (2002) Proteomic Analysis of Shrimp White Spot Bacilliform Viral Proteins and Characterization of a Novel Envelope Protein VP466. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 1, 223-231
120. Van Hulten, M. C. W., Witteveldt, J., Snippe, M. & Vlak, J. M. (2001). White spot bacilliform virus envelope protein VP28 is involved in the systemic infection of Shrimp. Virology 285, 228-233
121. Van Hulten, M. C W., Reijns, M., Vermeesch, A. M. G., Zandbergen, F., and Vlak, J. M. (2002) Identification of VP19 and VP15 of white spot bacilliform virus (WSBV) and glycosylation status of the WSBV major structural proteins, J. General Virol. 83,257-265
122. Hoffmann, K. and Stoffel, W. (1993) TMbase--A Database of Membrane Spanning Protein Segments. Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 374,166
123. Hoffmann, K., Bucher, P., Falquet, L., and Bairoch, A. (1999) Nucleic Acids Res. 27, 215-219
124. Yang, F., W. Wang, and X. Xu. (1997). A simple and efficient method for purification of prawn baculovirus DNA. J. Virol. Methods 67, 1-4.
125. Christopher, G. K., Loren, W., F.Stephen, L., Theodore, K., Matthew, B. G., and Alexander, J. S. (1997) Biochem. Biophysic. Res. Comm. 238, 277-279.
126. Kozak, M. (1995) Adherence to the first-AUG role when a second AUG codon follow closely upon the first. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 1734-1742
127. Kozak, M., (1989) The scanning model for translation: an update. EMBO J. 16, 2482-2492
128. Schmidt, T. M., and Linsenmayer, T. F. (1984) Biochemistry 23,553-558
129. Chan, D., Cole, W. G., Chow, C. W., Mundlos, S., and Bateman, J. F. (1995) A COL2A1 Mutation in Achondrogenesis Type Ⅱ Results in the Replacement of Type Ⅱ Collagen by Type Ⅰ and Ⅲ Collagens in Cartilage. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 1747-1753
130. Yuen, L., and Moss, B. (1987) Purification of a factor required for transcription of vaccinia virus early genes. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 84, 6417-6421
131. Tsai, M.F., Yu, H.T., Tzeng, H.F., Leu, J.H., Chou, C.M., Huang, C.J., Wang, C.H., Lin, J.Y., Kou, G.H., and Lo, C.F. (2000) Identification and characterization of a shrimp white spot bacilliform virus (WSBV) gene that encodes a novel chimeric polypeptide of cellular-type thymidine kinase and thymidylate kinase. Virolody. 277, 100～110
132. Mayne, R., and Burgeson, R. E., eds (1987) Structure and Function of collagen types. Academic, Orlando, Florida
133. Hulmes, D. J. S. (1992) The collagen superfamily-diverse structures and assemblies. Essays Biochem. 27, 49-67
134. Ferretti, J. J., McShan, W. M., Ajdic, D., Savic, D. J., Savic, G., Lyon, K., Primeaux, C., Sezate, S., Suvorov, A. N., Kenton, S., Lai, H. S., Lin, S. P., Qian, Y., Jia, H. G., Najar, F. Z., Ren, Q., Zhu, H., Song, L., White, J., Yuan, X., Clifton, S. W., Roe, B.A., and Mclaughlin, R. (2001) Complete genome sequence of an M1 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. US.A. 98, 4658-4663
135. Smith, M. C. M., Burns, N., Sayer, J. R., Sorrel, J. A., Casjens, S. R., and Hendrix, R. W. (1998) Bacteriophage Collagen. Science 279, 1834
136. Christian, A. T., and Gholamreza D., (1997) The Complete DNA Sequence of Lymphocystis Disease Virus. Virology 230, 207-216.
137. Albrecht, J. C., J. Nicholas, D. Billet, K. R. Cameron, B. Biesinger, C. Wittmann, M. A. Craxton, H. Coleman, B. Fleckenstein, and R.W. Honess. (1992). Primary structure of the herpesvirus saimiri genome. J. Virol. 66, 5047-5058.
138. Geck, P., S. A. Whitaker, M. M. Medveczky, and P. G. Medveczky. (1990). Expression of collagen-like sequences by a tumorvirus. J. Virol. 64, 3509-3515
139. Delaroque, N., S. Wolf, D. G. Mueller, and R. Knippers. (2000). Characterization and immunolocalization of major structural proteins in the brown algal virus EsV-1.Virology 269, 148-155
140. Kimura, T., Mattei, M. G., Stevens, J. W., Goldring, M. B., Ninomiya, Y., and Olsen, B. R.(1989). Molecular cloning of rat and human type Ⅸ collagen cDNA and localization of the alpha 1(Ⅸ) gene on the human chromosome 6. Eur. J. Biochem. 179, 71-78
141. James G. Bann and Hans Peter Ba chinger (2000) Glycosylation/Hydroxylation induced Stabilization of the Collagen Triple Helix. 4-trans-HYDROXYPROLINE IN THE Xaa POSITION CAN STABILIZE THE TRIPLE HELIX. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 24466-24469
142. Ragheb, J. A. & Anderson, F. (1994)) pH-independent murine leukemia virus ecotropic envelope-mediated cell fusion: implications for the role of the R peptide and p12E TM in viral entry. J. Virol. 68, 3207-3219
143. Weiss, C. D. & White, J. M. (1993) Characterization of stable Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing wild-type, secreted, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein. J. Virol. 67, 7060-7066
144. Odell, D., Wanas, E., Yan, J. & Ghosh, H. P. (1997) Influence of membrane anchoring and cytoplasmic domains on the fusogenic activity of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G. J. Virol. 71, 7996-8000
145. Van Regenmortel, M. H. V., Fauquest, C. M., Bishop, D. H. L., Carstens, E. B., Estes, M. K., Lemon, S. M., Maniloff, J., Mayo, M. A., Mcgeoch, D. J., Pringle, C. R., and Wiekner, R. B. (editors) (2000) Virus Taxonomy. Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Virus. San Diego: Academic Press.
146. Flint, M., and Mckeating, j. (2000) The role of the hepatitis C virus glycoproteins in infection. Rev. Med Virol. 10, 101-117
147. Granof, A., and Webster, R. G. (1999) Encyclopedia of Virology, 2nd edn. San Diego: Academic Press
148. Chu ML, Pan TC, Conway D, Kuo HJ, Glanville RW, Timpl R, Mann K, Deutzmann R. (1989) EMBO J 8, 1939-46
149. Pihlajaniemi, T. and Rehn, M. (1995) Two new collagen subgroups: membrane-associated collagens and types ⅩⅤ and ⅩⅤⅡ. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol., 50, 225-262
150. Snellman, A., Tu, H. Vaisanen, T., Kvist, A. P., Huhtala, P. and Pihlajaniemi, T. (2002) A short sequence in the N-terminal region is required for the trimerization of type ⅩⅢ collagen and is conserved in other collagenous transmembrane proteins. EMBO J. 19, 5051-5059
151. Yi Xu, Douglas R. Keene, Janusz M. Bujnicki, Magnus Hook, and slawomir Lukomski. (2002) Streptococcal Scll and Scl2 Proteins Form Collagen-like Triple Helices. J. Biol. Chem. 277 27312-27318
152. O'Reilly, D. R. (1997) in The Baculoviruses (Miller, Lois K., ed) 1st Ed., pp. 267-295, Plenum Press, New York
153. Anne, O. D. B., Roland, M., Sandrine, D., Laurence, C., Rene, C., Benoit, B., Marc, L. M., Francois, P., and Jean, D. (2000) The Transmembrane Domains of Hepatitis C Virus Envelope Glycoproteins E1 and E2 Play a Major Role in Heterodimerization. J. Biol. Chem.275, 31428-31437
154. Afonso C. L., Tulman E. R., Lu Z. (1999) The genome of Melanoplus sanguinipes Entomopoxvirus. J Virol. 73, 533～552
155. Albert J. Wahba and Moris Freiedkin (1962) The Enzymatic Synthesis of Thymidylate. J Biol. Chem. 237, 3794-3801
156. Altschul S. F, Fish W. Miller E.W. (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. J. Mol. Biol. 215,403～410
157. Arnold Lockshin, Krishna Mondal, and Peter V. Danenbergg (1984) Spectroscopic studies of ternary complexes of thymidylate synthetase, deoxyribonucleotides, and folate analogs. J. Biol. Chem. 259, 11346-11352
158. Bairoch. A., P. Bucher, K. Hofmann. (1997) The PROSITE database: its status in 1997. Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 217～221
159. Belfort M., Moelleken A., Maley G. F. (1983) Purification and properties of T4 phage thymidylate synthase produced by the cloned gene in an amplification vector. J Biol Chem. 258, 2045～2051
160. Benkovic S.J. (1980) On the mechanism of action of folate- and biopterin-requiring enzymes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 49, 227～251
161. Blakely, R. L. and Ben-kovic, S. J. (1984) 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolic acids and Pteridines Vol. 1, 191-253, John Wiley & Sons, New York
162. Bodemer W., NIller H. H., NItsche N. (1986) Organization of the thymidylate synthase gene of herpesvirus samiri.J Virol. 60, 114～123
163. Carreras, C. W., and Santi, D. V. (1995) The catalytic mechanism and structure of thymidylate synthase. Annu. Re V. Biochem. 64, 721-762
164. Chiericatti G, Santi DV. (1998) Aspartate 221 ofthymidylate synthase is involved in folate cofactor binding and in catalysis. Biochemistry. 37, 9038～9042
165. Danenberg, P. V. (1977) Thymidylate synthetase-a target enzyme in cancer chemotherapy. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 473, 73-92
166. Danenberg, P. V., and Lockshin, A. (1981) Fluorinated pyrimidines as tight-binding inhibitors of thymidylate synthetase. Pharmacal. Ther. 13, 69-90
167. Finer-Moore, J. S., Fauman, E. B., Foster, P. C., Perry, K. M., Santi, D. V., and Stroud, R. M. (1993) Refined structures of substrate-bound and phosphate-bound thymidylate synthase from Lactobacillus casei. J. Mol. Biol. 232, 1101-1116.
168. James J.R, Roy A.B, Ming-Cheng Chien (1996) Nucleotide sequence of the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV8). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93, 14862～14867
169. Kristin M, Christian A, Tidona U. (1998) Identification of a Thymidylate Synthase Gene within the Genome of Chilo Iridescent Virus. Virus Genes 17, 243～258
170. Larry, W. H. and Ellen, N. (1992) Asn177 in Escherichia coil Thymidylate Synthase is a Major Determinant of Pyrimidine Specificity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 9725-9729
171. McGeoch, D. J. and Davison, A. J (1999) Origin and Evolution of Virus Acdemic Press, New York.
172. McLauchlan, J., Gaffney, D., Whitton, J. L. & Clements, J. B. (1985) The consensus sequence YGTGTTYY located downstream from the AATAAA signal is required for efficient formation ofmRNA 3' termini. Nucleic Acids Res. 13, 1347-1368
173. Meng-Feng T, Chu-Fang Lo, Marielle C.W. (2000) Transcriptional Analysis of the Ribonucleotide Reductase Genes of Shrimp White Spot Bacilliform Virus. Virology. 277, 92～99
174. Meng-Feng T., Hon-Tsen Y., Huey-Fen T. (2000) Identification and characterization of a shrimp white spot bacilliform virus (WSBV) gene that encodes a novel chimeric polypeptide of cellular-type thymidine kinase and thymidylate kinase. Virolody. 277,100～110
175. Pearson W. R. (1990) Rapid and sensitive sequence comparison with FASTP and FASTA.Methods Enzymol. 183, 2444～2448
176. Perry, K. M., Fauman, E. B., Finer-Moore, J. S., Montfort, W. R., Maley, G. F., Maley, F., and Stroud, R. M. (1990) Plastic adaptation toward mutations in proteins: structural comparison of thymidylate synthases. Proteins: Struct., Funct., Genet. 8, 315-333.
177. Perry, K. M., Onuffer, J. J., Touchette, N. A., Herndon, C. S., Gittelman, M. S., Matthews, C. R., Chen, J. T., Mayer, R. J., Taira, K., Benkovic, S. J. etal. (1987) Effect of single amino acid replacements on the folding and stability of dihydrofolate reductase from Escherichia coll. Biochemistry 19,2674-2682
178. Richter J., Puchtler I., Fleckenstein B. (1988)Thymidylate synthase gene of herpesvirus ateles, J Virol. 62, 3530～3535
179. Sambrook J., Fritsch E.F., Maniatis T. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual 2nd Eds, Cold spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
180. Schiffer. (1995) The crystal structure of hTS implicated this Tyr residue in a drug resistance mechanistic role that may include both substrate binding and catalysis. Biochemistry. 34, 16279～16287
181. Tong Y., Liu-Chen X., Ercikan-Abali EA., Capiaux GM., Zhao SC., Banerjee D., Bertino JR. (1998) Isolation and characterization of thymitaq (AG337) and 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridylate-resistant mutants of human thymidylate synthase from ethyl methanesulfonate-exposed human sarcoma HT1080 cells. J Biol Chem. 273, 11611～11618
182. Williams, A. W., Dunlap, R. B., and Berger, S. H. (1998) A hydroxyl group at residue 216 is essential for catalysis by human thymidylate synthase. Biochemistry 37, 7096-7103
183. XiaoHong Chen, Mathews C.K., Wheeler L.J. (1995) An Immunoblot Assay Reveals that Bacteriophage T4 thymidylate Synthase and Dihydrofolate Reductase Are Not Virion Protein. J Virol. 69, 2119～2125
184. Kool M, Voeten J T, Goldbach R W, et al. (1993) Identification of seven putative origins of Autographa californica multiple nucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus DNA replication. Journal of General Virology. 74:2661-2668
185. Rasmussen C, Leisy D J, Ho P S, et al. (1996) Structure-function analysis of the Autographa californica multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus homologous region palindromes. Virology. 224(1):235-245
186. Luque T, Finch R, Crook N, et al. (2001) The complete sequence of the Cydia pomonella granulovirus genome. Journal of General Virology. 82:2531-2547
187. Kadonage J T. (1991) Purification of sequence-specific DNA binding proteins by Dna affinity chromatography. Methods Enzymol. 208:10-28
188. Kadonaga J T, Tjian R. (1986) Affinity purification of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins. Pro. Natl. Acad. Sci. 83:5889-5893
189. Murray P. Deutscher. (1990) Methods in Enzymology: Guide to Protein Purification. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
190. Marshak D R, Kdaonaga JT, Burgess R R, et al. (1996) Strategies for Protein Purification and Characterization: A Laboratory Course Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
191. Banniste A J, Kouzarides T. (1992) Basic peptides enhance protein/DNA interation in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res. 20(13):3523
192. Kozmik Z, Urbanek P, Paces V. (1990) Albumin improves formation and detection of
some specific protein-DNA complexes in the mobility shift assay. Nucleic Acids Res.18(8): 2198
193. Haukanes B I, Kvam C. (1993) Application of magnetic beads in Bioassays.Biotechnology. 11(1): 60-63
194. Ebel T T, Sippel A E. (1995) A rapid method to deplete endogenous DNA-binding proteins from reticulocyte lysate translation systems. Nucleic Acid Res. 2076-2077
195. Kawaguchi H, Asai A, Ohtsuka Y. (1989) Purification of DNA-binding transcription factors by their selective adsorption on the affinity latex particles. Nucleic Acids Res. 17(15): 6229-6240
196. Hemat F, McEntee K. (1994) A rapid and efficient PCR-based method for synthesizing high-molecular-weight multimers of oligonucleotides. Bichem Biopys Res Commun. 205(1): 475-481
197. Chalepakis G, Beato M. (1989) Hydroxyl radical interference: a new method for the study of protein-DNA interactions. Nucleic Acid Res. 17:1783
198. Fried M, Crother D M. (1981) Equilibria and kinetics of lac repressor-operator interations by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Nucleic Acids Res. 9(23):6505-6025
199. Garner M M, Revzin A. (1981) A gel eletrophoresis method for quantifying the binding of proteins to specific DNA regions: application to componets of the Escherichia coli lactose operon regulatory system. Nucleic Acids Res. 9(13):3047-3060
200. Berger R, Duncan M R, Berman B. (1993) Nonradiactive gel mobility shift assay using chmiluminescent detection. Biotechniques 15(4):650-652
201. Kemler Ⅰ, Schreiber E, Muller M M, et al. (1989) Ocatamer transcription factors bind to two different sequence motifs of the immunoglobulin heavy chain promoter. EMBO J. 8(7)L2001-2008
202．徐丽美，王玮，杨丰，对虾白斑杆状病毒(WSBV)定量PCR检测技术研究，高技术通讯，2001，11(121)，14—16
203. Severson DW; Williamson JL; Aiken JM (1991) Nucleotide sequence of a middle repetitive DNA from honey bees. Gene Jan 15; 97(2): 313-4
204. Stumph W.E.; Kristo P.; Tsai M.J.; O'Malley B.W. (1981) A chicken middle-repetitive DNA sequence which shares homology with mammalian ubiquitous repeats. Nucleic Acids Res. 9: 5383-5397,
205. Kuroiwa A, Obinata M, Natori S. (1983) Selective expression of cloned middle-repetitive sequences in nuclear RNA of mouse organs. Eur J Biochem Jan 17; 130(1): 161-5
206. Sanzo M.; Stevens B.; Tsai M.J.; O'Malley B.W. (1984) Isolation of a protein fraction that binds preferentially to chicken middle repetitive DNA. Biochemistry 23: 6491-6498,
207. Fernandez J, Gharahdaghi F, Mische S M. (1998) Routine identification of proteins from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE) gels or polyvinyl difluoride membranes using matrix assisted laster desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry(MAIDI-TOF-MASS). Electrophoresis. 19:1036-1045
208. Gharahdaghi F, Weinberg C R, Meagher D A. (1999) Mass spectrometry identification of protein from silver-stained polyacryamide gel: A method fro the removal of silver ions to enhance sensitivity. Electrophoresis. 20:601-605