牵引变压器典型负荷曲线的建模、仿真与应用
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摘要
牵引变压器是牵引变电所最重要的电气设备之一，它的运行状态直接影响到牵引供电系统运行的稳定性和可靠性。因此，通过研究牵引负荷得到建立牵引变压器典型负荷曲线的方法具有重要的意义。
本文对若干实际变电所的一天24小时负荷电流、电压数据进行记录整理，作为实际负荷过程。在实际牵引负荷过程及其统计规律的基础上，对电气化铁道牵引变电所主变压器进行温升计算以及寿命分析，建立牵引变压器典型负荷曲线。
研究的方法是：利用IEC354《油浸式变压器负荷导则》中温升计算公式建立变压器温升和寿命损失模型，从数理统计出发，用概率分布的观点，在实测负荷的基础上，寻找一条合理的典型负荷曲线，使之能够正确反映变压器运行的实际状况，同时通过计算得到牵引变压器绕组的最热点温升曲线和寿命损失。
本文通过统计大量的实测数据，计算得到了一些典型参数，并与书本上的经验值进行对比分析，同时验证了部分既有的典型负荷曲线的最热点温升，并对德阳、江油、太白、乌江、永川五个变电所实际负荷数据进行分析和计算，主要分析了变压器运行的经济合理性以及提高变压器实际容量利用率的可行性方法。
本文利用Delphi6.0开发了牵引变压器典型负荷曲线仿真软件Tyloca1.0，Tyloca1.0有可视化程度高、用户界面友好、输出结果详细明了等特点，可作为进一步研究开发的基础工具。
Traction transformer is one of the most important electrical equipments in the traction substation. The status of traction transformers directly influences the stability and reliability of the traction power supply system. So the method of making the typical load curve of traction transformer is great significant.
The twenty four hours' current and voltage data of the some transformers in one day are noted and used as the actual load. This paper is based on the process of traction load and the rules of statistics. The temperature raise of the main transformer of the traction substation of electrical railway is discussed, and the typical load curve of traction transformer is made.
The formula of temperature raise by IEC354 Loading Guide for Oil-immersed Transformers is utilized to make the model of temperature raise and life loss. Under actual load course, proceeding from mathematical statistics and the view of the probability, the typical load curve of traction transformer reflecting the actual load is gotted. At the same time, the temperature raise and life loss of the traction transformer are calculated.
In contrast with the experienced values of the book, the typical parameters by calculating the actual data are analysed. At the same time the hot-spot temperature of the existing typical load curves of traction transformer are validated. And the rationality and the method of improving the availability of the traction transformer are analysed by calculating the actual load of traction substation of Deyang, Jiangyou, Taibai, Wujiang and Yongchuan.
On the basis of Delphi6.0, Tylocal .0 is developed to analyse the typical load curve of traction transformer. Tyloca1.0 has a popular GUI, and has the characters of class's hierarchy and opening, which makes it easy to expand, maintain and replant. And it will be the basic of futher studying.
本文对若干实际变电所的一天24小时负荷电流、电压数据进行记录整理，作为实际负荷过程。在实际牵引负荷过程及其统计规律的基础上，对电气化铁道牵引变电所主变压器进行温升计算以及寿命分析，建立牵引变压器典型负荷曲线。
研究的方法是：利用IEC354《油浸式变压器负荷导则》中温升计算公式建立变压器温升和寿命损失模型，从数理统计出发，用概率分布的观点，在实测负荷的基础上，寻找一条合理的典型负荷曲线，使之能够正确反映变压器运行的实际状况，同时通过计算得到牵引变压器绕组的最热点温升曲线和寿命损失。
本文通过统计大量的实测数据，计算得到了一些典型参数，并与书本上的经验值进行对比分析，同时验证了部分既有的典型负荷曲线的最热点温升，并对德阳、江油、太白、乌江、永川五个变电所实际负荷数据进行分析和计算，主要分析了变压器运行的经济合理性以及提高变压器实际容量利用率的可行性方法。
本文利用Delphi6.0开发了牵引变压器典型负荷曲线仿真软件Tyloca1.0，Tyloca1.0有可视化程度高、用户界面友好、输出结果详细明了等特点，可作为进一步研究开发的基础工具。
Traction transformer is one of the most important electrical equipments in the traction substation. The status of traction transformers directly influences the stability and reliability of the traction power supply system. So the method of making the typical load curve of traction transformer is great significant.
The twenty four hours' current and voltage data of the some transformers in one day are noted and used as the actual load. This paper is based on the process of traction load and the rules of statistics. The temperature raise of the main transformer of the traction substation of electrical railway is discussed, and the typical load curve of traction transformer is made.
The formula of temperature raise by IEC354 Loading Guide for Oil-immersed Transformers is utilized to make the model of temperature raise and life loss. Under actual load course, proceeding from mathematical statistics and the view of the probability, the typical load curve of traction transformer reflecting the actual load is gotted. At the same time, the temperature raise and life loss of the traction transformer are calculated.
In contrast with the experienced values of the book, the typical parameters by calculating the actual data are analysed. At the same time the hot-spot temperature of the existing typical load curves of traction transformer are validated. And the rationality and the method of improving the availability of the traction transformer are analysed by calculating the actual load of traction substation of Deyang, Jiangyou, Taibai, Wujiang and Yongchuan.
On the basis of Delphi6.0, Tylocal .0 is developed to analyse the typical load curve of traction transformer. Tyloca1.0 has a popular GUI, and has the characters of class's hierarchy and opening, which makes it easy to expand, maintain and replant. And it will be the basic of futher studying.
引文
[1]郭满生．牵引变压器的特点及发展．电工技术杂志．2000，(1)：
[2]杨铮．牵引供电变压器设计探讨．江西电力．1994，18(3)：
[3]刘国海，范建中．变压器动态温升的模拟计算．江苏理工大学学报．1995，16(1)；
[4]Ryder, S.A. A simple method for calculating winding temperature gradient in power transformers. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2002,17(4);
[5]teNyenhuis, E.G., Girgis, R.S., Mechler, G.F., Gang Zhou. Calculation of core hot-spot temperature in power and distribution transformers. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2002,17(4);
[6]Tylavsky, D.J., Qing He, Jennie Si, McCulla, G.A., Hunt, J.R. Transformer top-oil temperature modeling and simulation. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2000,36(5);
[7]汤焱，刘成远，郝忠言，牟长江．变压器绕组热点温升的计算与实验研究．变压器．2001，38(2)：
[8]杨治业，王立群，杜建嵩．油浸式电力变压器的温升试验及计算方法．2001，38(6)；
[9]Pierce, L.W. Hottest spot temperatures in ventilated dry type transformers. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 1994,9(1);
[10]Pierce, L.W. An investigation of the temperature distribution in cast-resin transformer windings. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 1992,7(2);
[11]teNyenhuis, E.G., Girgis, R.S., Mechler, G.F., Zhou, G. Calculation of core hot-spot temperature in power and distribution transformers. Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 2002 IEEE. 2002, (1);
[12]Wang Xiulian, Tang Renyuan. Calculation of temperature rise of windings for transformer with forced-directed oil. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems. 2001, (1);
[13] Tang Yan, Hao Zhongyan. The calculating hot-point temperature-rise of transformer windings. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems. 2001, (1);
[14] Pierce, L.W. Predicting liquid filled transformer loading capability. IEEE Transactions on Industry Application. 1992, 30(1);
[15] 谢驰，高政，庞启明．变压器内部温升预测分析方法的研究．实用测试技术．2000，(4)；
[16] 邓华．电力变压器寿命预测．云南电力技术．1998，26(3)；
[17] Sippola, M., Sepponen, R.E. Accurate prediction of high-frequency power-transformer losses and temperature rise. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2002,17(5);
[18] He, Q., Si, J., Tylavsky, D.J. Prediction of top-oil temperature for transformers using neural networks. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2000,15(4);
[19] Pierce, L.W. Predicting hottest spot temperatures in ventilated dry type transformer windings. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 1994,9(2);
[20] Hong Du, Inui, M., Ohkita, M., Fujimura, K., Tokutaka, H. Short-term prediction of oil temperature change of an indoor transformer by self-organizing map (SOM). Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, 2002 IEEE. 2002,2;
[21] Lemm, A.W. An accelerated aging technique to evaluate the long term performance of high temperature insulating fluids for mobile transformers. Conference Record of the 2000 IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation. 2000;
[22] Williford, T. Jr. Evaluation of a high-temperature insulation system for electronic power transformers. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 1970,6(1);
[23] Jardini, J.A. Distribution transformer loss of life evaluation:a novel approach based on daily load profiles. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2000,15(1);
[24] Jardini, J.A.,Tahan, C.M.V.,Ahn, S.U., Ferrari, E.L.
Distribution transformer loading evaluation based on load profiles measurements. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 1997. 12(4);
[25]贺建闽，黄治清，李群湛．变电站电能质量监测系统研制．铁道学报．2001，23(1)；
[26]张子学．电气化铁路站用牵引变压器的过载能力问题．变压器．1992．29(1)；
[27]李群湛．电气化铁道并联综合补偿及其应用．中国铁道出版社．1993：P6-13；
[28]李曙辉．电气化铁道负荷统计特征的仿真分析．铁道学报．1996，18(2)；
[29]曹建猷．电气化铁道供电系统．中国铁道出版社．1983：P10-20．
[30]王越．牵引变压器结线方式分析及负序电流计算．河南电力．1995，(2)；
[31]贺建闽，李群湛，郭宝库．当量平衡变压器构成原理及特性分析．铁道学报．1996，18(2)；
[32]简克良．电力系统分析．西安交通大学出版社．1993：P110-112．
[33]周勇，王绪雄，邱永庆．电力牵引负荷对电能质量的影响．郑州工业大学学报．2001，22(3)；
[34]李群湛．牵引变电所电气量的通用变换方法及其应用．铁道学报．1994，16(1)；
[35]IEC354油浸式电力变压器负载导则．1991；
[36]徐树铨．电力变压器运行．水利电力出版社．1993；
[37]吕润馀．电气化铁道牵引变压器的容量利用率分析．山西电力技术．1994，14(2)；
[38]GB／T15164-1999油浸式电力变压器负载导则．中国标准出版社．2001；
[39]谢文景．变压器绝缘老化分析及其寿命管理．广东电力．2001，14(4)；
[40]路宝民，原丽．牵引变压器绝缘老化特性研究．变压器．1997，34(6)；
[41]J．Aubin，R．Baehr．变压器寿命评估．电力建设．1996，(5)；
[42]谭秀炳，刘向阳．交流电气化铁道牵引供电系统．西南交通大学出版社．2002，P54-79；
[43]徐伟，屈卫民．变压器选用中的几个问题．山西电力．2001，(3)；
[44]冯芳碧，王正勇．变压器容量选择和最佳负荷范围探讨．重庆建筑大学学报．2000，22(3)；
[45]侯志伟．变负荷下配电变压器的经济运行和容量选择．重庆工业管理学院学报．1999，13(5)；
[46]翁双安．配电变压器的经济负荷系数与容量选择．变压器．1997，34(9)；
[47]谭秀炳．牵引变压器过负荷能力的确定方法．西铁科技．2002，(3)；
[48]温治国，王凤梅．谈谈变压器负荷与寿命．农村电气化．1999，(3)；
[49]张国兵．特殊温度条件下变压器寿命和负载能力分析．变压器．1997，34(7)；
[50]陆进军，黄家裕．基于面向对象编程的电力系统潮流计算软件．电力系统及其自动化学报．2000，12(6)：32-35；
[51]范文涛，薛禹胜等．面向对象技术及其在电力系统中的应用．电力系统自动化．1998，22(12)：72-72；
[52]栗然，卢锦玲等．基于关系数据库的电网结构知识表示．电力系统自动化．2002(5)：71-74；
[53]张大年，廖智勇，刘剑锋．Borland Delphi数据库应用开发技术与实例．清华大学出版社．2002．
[2]杨铮．牵引供电变压器设计探讨．江西电力．1994，18(3)：
[3]刘国海，范建中．变压器动态温升的模拟计算．江苏理工大学学报．1995，16(1)；
[4]Ryder, S.A. A simple method for calculating winding temperature gradient in power transformers. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2002,17(4);
[5]teNyenhuis, E.G., Girgis, R.S., Mechler, G.F., Gang Zhou. Calculation of core hot-spot temperature in power and distribution transformers. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2002,17(4);
[6]Tylavsky, D.J., Qing He, Jennie Si, McCulla, G.A., Hunt, J.R. Transformer top-oil temperature modeling and simulation. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2000,36(5);
[7]汤焱，刘成远，郝忠言，牟长江．变压器绕组热点温升的计算与实验研究．变压器．2001，38(2)：
[8]杨治业，王立群，杜建嵩．油浸式电力变压器的温升试验及计算方法．2001，38(6)；
[9]Pierce, L.W. Hottest spot temperatures in ventilated dry type transformers. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 1994,9(1);
[10]Pierce, L.W. An investigation of the temperature distribution in cast-resin transformer windings. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 1992,7(2);
[11]teNyenhuis, E.G., Girgis, R.S., Mechler, G.F., Zhou, G. Calculation of core hot-spot temperature in power and distribution transformers. Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 2002 IEEE. 2002, (1);
[12]Wang Xiulian, Tang Renyuan. Calculation of temperature rise of windings for transformer with forced-directed oil. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems. 2001, (1);
[13] Tang Yan, Hao Zhongyan. The calculating hot-point temperature-rise of transformer windings. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems. 2001, (1);
[14] Pierce, L.W. Predicting liquid filled transformer loading capability. IEEE Transactions on Industry Application. 1992, 30(1);
[15] 谢驰，高政，庞启明．变压器内部温升预测分析方法的研究．实用测试技术．2000，(4)；
[16] 邓华．电力变压器寿命预测．云南电力技术．1998，26(3)；
[17] Sippola, M., Sepponen, R.E. Accurate prediction of high-frequency power-transformer losses and temperature rise. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2002,17(5);
[18] He, Q., Si, J., Tylavsky, D.J. Prediction of top-oil temperature for transformers using neural networks. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2000,15(4);
[19] Pierce, L.W. Predicting hottest spot temperatures in ventilated dry type transformer windings. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 1994,9(2);
[20] Hong Du, Inui, M., Ohkita, M., Fujimura, K., Tokutaka, H. Short-term prediction of oil temperature change of an indoor transformer by self-organizing map (SOM). Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, 2002 IEEE. 2002,2;
[21] Lemm, A.W. An accelerated aging technique to evaluate the long term performance of high temperature insulating fluids for mobile transformers. Conference Record of the 2000 IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation. 2000;
[22] Williford, T. Jr. Evaluation of a high-temperature insulation system for electronic power transformers. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 1970,6(1);
[23] Jardini, J.A. Distribution transformer loss of life evaluation:a novel approach based on daily load profiles. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2000,15(1);
[24] Jardini, J.A.,Tahan, C.M.V.,Ahn, S.U., Ferrari, E.L.
Distribution transformer loading evaluation based on load profiles measurements. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 1997. 12(4);
[25]贺建闽，黄治清，李群湛．变电站电能质量监测系统研制．铁道学报．2001，23(1)；
[26]张子学．电气化铁路站用牵引变压器的过载能力问题．变压器．1992．29(1)；
[27]李群湛．电气化铁道并联综合补偿及其应用．中国铁道出版社．1993：P6-13；
[28]李曙辉．电气化铁道负荷统计特征的仿真分析．铁道学报．1996，18(2)；
[29]曹建猷．电气化铁道供电系统．中国铁道出版社．1983：P10-20．
[30]王越．牵引变压器结线方式分析及负序电流计算．河南电力．1995，(2)；
[31]贺建闽，李群湛，郭宝库．当量平衡变压器构成原理及特性分析．铁道学报．1996，18(2)；
[32]简克良．电力系统分析．西安交通大学出版社．1993：P110-112．
[33]周勇，王绪雄，邱永庆．电力牵引负荷对电能质量的影响．郑州工业大学学报．2001，22(3)；
[34]李群湛．牵引变电所电气量的通用变换方法及其应用．铁道学报．1994，16(1)；
[35]IEC354油浸式电力变压器负载导则．1991；
[36]徐树铨．电力变压器运行．水利电力出版社．1993；
[37]吕润馀．电气化铁道牵引变压器的容量利用率分析．山西电力技术．1994，14(2)；
[38]GB／T15164-1999油浸式电力变压器负载导则．中国标准出版社．2001；
[39]谢文景．变压器绝缘老化分析及其寿命管理．广东电力．2001，14(4)；
[40]路宝民，原丽．牵引变压器绝缘老化特性研究．变压器．1997，34(6)；
[41]J．Aubin，R．Baehr．变压器寿命评估．电力建设．1996，(5)；
[42]谭秀炳，刘向阳．交流电气化铁道牵引供电系统．西南交通大学出版社．2002，P54-79；
[43]徐伟，屈卫民．变压器选用中的几个问题．山西电力．2001，(3)；
[44]冯芳碧，王正勇．变压器容量选择和最佳负荷范围探讨．重庆建筑大学学报．2000，22(3)；
[45]侯志伟．变负荷下配电变压器的经济运行和容量选择．重庆工业管理学院学报．1999，13(5)；
[46]翁双安．配电变压器的经济负荷系数与容量选择．变压器．1997，34(9)；
[47]谭秀炳．牵引变压器过负荷能力的确定方法．西铁科技．2002，(3)；
[48]温治国，王凤梅．谈谈变压器负荷与寿命．农村电气化．1999，(3)；
[49]张国兵．特殊温度条件下变压器寿命和负载能力分析．变压器．1997，34(7)；
[50]陆进军，黄家裕．基于面向对象编程的电力系统潮流计算软件．电力系统及其自动化学报．2000，12(6)：32-35；
[51]范文涛，薛禹胜等．面向对象技术及其在电力系统中的应用．电力系统自动化．1998，22(12)：72-72；
[52]栗然，卢锦玲等．基于关系数据库的电网结构知识表示．电力系统自动化．2002(5)：71-74；
[53]张大年，廖智勇，刘剑锋．Borland Delphi数据库应用开发技术与实例．清华大学出版社．2002．