嵌入电极的界面特性及锰系电极材料的电化学性能研究
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摘要
可充电锂离子电池由于其具有较高的能量密度和功率密度，并且价格低廉、安全性好和循环寿命长等优点，被认为是便携式电子产品、电动汽车以及混合电动汽车的最主要的能源存储设备。本论文旨在针对新型锂离子电池正负极材料的开发、电解液改性、锂离子电池的电极/电解液界面特性等几个关键问题展开系统的研究，主要的研究内容及所得到的结论如下：
（1）建立了单个嵌入化合物颗粒、混合嵌入化合物颗粒、均匀多孔嵌入电极和非均匀多层多孔嵌入电极的数学模型。制备了非均匀、多层多孔石墨电极，并测试了其EIS特性，结果发现在中频区域内出现了一个新的半圆，整个阻抗表现为三个半圆和一条斜线的特征，选取合适的等效电路并对EIS进行拟合可以得出第三个半圆的出现是和电荷传递过程相关的，通过相关的模型建立和数学模拟，我们发现影响第三个半圆出现并形成的因素主要为电极中的颗粒尺寸分布以及电极层的厚度分布，也就是说电极片中出现不同尺寸分布的颗粒以及形成薄厚不同的电极层时，容易导致阻抗谱中第三个半圆的出现。
（2）运用CV和恒流充放电测试并结合FTIR、SEM、XPS以及EIS等测试技术，讨论了乙烯基碳酸亚乙烯酯（VEC）和氟代碳酸亚乙烯（FEC）做为固体电解质相界面膜（SEI膜）成膜添加剂在EC基电解液中的成膜机制以及添加不同量的上述添加剂对石墨电极的电化学性能的影响。对于VEC添加剂来说，添加量<5vol%时，电解液中EC的双电子还原生成ROCO2Li的过程可以被抑制，而当添加量>5vol%时，EC的单电子还原生成Li2CO3的过程同样被抑制，通过FTIR和SEM测试可以发现，此时石墨电极表面的SEI膜的组成主要有VEC的聚合物、Li2CO3和ROCO2Li组成，其中的VEC聚合物能够有效的阻止SEI膜和电解液中的痕量水杂质发生反应，使得SEI膜具有更好的钝化作用。运用EIS技术在添加VEC的电解液中的成膜机制，发现在电解液中添加VEC后，生成的SEI膜具有更好的韧性，能够有效的适应锂离子嵌脱过程中石墨材料所发生的体积膨胀，减少了因SEI膜破裂修复造成的锂离子的消耗，进而提高石墨电极的循环稳定性和可逆性。
加入FEC同样可以抑制EC的双电子还原生成ROCO2Li的过程，当添加量在1vol%时，石墨电极的充放电容量较高且循环性能较好，当添加量>1vol%时，石墨电极的电化学性能变差。通过SEM对石墨电极在添加FEC的电解液中的电化学测试后的SEI膜的形貌进行分析，添加FEC后，石墨电极表面被粒径在100nm左右的小颗粒均匀覆盖。进一步利用XPS研究了SEI膜的组成，发现SEI膜的主要成为应为LiF、Li2CO3、ROCO2Li以及少量Li2O组成，无机组分的LiF和Li2CO3的导锂性能较好，使得石墨具有更好的循环性能。EIS分析得出，添加FEC后所生成的SEI膜的阻值较小并且比较稳定，能够适应锂离子在脱嵌过程中导致的体积变化。石墨电极在添加FEC的电解液中形成的分布均匀的、较薄、稳定且界面阻抗较低的SEI膜是其电化学性能得到提高的主要原因。
（3）采用化学气相沉积法制备了品质较好的碳微米螺旋纤维（CMCs），将CMCs制成电极研究其电化学性能及首次嵌锂过程的电极与电解液的界面特性。结果表明CMCs电极在30和100mA·g-1的电流密度下的首周不可逆容量均较大，但在100mA·g-1的电流密度下的循环性能更优，循环250周后仍有226.9mAh·g-1。利用EIS研究了CMCs电极在首次嵌锂过程的电极与电解液的界面特性，发现CMCs电极表面的SEI膜在其首次嵌锂过程中完成，成膜主要分为三个阶段，即在1.5-1.0V区间为SEI膜的生长初期，此区间内SEI膜生长较为缓慢，厚度略有增加；在1.0-0.6V区间SEI膜的快速增长阶段，SEI膜生长速率增快，膜的厚度增加较多；低于0.6V时，SEI膜的生长趋于稳定，膜的厚度及阻值基本不变，稳定、密实的SEI膜能为后续的循环稳定性提供良好的基础。
（4）采用水热合成的方法首先合成了Mn3O4纳米颗粒以及Mn3O4/CNTs纳米复合材料，之后将所合成的Mn3O4及Mn3O4/CNTs材料在Ar/H2混合气氛下500℃烧结，得到MnO及MnO/CNTs复合材料。将上述材料用做锂离子电池负极材料，对其进行了充放电测试。结果表明，所合成的Mn3O4/CNTs及MnO/CNTs在100mA·g-1电流密度下的充放电容量及循环性能均优于纯相的Mn3O4和MnO。电化学性能的提高主要归因于复合材料中的CNTs提供有效“搭桥”，保持复合体内良好的导电性能，并有效地抑制电极在充放电过程中的体积膨胀现象。
（5）采用溶胶-凝胶法合成Li2MnSiO4并以葡萄糖、己二酸和蔗糖为碳源合成Li2MnSiO4/C材料，对其进行XRD物相分析和SEM形貌分析。恒流充放电测试显示上述四种材料的首次放电容量分别为23.3、179.7、184.4和81.4mAh·g-1，碳源的加入不但可以提高电极的嵌脱锂容量，同时也能够提高其循环稳定性；EIS结果说明，Li2MnSiO4/C能够减小电荷传递电阻，增加锂离子在颗粒内部的扩散速率，从而提高材料的电化学性能。综合以上结果，得出以下结论：碳包覆能够明显提高Li2MnSiO4的放电容量，提高材料的电化学活性，并且在上述选择的几种碳源中，以葡萄糖为碳源合成的Li2MnSiO4/C材料提高的效果最明显。
该论文有图84幅，表12个，参考文献263篇。
Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries are regarded as promising energy storagedevices for portable electronic devices as well as electric vehicles (EVs) and hybridelectric vehicles (HEVs), due to their high energy density, high power density, lowcost, superior safety, and stable cycling life. This dissertation is focused on threeaspects related to the development and research of lithium-ion batteries. They are thepreparation of new type anode and cathode materials for Li-ion batteries, theoptimization of the electrolyte and the properties of electrode/electrolyte interfaces forLi-ion batteries, respectively.
The main research contents and conclusions are as follows:
(1) Single intercalation particles, mixed particles, homogeneous porouselectrodes and nonhomogeneous, multilayered porous electrode models are proposed.Meanwhile, nonhomogeneous, multilayered porous graphite electrodes are prepared,and the first lithium-ion insertion and extraction processes of nonhomogeneous,multilayered porous graphite electrode at different potentials are studied byelectrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results reveal that a newsemicircle is observed in the middle frequency region. There are three semicircles andone line appeared in the whole frequency region. This new phenomenon has beeninvestigated through the detailed analysis of the change of kinetic parameters obtainedfrom simulating the experimental EIS data as a function of potential. It has found thatthe two semicircles in the intermediate frequency region were strongly potentialdependent, and they were both attributed to the charge transfer process. A detailedanalysis reveal that a different particle size distribution could lead to the appearanceof a new arc and a different layer distribution (a thicker layer and a thinner layer),which could lead to a well-developed semicircle.
(2) The effects of vinylethylene carbonate (VEC) and fluoroethylene carbonate(FEC) as electrolyte additives, and the content of VEC or FEC in ethylene carbonate(EC)-based electrolyte on the formation mechanisms of solid electrolyte interface(SEI) film and the electrochemical properties of the graphite electrodes in lithium-ionbatteries are investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement andcharge-discharge test. The results show that in the case of electrolyte containing lowcontent of VEC(<5vol%), the formation of ROCO2Li due to the double electronsreduction process of EC can be suppressed, thus improvs the electrochemical performance of graphite electrodes. In the case of electrolyte containing high contentof VEC, the formation of Li2CO3due to the single electron reduction process of ECcan be also suppressed, that may take an adverse effect on the cycle performance ofgraphite electrodes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transforminfrared (FTIR) spectroscopy are used to investigate the morphology and the surfacechemistry of graphite electrodes cycled in VEC-free and VEC-containing electrolytes.Finally, EIS is used in order to better understand the formation mechanisms of SEIfilm in VEC-containing electrolyte. The results reveal that the main reductionproducts of the SEI film formed in VEC-containing electrolyte are VEC polymerizes,Li2CO3and ROCO2Li. The SEI film covering graphite electrodes in VEC-containingelectrolyte can be more stable during lithium ions insertion, and be flexible toaccommodate the volume changes of graphite material, resulting in a betterreversibility of lithium ions insertion and extraction.
For the electrolyte contains FEC, the double electrons reduction process of ECcan also be suppressed. When the content of FEC is1vol%, the graphite electrode hashigher reversible capacity and better cycle performance. The graphite electrode cycledin FEC-containing electrolyte is uniformly covered by small particles with the particlesize of100nm according to SEM results. The surface chemistry of graphite electrodecycled in FEC-containing electrolyte is investigated by X-ray photoelectronspectroscopy (XPS). The results demonstrate the compositions of SEI film are LiF,Li2CO3, ROCO2Li and Li2O. It is believed that inorganic Li2CO3and LiF have ahigher conductivity than organic ROCO2Li; hence the discharge capacity and theconductivity of lithium ions are increased. EIS results reveal that adding FEC to theelectrolyte can cause the formation of a stable SEI film with low resistance on thegraphite electrode, which effectively prevents carbon exfoliation and the volumechange during the lithium ions insertion and extraction processes. These resultsindicate that the improvement of electrochemical performance of the graphiteelectrode can be attributed to the formation of a uniform, thin, compact and stable SEIfilm with low resistance.
(3) Carbon micro-coils (CMCs) are synthesized by chemical vapor deposition(CVD) method. CV, charge-discharge test and EIS are introduced to characterize theelectrochemical properties of CMCs electrode and discuss the properties ofelectrode/electrolyte interfaces during the fist lithium ions insertion process.Charge-discharge results show that the initial irreversible capacities of CMCs electrodes are both large at30and100mA·g-1. But for electrode at the current densityof100mA·g-1, it has a better cycle performance with the reversible capacity of226.9mAh·g-1after250cycles. EIS results demonstrate the SEI film is mainly formed in thefirst discharge process, and there are three main stages in the SEI film formationprocess. First, the rate of SEI film formation is slow, and the thickness of SEI filmincreases slightly in the potential range of1.5to1.0V; second, when the potential isdecreased from1.0to0.6V, SEI film develops and the thickness increase rapidly; thethird stage is the stable stage when the potential is further decreased, SEI film growthtends to be stable, the thickness and the resistance of SEI film are nearly invariable. Astable and compact SEI film can pronounce a positive effect on the cycling behaviorof the CMCs electrode.
(4) Mn3O4nanoparticles and Mn3O4/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composites areprepared via a hydrothermal synthesis method. MnO and MnO/CNTs composites areobtained by heating Mn3O4and Mn3O4/CNTs at500℃for3h in flowing Ar/H2. Thephase structure, composition and morphology of the composites are characterized byXRD and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Theelectrochemical properties of the composite electrodes are studied by performing CV,galvanostatic charge and discharge tests. The results reveal that the Mn3O4/CNTs andMnO/CNTs electrodes exhibit higher specific capacity at the current density of100mAh·g-1and better cycle performance than pure Mn3O4and MnO electrodes. Theexcellent electrochemical properties of Mn3O4/CNTs and MnO/CNTs electrodes canbe attributed to the presence of CNTs in the composites offering an electronicconducting network and suppressing the volume expansion of Mn3O4and MnOparticles efficiently during the charge and discharge processes.
(5) Li2MnSiO4and Li2MnSiO4/C with glucose, adipic acid and sugar as carbonsources, are synthesized by sol-gel method. The crystalline structure and morphologyare determined by XRD and SEM. Charge-discharge data reveal that, carbon coatingcan increase the discharge capacity of Li2MnSiO4, the initial discharge capacities ofLi2MnSiO4/C with glucose, adipic acid and sugar as carbon sources are23.3,179.7,184.4and81.4mAh·g-1, respectively. EIS results demonstrate that carbon coating candecrease the charge-transfer resistance, and improve the velocity of lithium iondiffusions in the bulk of the electrode. According to the above results, it can beconcluded that the addition of C can noticeably increase the discharge capacity ofLi2MnSiO4and improve the electrochemical activity of material. Meanwhile, Li2MnSiO4/C with glucose as carbon source can achieve the best electrochemicalproperties.
In this paper, there are84figures,12tables and263reference articles.
（1）建立了单个嵌入化合物颗粒、混合嵌入化合物颗粒、均匀多孔嵌入电极和非均匀多层多孔嵌入电极的数学模型。制备了非均匀、多层多孔石墨电极，并测试了其EIS特性，结果发现在中频区域内出现了一个新的半圆，整个阻抗表现为三个半圆和一条斜线的特征，选取合适的等效电路并对EIS进行拟合可以得出第三个半圆的出现是和电荷传递过程相关的，通过相关的模型建立和数学模拟，我们发现影响第三个半圆出现并形成的因素主要为电极中的颗粒尺寸分布以及电极层的厚度分布，也就是说电极片中出现不同尺寸分布的颗粒以及形成薄厚不同的电极层时，容易导致阻抗谱中第三个半圆的出现。
（2）运用CV和恒流充放电测试并结合FTIR、SEM、XPS以及EIS等测试技术，讨论了乙烯基碳酸亚乙烯酯（VEC）和氟代碳酸亚乙烯（FEC）做为固体电解质相界面膜（SEI膜）成膜添加剂在EC基电解液中的成膜机制以及添加不同量的上述添加剂对石墨电极的电化学性能的影响。对于VEC添加剂来说，添加量<5vol%时，电解液中EC的双电子还原生成ROCO2Li的过程可以被抑制，而当添加量>5vol%时，EC的单电子还原生成Li2CO3的过程同样被抑制，通过FTIR和SEM测试可以发现，此时石墨电极表面的SEI膜的组成主要有VEC的聚合物、Li2CO3和ROCO2Li组成，其中的VEC聚合物能够有效的阻止SEI膜和电解液中的痕量水杂质发生反应，使得SEI膜具有更好的钝化作用。运用EIS技术在添加VEC的电解液中的成膜机制，发现在电解液中添加VEC后，生成的SEI膜具有更好的韧性，能够有效的适应锂离子嵌脱过程中石墨材料所发生的体积膨胀，减少了因SEI膜破裂修复造成的锂离子的消耗，进而提高石墨电极的循环稳定性和可逆性。
加入FEC同样可以抑制EC的双电子还原生成ROCO2Li的过程，当添加量在1vol%时，石墨电极的充放电容量较高且循环性能较好，当添加量>1vol%时，石墨电极的电化学性能变差。通过SEM对石墨电极在添加FEC的电解液中的电化学测试后的SEI膜的形貌进行分析，添加FEC后，石墨电极表面被粒径在100nm左右的小颗粒均匀覆盖。进一步利用XPS研究了SEI膜的组成，发现SEI膜的主要成为应为LiF、Li2CO3、ROCO2Li以及少量Li2O组成，无机组分的LiF和Li2CO3的导锂性能较好，使得石墨具有更好的循环性能。EIS分析得出，添加FEC后所生成的SEI膜的阻值较小并且比较稳定，能够适应锂离子在脱嵌过程中导致的体积变化。石墨电极在添加FEC的电解液中形成的分布均匀的、较薄、稳定且界面阻抗较低的SEI膜是其电化学性能得到提高的主要原因。
（3）采用化学气相沉积法制备了品质较好的碳微米螺旋纤维（CMCs），将CMCs制成电极研究其电化学性能及首次嵌锂过程的电极与电解液的界面特性。结果表明CMCs电极在30和100mA·g-1的电流密度下的首周不可逆容量均较大，但在100mA·g-1的电流密度下的循环性能更优，循环250周后仍有226.9mAh·g-1。利用EIS研究了CMCs电极在首次嵌锂过程的电极与电解液的界面特性，发现CMCs电极表面的SEI膜在其首次嵌锂过程中完成，成膜主要分为三个阶段，即在1.5-1.0V区间为SEI膜的生长初期，此区间内SEI膜生长较为缓慢，厚度略有增加；在1.0-0.6V区间SEI膜的快速增长阶段，SEI膜生长速率增快，膜的厚度增加较多；低于0.6V时，SEI膜的生长趋于稳定，膜的厚度及阻值基本不变，稳定、密实的SEI膜能为后续的循环稳定性提供良好的基础。
（4）采用水热合成的方法首先合成了Mn3O4纳米颗粒以及Mn3O4/CNTs纳米复合材料，之后将所合成的Mn3O4及Mn3O4/CNTs材料在Ar/H2混合气氛下500℃烧结，得到MnO及MnO/CNTs复合材料。将上述材料用做锂离子电池负极材料，对其进行了充放电测试。结果表明，所合成的Mn3O4/CNTs及MnO/CNTs在100mA·g-1电流密度下的充放电容量及循环性能均优于纯相的Mn3O4和MnO。电化学性能的提高主要归因于复合材料中的CNTs提供有效“搭桥”，保持复合体内良好的导电性能，并有效地抑制电极在充放电过程中的体积膨胀现象。
（5）采用溶胶-凝胶法合成Li2MnSiO4并以葡萄糖、己二酸和蔗糖为碳源合成Li2MnSiO4/C材料，对其进行XRD物相分析和SEM形貌分析。恒流充放电测试显示上述四种材料的首次放电容量分别为23.3、179.7、184.4和81.4mAh·g-1，碳源的加入不但可以提高电极的嵌脱锂容量，同时也能够提高其循环稳定性；EIS结果说明，Li2MnSiO4/C能够减小电荷传递电阻，增加锂离子在颗粒内部的扩散速率，从而提高材料的电化学性能。综合以上结果，得出以下结论：碳包覆能够明显提高Li2MnSiO4的放电容量，提高材料的电化学活性，并且在上述选择的几种碳源中，以葡萄糖为碳源合成的Li2MnSiO4/C材料提高的效果最明显。
该论文有图84幅，表12个，参考文献263篇。
Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries are regarded as promising energy storagedevices for portable electronic devices as well as electric vehicles (EVs) and hybridelectric vehicles (HEVs), due to their high energy density, high power density, lowcost, superior safety, and stable cycling life. This dissertation is focused on threeaspects related to the development and research of lithium-ion batteries. They are thepreparation of new type anode and cathode materials for Li-ion batteries, theoptimization of the electrolyte and the properties of electrode/electrolyte interfaces forLi-ion batteries, respectively.
The main research contents and conclusions are as follows:
(1) Single intercalation particles, mixed particles, homogeneous porouselectrodes and nonhomogeneous, multilayered porous electrode models are proposed.Meanwhile, nonhomogeneous, multilayered porous graphite electrodes are prepared,and the first lithium-ion insertion and extraction processes of nonhomogeneous,multilayered porous graphite electrode at different potentials are studied byelectrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results reveal that a newsemicircle is observed in the middle frequency region. There are three semicircles andone line appeared in the whole frequency region. This new phenomenon has beeninvestigated through the detailed analysis of the change of kinetic parameters obtainedfrom simulating the experimental EIS data as a function of potential. It has found thatthe two semicircles in the intermediate frequency region were strongly potentialdependent, and they were both attributed to the charge transfer process. A detailedanalysis reveal that a different particle size distribution could lead to the appearanceof a new arc and a different layer distribution (a thicker layer and a thinner layer),which could lead to a well-developed semicircle.
(2) The effects of vinylethylene carbonate (VEC) and fluoroethylene carbonate(FEC) as electrolyte additives, and the content of VEC or FEC in ethylene carbonate(EC)-based electrolyte on the formation mechanisms of solid electrolyte interface(SEI) film and the electrochemical properties of the graphite electrodes in lithium-ionbatteries are investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement andcharge-discharge test. The results show that in the case of electrolyte containing lowcontent of VEC(<5vol%), the formation of ROCO2Li due to the double electronsreduction process of EC can be suppressed, thus improvs the electrochemical performance of graphite electrodes. In the case of electrolyte containing high contentof VEC, the formation of Li2CO3due to the single electron reduction process of ECcan be also suppressed, that may take an adverse effect on the cycle performance ofgraphite electrodes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transforminfrared (FTIR) spectroscopy are used to investigate the morphology and the surfacechemistry of graphite electrodes cycled in VEC-free and VEC-containing electrolytes.Finally, EIS is used in order to better understand the formation mechanisms of SEIfilm in VEC-containing electrolyte. The results reveal that the main reductionproducts of the SEI film formed in VEC-containing electrolyte are VEC polymerizes,Li2CO3and ROCO2Li. The SEI film covering graphite electrodes in VEC-containingelectrolyte can be more stable during lithium ions insertion, and be flexible toaccommodate the volume changes of graphite material, resulting in a betterreversibility of lithium ions insertion and extraction.
For the electrolyte contains FEC, the double electrons reduction process of ECcan also be suppressed. When the content of FEC is1vol%, the graphite electrode hashigher reversible capacity and better cycle performance. The graphite electrode cycledin FEC-containing electrolyte is uniformly covered by small particles with the particlesize of100nm according to SEM results. The surface chemistry of graphite electrodecycled in FEC-containing electrolyte is investigated by X-ray photoelectronspectroscopy (XPS). The results demonstrate the compositions of SEI film are LiF,Li2CO3, ROCO2Li and Li2O. It is believed that inorganic Li2CO3and LiF have ahigher conductivity than organic ROCO2Li; hence the discharge capacity and theconductivity of lithium ions are increased. EIS results reveal that adding FEC to theelectrolyte can cause the formation of a stable SEI film with low resistance on thegraphite electrode, which effectively prevents carbon exfoliation and the volumechange during the lithium ions insertion and extraction processes. These resultsindicate that the improvement of electrochemical performance of the graphiteelectrode can be attributed to the formation of a uniform, thin, compact and stable SEIfilm with low resistance.
(3) Carbon micro-coils (CMCs) are synthesized by chemical vapor deposition(CVD) method. CV, charge-discharge test and EIS are introduced to characterize theelectrochemical properties of CMCs electrode and discuss the properties ofelectrode/electrolyte interfaces during the fist lithium ions insertion process.Charge-discharge results show that the initial irreversible capacities of CMCs electrodes are both large at30and100mA·g-1. But for electrode at the current densityof100mA·g-1, it has a better cycle performance with the reversible capacity of226.9mAh·g-1after250cycles. EIS results demonstrate the SEI film is mainly formed in thefirst discharge process, and there are three main stages in the SEI film formationprocess. First, the rate of SEI film formation is slow, and the thickness of SEI filmincreases slightly in the potential range of1.5to1.0V; second, when the potential isdecreased from1.0to0.6V, SEI film develops and the thickness increase rapidly; thethird stage is the stable stage when the potential is further decreased, SEI film growthtends to be stable, the thickness and the resistance of SEI film are nearly invariable. Astable and compact SEI film can pronounce a positive effect on the cycling behaviorof the CMCs electrode.
(4) Mn3O4nanoparticles and Mn3O4/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composites areprepared via a hydrothermal synthesis method. MnO and MnO/CNTs composites areobtained by heating Mn3O4and Mn3O4/CNTs at500℃for3h in flowing Ar/H2. Thephase structure, composition and morphology of the composites are characterized byXRD and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Theelectrochemical properties of the composite electrodes are studied by performing CV,galvanostatic charge and discharge tests. The results reveal that the Mn3O4/CNTs andMnO/CNTs electrodes exhibit higher specific capacity at the current density of100mAh·g-1and better cycle performance than pure Mn3O4and MnO electrodes. Theexcellent electrochemical properties of Mn3O4/CNTs and MnO/CNTs electrodes canbe attributed to the presence of CNTs in the composites offering an electronicconducting network and suppressing the volume expansion of Mn3O4and MnOparticles efficiently during the charge and discharge processes.
(5) Li2MnSiO4and Li2MnSiO4/C with glucose, adipic acid and sugar as carbonsources, are synthesized by sol-gel method. The crystalline structure and morphologyare determined by XRD and SEM. Charge-discharge data reveal that, carbon coatingcan increase the discharge capacity of Li2MnSiO4, the initial discharge capacities ofLi2MnSiO4/C with glucose, adipic acid and sugar as carbon sources are23.3,179.7,184.4and81.4mAh·g-1, respectively. EIS results demonstrate that carbon coating candecrease the charge-transfer resistance, and improve the velocity of lithium iondiffusions in the bulk of the electrode. According to the above results, it can beconcluded that the addition of C can noticeably increase the discharge capacity ofLi2MnSiO4and improve the electrochemical activity of material. Meanwhile, Li2MnSiO4/C with glucose as carbon source can achieve the best electrochemicalproperties.
In this paper, there are84figures,12tables and263reference articles.
引文
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