闸调器疲劳试验机设计
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摘要
闸调器全称为闸瓦间隙自动调整器，用于调整列车制动闸瓦与轮对间的距离，是车辆基础制动装置的重要部分。随着铁路运输部门的发展，对列车制动装置的性能与稳定性提出了严峻的考验，同时也对制动装置寿命检测提出了更高要求。由于过去没有闸调器的疲劳寿命指标，铁路列车提速后，这个问题更加突出。为了测量闸调器的疲劳寿命，需要做一个闸调器疲劳试验机。
课题的机械部分设计满足了闸调器疲劳试验的要求：疲劳试验机工作时间长，部分部件易损。设计时考虑了机械部件的可靠性、极限工作状态、更换的简易性等。测控部分应用了Delphi软件设计了控制、测试系统，实现了对闸调器疲劳性能的自动控制、记录测试值、监测计算机与控制计算机的双机通讯几项功能。监测部分利用串行通讯技术、VFW数字视频技术和数字图像处理技术，以VC++作为开发工具，开发了一套先进的状态监测装置，实现了对闸调器疲劳试验机工作状态的连续动态监测。该装置包括信息采集、串行通讯、图像数据处理和状态决策等几个模块，并对疲劳试验机的异常状态进行智能报警，自动保存异常状态信息，对闸调器疲劳试验机是否继续工作实行监测。
根据闸调器疲劳测试现场的实际情况，本试验机采用摄像头作为信息攫取工具，来解决动态情况下无法准确安装传感器的问题，提高了监测准确率与可靠性；保证不但能完成闸调器疲劳性能的一系列测试，而且能连续工作长达几个月的时间。整个闸调器疲劳试验机的设计将大大提高疲劳状态监控的可靠性、降低工人的劳动强度，提高效率，减少人为因素的影响，具有广阔的应用前景。
Brake shoes stack adjuster is an important part of act-enable of trains and it is used to adjust the distance between Zhawa and Wheels in pair. With the development of the railroad, the capability and the stability of the act-enable parts of these equipments are faces baptism. At the same time, testing the biometry of the equipment faces higher needs than before too. For no indexes of tire-age before, with the revving up of the train, this problem becomes serious little by little. In order to test the tire-age, a machine of examination of it is used. It is called brake shoes stack adjuster tire test machine.
In order to satisfy the requirement of brake shoes stack adjuster' tire test, this machine's part is designed, the characteristic of reliability and utmost working state are considered for the design of mechanical part. And it's relatively easy to change the damageable parts. Use Delphi as a developing environment, Measurement and control software are designed to automatically control the machine and record the testing value. Watcher computer and control computer can also communicate through it. The design uses the pc-camera as the tool to get the abundance information, uses the technique of Serial communication, technique of Video for Windows and theories of digital image processing, uses Visual C++ as the developing environment and exploits this new set for testing and controlling automatically. The design involves four models and makes the automation of test-control reality. It also uses some theories of digital image processing to deal with the information of the test in that time and to record the unwonted status messages. The design could offer helps to the unmanned automation of the test-control.
Because it's very difficult to fix a sensor on this machine, a pc-camera is selected to inspect the working condition of the machine. It not only can improve reliability and capability test but also can continue running for several month. The whole system utilized advantages of the advanced test & control system sufficiently, enhanced automatic degree of the performance test system., moreover reduced influence to test data conduced by man-made factors, improved test's veracity and reliability.
课题的机械部分设计满足了闸调器疲劳试验的要求：疲劳试验机工作时间长，部分部件易损。设计时考虑了机械部件的可靠性、极限工作状态、更换的简易性等。测控部分应用了Delphi软件设计了控制、测试系统，实现了对闸调器疲劳性能的自动控制、记录测试值、监测计算机与控制计算机的双机通讯几项功能。监测部分利用串行通讯技术、VFW数字视频技术和数字图像处理技术，以VC++作为开发工具，开发了一套先进的状态监测装置，实现了对闸调器疲劳试验机工作状态的连续动态监测。该装置包括信息采集、串行通讯、图像数据处理和状态决策等几个模块，并对疲劳试验机的异常状态进行智能报警，自动保存异常状态信息，对闸调器疲劳试验机是否继续工作实行监测。
根据闸调器疲劳测试现场的实际情况，本试验机采用摄像头作为信息攫取工具，来解决动态情况下无法准确安装传感器的问题，提高了监测准确率与可靠性；保证不但能完成闸调器疲劳性能的一系列测试，而且能连续工作长达几个月的时间。整个闸调器疲劳试验机的设计将大大提高疲劳状态监控的可靠性、降低工人的劳动强度，提高效率，减少人为因素的影响，具有广阔的应用前景。
Brake shoes stack adjuster is an important part of act-enable of trains and it is used to adjust the distance between Zhawa and Wheels in pair. With the development of the railroad, the capability and the stability of the act-enable parts of these equipments are faces baptism. At the same time, testing the biometry of the equipment faces higher needs than before too. For no indexes of tire-age before, with the revving up of the train, this problem becomes serious little by little. In order to test the tire-age, a machine of examination of it is used. It is called brake shoes stack adjuster tire test machine.
In order to satisfy the requirement of brake shoes stack adjuster' tire test, this machine's part is designed, the characteristic of reliability and utmost working state are considered for the design of mechanical part. And it's relatively easy to change the damageable parts. Use Delphi as a developing environment, Measurement and control software are designed to automatically control the machine and record the testing value. Watcher computer and control computer can also communicate through it. The design uses the pc-camera as the tool to get the abundance information, uses the technique of Serial communication, technique of Video for Windows and theories of digital image processing, uses Visual C++ as the developing environment and exploits this new set for testing and controlling automatically. The design involves four models and makes the automation of test-control reality. It also uses some theories of digital image processing to deal with the information of the test in that time and to record the unwonted status messages. The design could offer helps to the unmanned automation of the test-control.
Because it's very difficult to fix a sensor on this machine, a pc-camera is selected to inspect the working condition of the machine. It not only can improve reliability and capability test but also can continue running for several month. The whole system utilized advantages of the advanced test & control system sufficiently, enhanced automatic degree of the performance test system., moreover reduced influence to test data conduced by man-made factors, improved test's veracity and reliability.
引文
[1] 迟雪松．微机控制闸调器试验机．铁道机车车辆工人．2002．1：19～21
[2] 孟凡刚，刘志明，廖龙秀．单片微机控制闸瓦间隙自动调整器试验机．铁道机车车辆．1997．4：50-52
[3] 李亚荣，邓式阳，陈秉章．闸调器性能自动监测控制系统．大连铁道学院学报．1997．12(4)：52～55
[4] 陈秉章．车辆制动机设计与试验．中国铁道出版社，1993：139～158
[5] 陈大名．ST系列双向闸瓦间隙自动调整器．北京：中国铁道出版社，1998：30～35
[6] ST2-250型双向闸瓦间隙自动调整器工厂标准．北京昌平机车车辆机械工厂，1991：1～19
[7] 李于剑．Visual C++6.0实践与提高图形图像编程篇．中国铁道出版社，2001：10～45
[8] 黄孝建．多媒体技术的回顾与展望，邮电商情．2000．15：23～30
[9] 谭玉波，夏志忠，董泽辉．用于监控的图像采集与处理．电子设计应用．2003．12：46～48
[10] 齐国清，胡晓初．线阵C C D高速图像采集与处理系统．大连海事大学学报．2004．8：65～68
[11] 肖踞雄．USB技术及应用设计．清华大学出版社，2003．11：50～70
[12] 萧世文．USB2.0硬件设计．清华大学出版社，2002：1～29
[13] Raj Rajagopal and Snbodh Monica. Windows 2000程序设计．清华大学出版社，2002．6：3～16
[14] (美)托思．李昭智译．Windows 98／NT编程大全．电子工业出版社，1999．6：10～15
[15] 何斌．Visual C++ 数字图像处理．人民邮电出版社，2001．4：1～151
[16] [美]Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods. Digital Image Processing Second Edition. 电子工业出版社．2004．6：15～18
[17] 张远鹏．计算机图像处理技术基础．北京大学出版社，1996．7：1～20
[18] 刘清．Rough集及Rough推理．科学出版社，2001，8：11～74
[19] PawlakZ, SetsR. Theoretical aspects of reasoning about data. Now ow iejska 15/19,Warsaw,Poland, 1990: 3～12
[20] 孙兴波．基于粗集方法的图像识别系统．四川轻化工学院学报．2001．3：42～44
[21] 潘励，张祖勋，张剑清．粗集理论在图像特征选择中的应用．数据采集与处理．2002．3：42～44
[22] 温熙森，胡茑庆，邱静等．模式识别与状态监控．国防科技大学出版社，]997：220～228
[23] 曾黄麟．粗集理论及其应用[M]．重庆：重庆大学出版社，1998：1～50
[24] 肖庆航，陆定淑．Delphi 7数据库开发教程．清华大学出版社．2004：1～30
[2] 孟凡刚，刘志明，廖龙秀．单片微机控制闸瓦间隙自动调整器试验机．铁道机车车辆．1997．4：50-52
[3] 李亚荣，邓式阳，陈秉章．闸调器性能自动监测控制系统．大连铁道学院学报．1997．12(4)：52～55
[4] 陈秉章．车辆制动机设计与试验．中国铁道出版社，1993：139～158
[5] 陈大名．ST系列双向闸瓦间隙自动调整器．北京：中国铁道出版社，1998：30～35
[6] ST2-250型双向闸瓦间隙自动调整器工厂标准．北京昌平机车车辆机械工厂，1991：1～19
[7] 李于剑．Visual C++6.0实践与提高图形图像编程篇．中国铁道出版社，2001：10～45
[8] 黄孝建．多媒体技术的回顾与展望，邮电商情．2000．15：23～30
[9] 谭玉波，夏志忠，董泽辉．用于监控的图像采集与处理．电子设计应用．2003．12：46～48
[10] 齐国清，胡晓初．线阵C C D高速图像采集与处理系统．大连海事大学学报．2004．8：65～68
[11] 肖踞雄．USB技术及应用设计．清华大学出版社，2003．11：50～70
[12] 萧世文．USB2.0硬件设计．清华大学出版社，2002：1～29
[13] Raj Rajagopal and Snbodh Monica. Windows 2000程序设计．清华大学出版社，2002．6：3～16
[14] (美)托思．李昭智译．Windows 98／NT编程大全．电子工业出版社，1999．6：10～15
[15] 何斌．Visual C++ 数字图像处理．人民邮电出版社，2001．4：1～151
[16] [美]Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods. Digital Image Processing Second Edition. 电子工业出版社．2004．6：15～18
[17] 张远鹏．计算机图像处理技术基础．北京大学出版社，1996．7：1～20
[18] 刘清．Rough集及Rough推理．科学出版社，2001，8：11～74
[19] PawlakZ, SetsR. Theoretical aspects of reasoning about data. Now ow iejska 15/19,Warsaw,Poland, 1990: 3～12
[20] 孙兴波．基于粗集方法的图像识别系统．四川轻化工学院学报．2001．3：42～44
[21] 潘励，张祖勋，张剑清．粗集理论在图像特征选择中的应用．数据采集与处理．2002．3：42～44
[22] 温熙森，胡茑庆，邱静等．模式识别与状态监控．国防科技大学出版社，]997：220～228
[23] 曾黄麟．粗集理论及其应用[M]．重庆：重庆大学出版社，1998：1～50
[24] 肖庆航，陆定淑．Delphi 7数据库开发教程．清华大学出版社．2004：1～30