王溥与《五代会要》研究
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摘要
王溥是五代宋初政治家和史学家。所著《五代会要》记载五代典章制度及其沿革,是研究五代历史的基本史料。然而学术界对该书的研究甚少,除简单性介绍外,仅有数篇文章谈及,不仅作者出生年代、该书完成时间尚存疑问,而且对该书资料来源、内容结构及其价值亦乏专题研究。论文在现有研究基础上,努力探讨《五代会要》编纂过程、版本流传情况,考察其内容结构和学术价值,并通过该书考察五代典制及相关问题。论文主体部分分为七章。
第一章主要考察作者王溥及其著述情况。本章讨论王溥生平家世、政治生涯以及学术成就等问题,辨别王溥出生年代及其主要活动,总结他在后汉、后周和北宋初年的政绩,力求给予事实求是的评价。同时考察王溥主要著作及其学术成就,就其所著《唐会要》、《五代会要》、《周世宗实录》进行评述,考订其文集流传及存留问题。
第二章论述《五代会要》的编撰及体例,主要考察《五代会要》编撰时间考订、史料来源以及体例等问题。后世对《五代会要》成书有建隆二年和乾德元年两种说法,本章予以考辨并认为乾德元年之说较为妥当。本章还就该书材料来源进行分析,认为主要来自实录以及个人见闻和五代其他著述；并通过对各卷内容进行分析,将其事目进行归类,根据内容特征将其划分为十二类。
第三章分析《五代会要》的内容结构与版本沿革。本章考察该书结构特点,通过统计分析,比较所载各朝内容的差异及其原因；对其内容进行探讨,分析其所录诏敕、奏议的资料价值。版本方面,讨论北宋以来各版本的流传情况及其特点,特别对近代以来各种版本进行分析。
第四章是对《五代会要》文献价值和地位进行研究。本章重点分析《五代会要》史学价值、文献价值以及对后世编撰体例的影响。自王溥《唐会要》和《五代会要》问世以后,会要成为史书编纂新的体例,受到人们的重视。宋代成立会要所专门从事会要的编撰,现存《宋会要辑稿》成为研究宋代历史的最珍贵的史料,而宋以后出现按照会要体例补编前代各朝会要。《五代会要》不仅保存五代时期大量史料,而且其收录的诏敕、奏疏亦为类书及各类书籍所广泛转引,也能用以校勘五代典籍。传世《旧五代史》内容残缺,而《新五代史》记载五代典制缺略,在检索有关五代典章制度的材料时,《五代会要》是必不可少的史书。
第五章通过《五代会要》考察五代时期政治制度,特别中央政治体制与地方政治体制。本章认为五代典制在继承唐制基础上亦有变化,枢密使权力的扩张、三司机构的建立、馆阁制度的发展,都有着重要的意义；而藩镇势力的消长、州县政区的置废和“军”作为政区建制等,直接影响到北宋制度。
第六章通过《五代会要》所记录资料,考察五代经济制度和设施。五代尽管政局动荡,但各朝在恢复生产上都采取过一些积极措施。本章还对五代各朝赋税制度的演变、盐铁政策、漕运与仓储等问题都进行分析。
第七章通过《五代会要》所载内容,分析五代时期的宗教政策与民族关系。内容包括五代各朝对宗教的限制和利用,特别是对日益发展的佛教所采取的措施,并对周世宗毁佛措施进行分析。《五代会要》还详细记载五代各朝与周边少数民族政权之间政治、经济上的往来,这些史料同样弥足珍贵。
WU DAI HUI YAO is a history book which records decrees and regulations of the Five Dynasties, and it was composed by Wang Pu who was a famous politician and historian in late Five Dynasties and early Song Dynasty. WU DAI HUI YAO specially records the decrees and regulations of the Five Dynasties and its development, and it is the basic materials to study the history of the Five Dynasties. The book is segmented into 30 volumes, including 279 projects, in which six of them can be classified into three projects, so there are 273 projects in fact. The book documents data of the Five Dynasties in detail, including central and local officials and other political systems; the numbers of households and total population, land, taxes and other financial systems; Buddhism, Taoism and other religious policies; it also records the association between governments in Central Plains and neighboring ethnic minorities. So the book is of highly historical value. This paper aims to explore the compilation process of the book and its versions, and to analyze its structure, academic value and related systems based on the previous research results.
The body of the paper is divided into seven chapters:ChapterⅠfocuses on Wang Pu's achievements in his official and academic career, including Wang Pu's life and family background, political career and academic achievements. Wang Pu was born in a high official's family; with outstanding talent he was highly regarded by his teacher, Mr. Wang Renyu. He passed the highest imperial examination in early Latter Han Dynasty and worked as an official of Latter Han, Latter Zhou and Northern Song Dynasties. For his foresight in politics and military, he was much appreciated by Latter Chou Tai Tsu, and was given high posts; In addition, Wang Pu was versed in history and literature, some of his poems and historical works spread far.
ChapterⅡdiscusses the compilation and style of WU DAI HUI YAO, including the research of its compiling time, historical data sources, style and etc. Its compiling time was recorded differently and this chapter deduces that WU DAI HUI YAO should be completed in AD 963 based on analyzing the historical data. The "Five Dynasties Record" must have existed when Wang Pu compiled WU DAI HUI YAO, and he should have had access to it. We can deduce that the "Five Dynasties Record" is the main source of the WU DAI HUI YAO. The style of WU DAI HUI YAO is rearranged based on its content in this chapter, and its 279 projects are grouped under 13 categories, thus beneficial to the research of WU DAI HUI YAO.
Chapter III analyzes the content and versions of WU DAI HUI YAO. Through statistical analysis, this chapter illustrates that in WU DAI HUI YAO a larger proportion is about the Latter Tang and Latter Zhou Dynasty, and analyzes the causes; the entries of WU DAI HUI YAO are mainly royal decree, many of which are original data and of high value. The versions of WU DAI HUI YAO vary. In Northern Song Dynasty, Wen Yanbo printed books with woodblock in Sichuan Province; detailed records in this field were lacked in Yuan and Ming Dynasty; the Song Dynasty version was still copied in Qing Dynasty. Many errors existed in the "Wu Dai Hui Yao" by the Wuying Palace Edition. In modern times, several versions have been published, among which the 2006 edition of WU DAI HUI YAO by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House is of the best quality. Appended with errata, it was based on the edition by Jiangsu Book Bureau in the 12th year of Guangxu Qing Dynasty, with reference to the edition of Wuying Palace, the edition of Shenzhen and the private copies collected in Shanghai Library and Fudan University, as well as the old and new "Five Dynasties". WU DAI HUI YAO was also published in Taiwan.
Chapter IV is the study of the status and influence of WU DAI HUI YAO. This chapter focuses on the analysis of the influence of the compilation of "Wu Dai Hui Yao" on later generations, which was mainly reflected in the establishment of the historical book compilation style. Song Dynasty set up Hui Yao Agency dedicating to the compilation of Hui Yao and some of the Hui Yao compiled in Song Dynasty were lost. The existing "Song Dynasty Hui Yao Manuscripts" is of the most valuable historical materials in the study of a history of Song Dynasty. Later generations imitated the genre and compiled "West Han Dynasty Hui Yao" and others. The documental value of "Wu Dai Hui Yao" is also reflected in the supplement and collating new and old "Five Dynasties History". Since the "Old Five Dynasties History" series remain as drafts and the "New Five Dynasties" failed to record the laws and institutions in Five Dynasties, WU DAI HUI YAO is indispensable in the search of related material
Chapter V analyzes the various political systems during the Five Dynasties according to the content of WU DAI HUI YAO. It covers the central and local political system. By analyzing the WU DAI HUI YAO documents this chapter claims that changes of central official system took place in Five Dynasties on the basis of succeeding that of the Tang Dynasty. The changes were embodied in the expansion of the power of the senator and its conflict with the imperial power, the establishment of three Divisions and its monopoly of financial power, the new development of the official department in charge of libraries and the compilation of historical books; in the local administrative system, the power of the military governors were further expanded to control local personnel and property rights, resulting in the weakening control of central government of local governments.
Chapter VI analyzes the economic system in the Five Dynasties on the basis of the historical material in WU DAI HUI YAO. It contains the economic systems during the Five Dynasties, including the change of household and land system because of the wars; the salary system of the officials and its change; the evolution of the tax system, urban construction, water transport and warehousing as well as natural disaster and disaster relief acts of the governments.
Chapter VII analyzes the religious and national policy of the Five Dynasties based on the historical material recorded in WU DAI HUI YAO. It includes the measures taken in the Five Dynasties to control the growth of the number of monasteries, monks and nuns, of which the most thoroughgoing one was carried out by Latter Chou Shi Zong; WU DAI HUI YAO records in detail political and economic exchanges between the Five Dynasties and the surrounding minority regime, which is of great historical value.
In summary, WU DAI HUI YAO plays an important role in later historical studies in terms of its editing style and content. Wang Pu made a great contribution to the formation of the genre of historical records.
第一章主要考察作者王溥及其著述情况。本章讨论王溥生平家世、政治生涯以及学术成就等问题,辨别王溥出生年代及其主要活动,总结他在后汉、后周和北宋初年的政绩,力求给予事实求是的评价。同时考察王溥主要著作及其学术成就,就其所著《唐会要》、《五代会要》、《周世宗实录》进行评述,考订其文集流传及存留问题。
第二章论述《五代会要》的编撰及体例,主要考察《五代会要》编撰时间考订、史料来源以及体例等问题。后世对《五代会要》成书有建隆二年和乾德元年两种说法,本章予以考辨并认为乾德元年之说较为妥当。本章还就该书材料来源进行分析,认为主要来自实录以及个人见闻和五代其他著述；并通过对各卷内容进行分析,将其事目进行归类,根据内容特征将其划分为十二类。
第三章分析《五代会要》的内容结构与版本沿革。本章考察该书结构特点,通过统计分析,比较所载各朝内容的差异及其原因；对其内容进行探讨,分析其所录诏敕、奏议的资料价值。版本方面,讨论北宋以来各版本的流传情况及其特点,特别对近代以来各种版本进行分析。
第四章是对《五代会要》文献价值和地位进行研究。本章重点分析《五代会要》史学价值、文献价值以及对后世编撰体例的影响。自王溥《唐会要》和《五代会要》问世以后,会要成为史书编纂新的体例,受到人们的重视。宋代成立会要所专门从事会要的编撰,现存《宋会要辑稿》成为研究宋代历史的最珍贵的史料,而宋以后出现按照会要体例补编前代各朝会要。《五代会要》不仅保存五代时期大量史料,而且其收录的诏敕、奏疏亦为类书及各类书籍所广泛转引,也能用以校勘五代典籍。传世《旧五代史》内容残缺,而《新五代史》记载五代典制缺略,在检索有关五代典章制度的材料时,《五代会要》是必不可少的史书。
第五章通过《五代会要》考察五代时期政治制度,特别中央政治体制与地方政治体制。本章认为五代典制在继承唐制基础上亦有变化,枢密使权力的扩张、三司机构的建立、馆阁制度的发展,都有着重要的意义；而藩镇势力的消长、州县政区的置废和“军”作为政区建制等,直接影响到北宋制度。
第六章通过《五代会要》所记录资料,考察五代经济制度和设施。五代尽管政局动荡,但各朝在恢复生产上都采取过一些积极措施。本章还对五代各朝赋税制度的演变、盐铁政策、漕运与仓储等问题都进行分析。
第七章通过《五代会要》所载内容,分析五代时期的宗教政策与民族关系。内容包括五代各朝对宗教的限制和利用,特别是对日益发展的佛教所采取的措施,并对周世宗毁佛措施进行分析。《五代会要》还详细记载五代各朝与周边少数民族政权之间政治、经济上的往来,这些史料同样弥足珍贵。
WU DAI HUI YAO is a history book which records decrees and regulations of the Five Dynasties, and it was composed by Wang Pu who was a famous politician and historian in late Five Dynasties and early Song Dynasty. WU DAI HUI YAO specially records the decrees and regulations of the Five Dynasties and its development, and it is the basic materials to study the history of the Five Dynasties. The book is segmented into 30 volumes, including 279 projects, in which six of them can be classified into three projects, so there are 273 projects in fact. The book documents data of the Five Dynasties in detail, including central and local officials and other political systems; the numbers of households and total population, land, taxes and other financial systems; Buddhism, Taoism and other religious policies; it also records the association between governments in Central Plains and neighboring ethnic minorities. So the book is of highly historical value. This paper aims to explore the compilation process of the book and its versions, and to analyze its structure, academic value and related systems based on the previous research results.
The body of the paper is divided into seven chapters:ChapterⅠfocuses on Wang Pu's achievements in his official and academic career, including Wang Pu's life and family background, political career and academic achievements. Wang Pu was born in a high official's family; with outstanding talent he was highly regarded by his teacher, Mr. Wang Renyu. He passed the highest imperial examination in early Latter Han Dynasty and worked as an official of Latter Han, Latter Zhou and Northern Song Dynasties. For his foresight in politics and military, he was much appreciated by Latter Chou Tai Tsu, and was given high posts; In addition, Wang Pu was versed in history and literature, some of his poems and historical works spread far.
ChapterⅡdiscusses the compilation and style of WU DAI HUI YAO, including the research of its compiling time, historical data sources, style and etc. Its compiling time was recorded differently and this chapter deduces that WU DAI HUI YAO should be completed in AD 963 based on analyzing the historical data. The "Five Dynasties Record" must have existed when Wang Pu compiled WU DAI HUI YAO, and he should have had access to it. We can deduce that the "Five Dynasties Record" is the main source of the WU DAI HUI YAO. The style of WU DAI HUI YAO is rearranged based on its content in this chapter, and its 279 projects are grouped under 13 categories, thus beneficial to the research of WU DAI HUI YAO.
Chapter III analyzes the content and versions of WU DAI HUI YAO. Through statistical analysis, this chapter illustrates that in WU DAI HUI YAO a larger proportion is about the Latter Tang and Latter Zhou Dynasty, and analyzes the causes; the entries of WU DAI HUI YAO are mainly royal decree, many of which are original data and of high value. The versions of WU DAI HUI YAO vary. In Northern Song Dynasty, Wen Yanbo printed books with woodblock in Sichuan Province; detailed records in this field were lacked in Yuan and Ming Dynasty; the Song Dynasty version was still copied in Qing Dynasty. Many errors existed in the "Wu Dai Hui Yao" by the Wuying Palace Edition. In modern times, several versions have been published, among which the 2006 edition of WU DAI HUI YAO by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House is of the best quality. Appended with errata, it was based on the edition by Jiangsu Book Bureau in the 12th year of Guangxu Qing Dynasty, with reference to the edition of Wuying Palace, the edition of Shenzhen and the private copies collected in Shanghai Library and Fudan University, as well as the old and new "Five Dynasties". WU DAI HUI YAO was also published in Taiwan.
Chapter IV is the study of the status and influence of WU DAI HUI YAO. This chapter focuses on the analysis of the influence of the compilation of "Wu Dai Hui Yao" on later generations, which was mainly reflected in the establishment of the historical book compilation style. Song Dynasty set up Hui Yao Agency dedicating to the compilation of Hui Yao and some of the Hui Yao compiled in Song Dynasty were lost. The existing "Song Dynasty Hui Yao Manuscripts" is of the most valuable historical materials in the study of a history of Song Dynasty. Later generations imitated the genre and compiled "West Han Dynasty Hui Yao" and others. The documental value of "Wu Dai Hui Yao" is also reflected in the supplement and collating new and old "Five Dynasties History". Since the "Old Five Dynasties History" series remain as drafts and the "New Five Dynasties" failed to record the laws and institutions in Five Dynasties, WU DAI HUI YAO is indispensable in the search of related material
Chapter V analyzes the various political systems during the Five Dynasties according to the content of WU DAI HUI YAO. It covers the central and local political system. By analyzing the WU DAI HUI YAO documents this chapter claims that changes of central official system took place in Five Dynasties on the basis of succeeding that of the Tang Dynasty. The changes were embodied in the expansion of the power of the senator and its conflict with the imperial power, the establishment of three Divisions and its monopoly of financial power, the new development of the official department in charge of libraries and the compilation of historical books; in the local administrative system, the power of the military governors were further expanded to control local personnel and property rights, resulting in the weakening control of central government of local governments.
Chapter VI analyzes the economic system in the Five Dynasties on the basis of the historical material in WU DAI HUI YAO. It contains the economic systems during the Five Dynasties, including the change of household and land system because of the wars; the salary system of the officials and its change; the evolution of the tax system, urban construction, water transport and warehousing as well as natural disaster and disaster relief acts of the governments.
Chapter VII analyzes the religious and national policy of the Five Dynasties based on the historical material recorded in WU DAI HUI YAO. It includes the measures taken in the Five Dynasties to control the growth of the number of monasteries, monks and nuns, of which the most thoroughgoing one was carried out by Latter Chou Shi Zong; WU DAI HUI YAO records in detail political and economic exchanges between the Five Dynasties and the surrounding minority regime, which is of great historical value.
In summary, WU DAI HUI YAO plays an important role in later historical studies in terms of its editing style and content. Wang Pu made a great contribution to the formation of the genre of historical records.
引文
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