学习资源使用控制及版权认定机制研究
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摘要
随着教育信息化的进一步发展,学习资源的版权保护问题已经成为了教育资源公共服务体系建设中必须正视和亟待解决的问题。学习资源的数字权利管理是数字版权管理技术在教育领域中的创新应用。通过技术手段的有效辅助和支持,落实版权法和各类授权协议,可对优秀学习资源实施更加合理有效的版权保护,防止对著作权的侵犯,依法保护创作者和合法使用者的权益。
由于数字版权管理技术本身的一些不足以及教育领域特性带来的新挑战,需研究适合于教育领域的数字权利管理新机制。本文以数字化学习资源为权利保护的研究对象,依托项目组课题研究工作,在查阅大量文献的基础上,对学习资源数字权利管理关键机制进行了深入研究,主要包括：(1)学习资源数字权利管理体系架构和功能结构研究；(2)支持版权管理的学习资源信息模型与内容封装机制研究；(3)学习资源数字权利使用控制机制研究；(4)学习资源作品版权认定及使用跟踪协议研究；(5)学习资源数字权利管理系统实现与应用研究。其中的学习资源数字权利使用控制机制和作品版权认定及使用跟踪协议是本文研究的重点所在。
本文主要研究工作及所取得的创新成果如下：
首先,针对现有数字版权管理体系框架多局限于对己授权用户权利的使用控制,缺乏对版权证明和侵权认定等机制描述的问题,基于学习资源生命周期的概念,提出一个学习资源数字权利管理(LRDRM)体系框架。与现有的如OpenDRM、OMA DRM、Imprimatur等体系框架相比,LRDRM框架能够有效覆盖数字化学习资源生命周期全过程,并涵盖了版权证明和侵权认定等必要功能。
其次,针对现有的内容封装方法对资源内容的嵌套保护缺乏支持的问题,在学习对象元数据和内容封装标准规范的基础上,研究了支持权利管理的可重用学习资源内容封装信息模型和封装方法。与现有的内容封装技术只能针对单一、平面化的内容格式不同,本文提出的内容封装方法,更加适合于复合、异构、可重用的学习资源,能够根据具体安全需求对学习资源文件中的每个资源项进行分别保护,从而为更加灵活的授权提供了安全基础。
第三,针对现有学习资源访问控制机制中授权多基于传统访问控制策略,存在无法进行细粒度授权、使用控制过程缺乏可持续性等问题,参考Ravi Sandhu等人提出的UCONABC使用控制模型,提出一个基于属性和策略的使用控制模型AP-UCON及相应的执行机制。其创新性体现如下：(1)与传统的访问控制和UCONABC使用控制模型相比,AP-UCON模型增加了权利属性要素,并在条件决策因子中加入了例外(Exception)要素,用于描述合理使用、例外授权等在公共知识领域不可避免的版权获取方式。(2)针对可重用的学习资源在创建阶段的嵌套式封装可能带来的安全策略冲突问题,提出了适用的冲突检测方法和一致性策略创建算法。(3)基于AP-UCON模型,参考引用监控机的思想,提出了AP-UCON引擎机制。该机制采用模块化设计,基于属性和安全策略进行授权决策,能够实现细粒度的动态授权和数字权利的可持续使用控制。
第四,针对学习资源生命周期内有可能出现的盗版和非法使用等问题,提出针对不同问题的两种解决方案——学习资源作品版权所有者认定(COIP)协议机制和使用跟踪(UTP)协议机制。除了满足安全协议的基本安全目标外,该机制有如下创新性：(1)版权所有者认定协议在资源创建/发布阶段向学习资源作品添加版权水印。该协议引入可信第三方及时间戳机制,保证即使在水印被移除后,仍然能够认定版权归属。(2)使用跟踪协议在资源分发阶段将内容使用者的数字指纹嵌入到学习资源作品的一个拷贝中。该协议采用匿名公-私钥对的方法保证诚实用户的匿名性和叛逆者的可追踪性,同时改进了基于同态加密技术的隐私保护方法带来的效率问题。
最后,在上述研究的基础上,设计并实现了学习资源数字版权管理系统工具,探讨了安全机制具体实践与应用的方法。论文的研究成果可用于网络教育、数字图书馆、知识管理、电子商务等典型信息内容服务领域,对知识产权合理保护下的网络教育服务平台的开发具有重要的意义。
With the further development of education informationization, the copyright protection issues of digital learning resources have become an urgent problem to be solved. Rights management for learning resources is an innovative application of digital rights management technology. With the help of technological tools, we can put intellectual property laws and various copyright protocols into effect, and also provide much more effective and reasonable protection for quality learning resources. All those could help the copyright holders and the legal users to protect their lawful rights and interests.
Due to the limitations of the digital rights management technology, along with the new challenges brought by the domain characteristics of education reality, new digital rights management mechanisms for education application area are need to be studied.
Based on our project research work and amounts of research literature references, this dissertation takes an in-depth research on digital rights management key mechanisms for learning resources, which include:(1) research on learning resources digital rights management architecture framework and functional structure;(2) research on rights management-enabled content information model and secure packaging mechanism for learning resources;(3) research on digital rights usage control mechanism for learning resources;(4) research on copyright identification and usage tracing protocols for learning resources;(5) design and implementation of digital rights management system for learning resources. The research focuses of this dissertation are digital rights usage control mechanism and copyrights identification and usage tracing protocols.
This dissertation conducts a series of research and has obtained the following innovative achievements:
First of all, since most of existing digital rights management architecture frameworks focus on the usage control of authorized user's rights, which makes them lack of description and coverage of copyright identification functions. A novel concept of learning resource lifecycle was presented. And based on the concept, the learning resources digital rights management architecture framework and functional structure which can cover the whole learning resource lifecycle are proposed.
Secondly, since the existing content packaging method barely support nested protection for learning resources, on the basis of learning object metadata (LOM) and content packaging (CP) standards, the rights management-enabled learning resources information model and secure packaging mechanism is studied. Unlike existing content packaging technique, the proposed mechanism can separately provide protection for each content item in a learning resource file. It is much more suitable for compounded, heterogeneous reusable learning resources, and could provide a secure foundation for flexible authorization of digital rights.
Thirdly, since most of existing learning resources access control mechanisms are based on traditional access control policy which can't provide fine-grained authorization and the usage processes are lack of persistent control, Based on Ravi Sandhu's UCONABC model, an attribute-policy based usage control (AP-UCON) model and its enforcement mechanism is proposed. The innovative achievement are as follows:(1) The "oBligation" factor is combined into the "Condition" decision factor, and the "Exception" factor is introduced into the model to describe the "fair use" use case, which is quite common in education research field;(2) The security policy confliction problems brought by the nested packaging of learning resources in the content creation stage are analyzed, and a consistent policy creation algorithm is presented;(3) Based on the concept of reference monitor, an AP-UCON client engine mechanism is proposed, which is proved to be very useful to perform the authorization decision and digital rights usage control enforcement.
Then, to resolve the piracy and illegal usage issues of learning resources, a series of learning resource copyright ownership identification (CIOP) and usage tracing (UTP) protocols are proposed. Beyond the basic security objectives of security protocol, the proposed protocol mechanism has the following innovative achievement:(1) In the CIOP protocol, a trusted third party embeds robust copyright watermark into learning resources work in the creation/publishing stage with the help of timestamp scheme, to make sure that even the watermark is removed, the copyright ownership can still be identified and proved;(2) In the UTP protocol, user's digital fingerprint is added to a copy of learning resources work in the distribution stage. To ensure honest user's anonymity and traitor's traceability, a new anonymous public-private key pair is presented and the performance is improved.
Finally, several digital rights management system tools are designed and implemented based on the researches mentioned above, and the secure mechanisms of those system tools and discussed.
The research achievements can be used in e-Learning, digital libraries, knowledge management, e-commerce and other information content services areas, and is conducive to the establishment of lifelong education services platform with digital rights management services.
由于数字版权管理技术本身的一些不足以及教育领域特性带来的新挑战,需研究适合于教育领域的数字权利管理新机制。本文以数字化学习资源为权利保护的研究对象,依托项目组课题研究工作,在查阅大量文献的基础上,对学习资源数字权利管理关键机制进行了深入研究,主要包括：(1)学习资源数字权利管理体系架构和功能结构研究；(2)支持版权管理的学习资源信息模型与内容封装机制研究；(3)学习资源数字权利使用控制机制研究；(4)学习资源作品版权认定及使用跟踪协议研究；(5)学习资源数字权利管理系统实现与应用研究。其中的学习资源数字权利使用控制机制和作品版权认定及使用跟踪协议是本文研究的重点所在。
本文主要研究工作及所取得的创新成果如下：
首先,针对现有数字版权管理体系框架多局限于对己授权用户权利的使用控制,缺乏对版权证明和侵权认定等机制描述的问题,基于学习资源生命周期的概念,提出一个学习资源数字权利管理(LRDRM)体系框架。与现有的如OpenDRM、OMA DRM、Imprimatur等体系框架相比,LRDRM框架能够有效覆盖数字化学习资源生命周期全过程,并涵盖了版权证明和侵权认定等必要功能。
其次,针对现有的内容封装方法对资源内容的嵌套保护缺乏支持的问题,在学习对象元数据和内容封装标准规范的基础上,研究了支持权利管理的可重用学习资源内容封装信息模型和封装方法。与现有的内容封装技术只能针对单一、平面化的内容格式不同,本文提出的内容封装方法,更加适合于复合、异构、可重用的学习资源,能够根据具体安全需求对学习资源文件中的每个资源项进行分别保护,从而为更加灵活的授权提供了安全基础。
第三,针对现有学习资源访问控制机制中授权多基于传统访问控制策略,存在无法进行细粒度授权、使用控制过程缺乏可持续性等问题,参考Ravi Sandhu等人提出的UCONABC使用控制模型,提出一个基于属性和策略的使用控制模型AP-UCON及相应的执行机制。其创新性体现如下：(1)与传统的访问控制和UCONABC使用控制模型相比,AP-UCON模型增加了权利属性要素,并在条件决策因子中加入了例外(Exception)要素,用于描述合理使用、例外授权等在公共知识领域不可避免的版权获取方式。(2)针对可重用的学习资源在创建阶段的嵌套式封装可能带来的安全策略冲突问题,提出了适用的冲突检测方法和一致性策略创建算法。(3)基于AP-UCON模型,参考引用监控机的思想,提出了AP-UCON引擎机制。该机制采用模块化设计,基于属性和安全策略进行授权决策,能够实现细粒度的动态授权和数字权利的可持续使用控制。
第四,针对学习资源生命周期内有可能出现的盗版和非法使用等问题,提出针对不同问题的两种解决方案——学习资源作品版权所有者认定(COIP)协议机制和使用跟踪(UTP)协议机制。除了满足安全协议的基本安全目标外,该机制有如下创新性：(1)版权所有者认定协议在资源创建/发布阶段向学习资源作品添加版权水印。该协议引入可信第三方及时间戳机制,保证即使在水印被移除后,仍然能够认定版权归属。(2)使用跟踪协议在资源分发阶段将内容使用者的数字指纹嵌入到学习资源作品的一个拷贝中。该协议采用匿名公-私钥对的方法保证诚实用户的匿名性和叛逆者的可追踪性,同时改进了基于同态加密技术的隐私保护方法带来的效率问题。
最后,在上述研究的基础上,设计并实现了学习资源数字版权管理系统工具,探讨了安全机制具体实践与应用的方法。论文的研究成果可用于网络教育、数字图书馆、知识管理、电子商务等典型信息内容服务领域,对知识产权合理保护下的网络教育服务平台的开发具有重要的意义。
With the further development of education informationization, the copyright protection issues of digital learning resources have become an urgent problem to be solved. Rights management for learning resources is an innovative application of digital rights management technology. With the help of technological tools, we can put intellectual property laws and various copyright protocols into effect, and also provide much more effective and reasonable protection for quality learning resources. All those could help the copyright holders and the legal users to protect their lawful rights and interests.
Due to the limitations of the digital rights management technology, along with the new challenges brought by the domain characteristics of education reality, new digital rights management mechanisms for education application area are need to be studied.
Based on our project research work and amounts of research literature references, this dissertation takes an in-depth research on digital rights management key mechanisms for learning resources, which include:(1) research on learning resources digital rights management architecture framework and functional structure;(2) research on rights management-enabled content information model and secure packaging mechanism for learning resources;(3) research on digital rights usage control mechanism for learning resources;(4) research on copyright identification and usage tracing protocols for learning resources;(5) design and implementation of digital rights management system for learning resources. The research focuses of this dissertation are digital rights usage control mechanism and copyrights identification and usage tracing protocols.
This dissertation conducts a series of research and has obtained the following innovative achievements:
First of all, since most of existing digital rights management architecture frameworks focus on the usage control of authorized user's rights, which makes them lack of description and coverage of copyright identification functions. A novel concept of learning resource lifecycle was presented. And based on the concept, the learning resources digital rights management architecture framework and functional structure which can cover the whole learning resource lifecycle are proposed.
Secondly, since the existing content packaging method barely support nested protection for learning resources, on the basis of learning object metadata (LOM) and content packaging (CP) standards, the rights management-enabled learning resources information model and secure packaging mechanism is studied. Unlike existing content packaging technique, the proposed mechanism can separately provide protection for each content item in a learning resource file. It is much more suitable for compounded, heterogeneous reusable learning resources, and could provide a secure foundation for flexible authorization of digital rights.
Thirdly, since most of existing learning resources access control mechanisms are based on traditional access control policy which can't provide fine-grained authorization and the usage processes are lack of persistent control, Based on Ravi Sandhu's UCONABC model, an attribute-policy based usage control (AP-UCON) model and its enforcement mechanism is proposed. The innovative achievement are as follows:(1) The "oBligation" factor is combined into the "Condition" decision factor, and the "Exception" factor is introduced into the model to describe the "fair use" use case, which is quite common in education research field;(2) The security policy confliction problems brought by the nested packaging of learning resources in the content creation stage are analyzed, and a consistent policy creation algorithm is presented;(3) Based on the concept of reference monitor, an AP-UCON client engine mechanism is proposed, which is proved to be very useful to perform the authorization decision and digital rights usage control enforcement.
Then, to resolve the piracy and illegal usage issues of learning resources, a series of learning resource copyright ownership identification (CIOP) and usage tracing (UTP) protocols are proposed. Beyond the basic security objectives of security protocol, the proposed protocol mechanism has the following innovative achievement:(1) In the CIOP protocol, a trusted third party embeds robust copyright watermark into learning resources work in the creation/publishing stage with the help of timestamp scheme, to make sure that even the watermark is removed, the copyright ownership can still be identified and proved;(2) In the UTP protocol, user's digital fingerprint is added to a copy of learning resources work in the distribution stage. To ensure honest user's anonymity and traitor's traceability, a new anonymous public-private key pair is presented and the performance is improved.
Finally, several digital rights management system tools are designed and implemented based on the researches mentioned above, and the secure mechanisms of those system tools and discussed.
The research achievements can be used in e-Learning, digital libraries, knowledge management, e-commerce and other information content services areas, and is conducive to the establishment of lifelong education services platform with digital rights management services.
引文
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