枪弹伤射击距离及损伤时间推断的实验研究
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摘要
目的:判断射击距离是枪案检验必须解决的重要问题之一,对于犯罪现场重建发挥着关键作用。射击距离的判断主要是依赖于射入口周围射击残留物(GSR)的量和分布。制式枪械及枪弹的品种规格是固定的,发射后GSR的分布和金属成分的含量等也应该基本一致,因此可以根据GSR来推断射击距离与枪弹类型。GSR的形成是底火和枪支材料在高温高压下,快速气化压缩,飞出枪管后迅速固化的结果。目前检测GSR的方法很多,但由于其检测的准确性、灵敏度以及GSR形态观察方面的缺陷而限制其应用的范围。扫描电镜与X-ray能谱仪检测联合应用,能在研究显微形态的同时,进行成分分析,具有形态学和微量元素定量分析的双重优点,从而增加了不同类型GSR分析的特异性,有利于对枪弹及其射击距离的推断。本研究旨在系统研究不同射击距离下,GSR的分布情况,建立合适的GSR分布评分标准,运用统计分析的方法,分析射击距离与GSR颗粒量的分布关系,建立相应的函数公式,为今后法医检验案件,判断射击距离提供科学依据。
方法:分别用5.4式手枪、7.9式轻型冲锋枪以不同距离(5、10、15、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、120cm)在无风的情况下,垂直于乳猪皮肤射击后,以射入口边缘为起点,向外取半径3cm范围的皮肤制成电镜标本,用扫描电镜观察GSR并计数及能谱分析。根据不同距离和视野的评分情况,运用统计学主成分分析和多元回归原理,以SAS统计软件分析射击距离与GSR分布的对应关系,建立具有明确关系的经验公式。
结果:5.4式手枪、7.9式轻型冲锋枪射出的GSR能谱分析,均可见含有铅、锑、钡等元素,两者在元素种类上没有差别。应用SAS统计软件分别对5.4式手枪、7.9式轻型冲锋枪实验数据进行主成分回归统计分析,得出回归方程。从实际值和预计值间的差值变化表明,无论是5.4式手枪还是7.9式轻型冲锋枪,其射击距离和GSR颗粒之间总体表现为直线关系。
结论: 1. SEM/EDX检测分析GSR,能够用于5.4式手枪和7.9式轻型冲锋枪射击距离的判断,并建立了判断射击距离的函数回归方程,可运用于实际检案。2. SEM/EDX检测分析GSR,不能用于发射同一类别子弹的不同枪支的鉴别。
目的:尽管我国政府对枪支的管理十分严格,但随着我国对外开放程度的加大,走私和自制枪支不断增多,因此.涉枪案件正在逐年增加。对于枪弹伤相关知识的研究目前并不少,但是专门针对枪弹伤损伤时间的研究尚没有相关报道。本实验采用Northern Blot和Western Blot法,分别对MMP-1和MMP-3在皮肤枪弹伤后不同时间的mRNA和蛋白质进行定量分析,旨在研究枪弹伤后MMP-1和MMP-3随时间变化的情况,以期为枪弹伤后的损伤时间判断提供新依据。
方法:将重300g左右的实验大鼠随机分为10组,即对照组和枪弹伤后0小时、1小时、3小时、6小时、12小时、18小时、24小时、48小时、72小时组,每组3只。枪弹伤的建模方法是用小口径手枪近距离(距射击部位5cm处)射击实验大鼠后将其放回笼中,存活至限定时间后,沿距创缘0.5cm处取全层皮肤;而对照组不经任何处理直接取材。取材后分别用Western Blot法和Northern Blot法对MMP-1和MMP-3进行定量检测。
结果:在所设的实验组内,Western Blot和Northern Blot两种方法的结果相似,枪弹伤后即刻其表达就有增加,以后表达继续升高,一直呈上升趋势;而阴性对照组几乎没有表达。尽管MMP-1和MMP-3在体外可由许多种正常细胞产生,但在正常休眠组织中其水平极低,一般难以检测。在体内,MMP-1和MMP-3主要是生理和病理条件下,在组织生长和重构期间表达,广泛发挥其生物学功能。这说明枪弹伤后即刻MMP-1和MMP-3就参加了损伤后组织的重构。
结论:枪弹伤导致了MMP-1和MMP-3的表达增加,其增加的规律性可用于枪弹伤后损伤时间的推断。
Objective: Estimating firing distance is very important in inspection of gunshot. It is a key of rebuilding alibi. The judgment of firing distance depends on the amount and distribution of GSR around the entrance.The specifications of standard weapons and bullets are changeless, so the residue of the metal content and distribution should also unanimously after firing. According to GSR we can infer the firing distance and type of weapon. Ignition cap and the materials of gun are rapidly gasified and compressed in high temperature and high pressure, solidify soon after flying out gun barrel, then form the GSR. Now there are a deal of methods of detecting the GSR, but applications are limited for accuracy, sensitivity and observing the morphous of GSR. Scanning electron microscopy combining with X-ray spectroscopy detector can analyze composition and study the micromorphology at the same time. It increases the specificity of different types of GSR because of morphology and microelement quantitative analysis. So it makes of estimating bullets and firing distance. We study the distribution of GSR with different firing distance, establish score standard of GSR, and analyze the relation between distribution of GSR and firing distance, found homologous function. We hope to Provide a scientific basis for inspection of gunshot.
Methods: Porkets was shot perpendicularity with“5.4”handgun or“7.9”submachinegun at the different firing distance (5cm, 10cm, 15cm, 20cm, 30cm, 40cm, 50cm, 60cm, 70cm, 80cm, 90cm, 120cm) in windless condition. pig skins from the entrance to the edge of 3cm away are made to samples, then to observe、count and analyze GSR with SEM and spectrum analysis. According to the scores of different distances and vision, using principal component analysis and multiple regression statistical theory, we analyze the corresponding relation of firing range and distribution of GSE with SAS statistical software, and establish a clear empirical formula.
Results: Spectrum analysis of GSR of“5.4”handgun and“7.9”submachinegun all contain contain lead, antimony, barium. There are no differences in the two kinds of guns. Principal component regression analysis are using on the experimental data with SAS statistical software, and regression equations are obtained. From the difference between the actual value and the prediction value, it has a linear relationship betwwn firing distance and count of GSR particles.
Conclusion: 1. To“5.4”handgun and“7.9”submachinegun, it can be used to estimate firing distance,and the regression equations are established that can be used to inspecte gunshot wounds. 2. Inspection of GSR with SEM/EDX can’t be used to distinguish different guns that use the same bullets.
OBJECTIVE: Though our government manage gun strictly, smuggling and self-made gun unceasing uninterrupt increase following opening to the outside world of our country. So the cases which refer to gun is increasing year by year. The study for gunshot injury knowledge is not a few at present, but the study to be specialized in the damage time for gunshot injury still no correlated report. In this experiment we observed the expression of protein and mRNA of MMP-1 and MMP-3 after gunshot injury by Western Blot and Northern Blot, in order to provide new evidence for judgement the time of gunshot injury.
Method: The animals were devided into two groups:the negative group and the experimental group.The experimental group is for 0h、1h、3h、6h、12h、18h、24h、48h and 72h, the sample is three. The method for modelling of gunshot injury is using small antilinear pistol shot the experimental rats in a short distance and the control group is to draw the materials from the rats directly. Then getting the full-thickness skin at the location which spinula the wound of entry edge 0.5cm; Then undertaking quantitation detection for MMP-1 and MMP-3 by the method of Western Blot and Northern Blot.
RESULTS: The results is identical in all the experimental groups by the two methods. MMP-1 and MMP-3 express at once after gunshot injury,then continue to advence and the tendency is to go up constantly.But there’s no expression in the control group,the reason is the level of MMP-1 and MMP-3 in the normal dormancy tissue extremely low and difficult to detect,though they can be produced by many normal cell in vitro.The biological function of MMP-1 and MMP-3 is to express in period of time of tissue growth and reconstitution under the condition of physiology and pathology in vivo.All these show that MMP-1 and MMP-3 attend the reconstitution after gunshot injury.
CONCLUSION: Gunshot injury induce the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3, the regularity of its expression can be used to deduce the gunshot time.
方法:分别用5.4式手枪、7.9式轻型冲锋枪以不同距离(5、10、15、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、120cm)在无风的情况下,垂直于乳猪皮肤射击后,以射入口边缘为起点,向外取半径3cm范围的皮肤制成电镜标本,用扫描电镜观察GSR并计数及能谱分析。根据不同距离和视野的评分情况,运用统计学主成分分析和多元回归原理,以SAS统计软件分析射击距离与GSR分布的对应关系,建立具有明确关系的经验公式。
结果:5.4式手枪、7.9式轻型冲锋枪射出的GSR能谱分析,均可见含有铅、锑、钡等元素,两者在元素种类上没有差别。应用SAS统计软件分别对5.4式手枪、7.9式轻型冲锋枪实验数据进行主成分回归统计分析,得出回归方程。从实际值和预计值间的差值变化表明,无论是5.4式手枪还是7.9式轻型冲锋枪,其射击距离和GSR颗粒之间总体表现为直线关系。
结论: 1. SEM/EDX检测分析GSR,能够用于5.4式手枪和7.9式轻型冲锋枪射击距离的判断,并建立了判断射击距离的函数回归方程,可运用于实际检案。2. SEM/EDX检测分析GSR,不能用于发射同一类别子弹的不同枪支的鉴别。
目的:尽管我国政府对枪支的管理十分严格,但随着我国对外开放程度的加大,走私和自制枪支不断增多,因此.涉枪案件正在逐年增加。对于枪弹伤相关知识的研究目前并不少,但是专门针对枪弹伤损伤时间的研究尚没有相关报道。本实验采用Northern Blot和Western Blot法,分别对MMP-1和MMP-3在皮肤枪弹伤后不同时间的mRNA和蛋白质进行定量分析,旨在研究枪弹伤后MMP-1和MMP-3随时间变化的情况,以期为枪弹伤后的损伤时间判断提供新依据。
方法:将重300g左右的实验大鼠随机分为10组,即对照组和枪弹伤后0小时、1小时、3小时、6小时、12小时、18小时、24小时、48小时、72小时组,每组3只。枪弹伤的建模方法是用小口径手枪近距离(距射击部位5cm处)射击实验大鼠后将其放回笼中,存活至限定时间后,沿距创缘0.5cm处取全层皮肤;而对照组不经任何处理直接取材。取材后分别用Western Blot法和Northern Blot法对MMP-1和MMP-3进行定量检测。
结果:在所设的实验组内,Western Blot和Northern Blot两种方法的结果相似,枪弹伤后即刻其表达就有增加,以后表达继续升高,一直呈上升趋势;而阴性对照组几乎没有表达。尽管MMP-1和MMP-3在体外可由许多种正常细胞产生,但在正常休眠组织中其水平极低,一般难以检测。在体内,MMP-1和MMP-3主要是生理和病理条件下,在组织生长和重构期间表达,广泛发挥其生物学功能。这说明枪弹伤后即刻MMP-1和MMP-3就参加了损伤后组织的重构。
结论:枪弹伤导致了MMP-1和MMP-3的表达增加,其增加的规律性可用于枪弹伤后损伤时间的推断。
Objective: Estimating firing distance is very important in inspection of gunshot. It is a key of rebuilding alibi. The judgment of firing distance depends on the amount and distribution of GSR around the entrance.The specifications of standard weapons and bullets are changeless, so the residue of the metal content and distribution should also unanimously after firing. According to GSR we can infer the firing distance and type of weapon. Ignition cap and the materials of gun are rapidly gasified and compressed in high temperature and high pressure, solidify soon after flying out gun barrel, then form the GSR. Now there are a deal of methods of detecting the GSR, but applications are limited for accuracy, sensitivity and observing the morphous of GSR. Scanning electron microscopy combining with X-ray spectroscopy detector can analyze composition and study the micromorphology at the same time. It increases the specificity of different types of GSR because of morphology and microelement quantitative analysis. So it makes of estimating bullets and firing distance. We study the distribution of GSR with different firing distance, establish score standard of GSR, and analyze the relation between distribution of GSR and firing distance, found homologous function. We hope to Provide a scientific basis for inspection of gunshot.
Methods: Porkets was shot perpendicularity with“5.4”handgun or“7.9”submachinegun at the different firing distance (5cm, 10cm, 15cm, 20cm, 30cm, 40cm, 50cm, 60cm, 70cm, 80cm, 90cm, 120cm) in windless condition. pig skins from the entrance to the edge of 3cm away are made to samples, then to observe、count and analyze GSR with SEM and spectrum analysis. According to the scores of different distances and vision, using principal component analysis and multiple regression statistical theory, we analyze the corresponding relation of firing range and distribution of GSE with SAS statistical software, and establish a clear empirical formula.
Results: Spectrum analysis of GSR of“5.4”handgun and“7.9”submachinegun all contain contain lead, antimony, barium. There are no differences in the two kinds of guns. Principal component regression analysis are using on the experimental data with SAS statistical software, and regression equations are obtained. From the difference between the actual value and the prediction value, it has a linear relationship betwwn firing distance and count of GSR particles.
Conclusion: 1. To“5.4”handgun and“7.9”submachinegun, it can be used to estimate firing distance,and the regression equations are established that can be used to inspecte gunshot wounds. 2. Inspection of GSR with SEM/EDX can’t be used to distinguish different guns that use the same bullets.
OBJECTIVE: Though our government manage gun strictly, smuggling and self-made gun unceasing uninterrupt increase following opening to the outside world of our country. So the cases which refer to gun is increasing year by year. The study for gunshot injury knowledge is not a few at present, but the study to be specialized in the damage time for gunshot injury still no correlated report. In this experiment we observed the expression of protein and mRNA of MMP-1 and MMP-3 after gunshot injury by Western Blot and Northern Blot, in order to provide new evidence for judgement the time of gunshot injury.
Method: The animals were devided into two groups:the negative group and the experimental group.The experimental group is for 0h、1h、3h、6h、12h、18h、24h、48h and 72h, the sample is three. The method for modelling of gunshot injury is using small antilinear pistol shot the experimental rats in a short distance and the control group is to draw the materials from the rats directly. Then getting the full-thickness skin at the location which spinula the wound of entry edge 0.5cm; Then undertaking quantitation detection for MMP-1 and MMP-3 by the method of Western Blot and Northern Blot.
RESULTS: The results is identical in all the experimental groups by the two methods. MMP-1 and MMP-3 express at once after gunshot injury,then continue to advence and the tendency is to go up constantly.But there’s no expression in the control group,the reason is the level of MMP-1 and MMP-3 in the normal dormancy tissue extremely low and difficult to detect,though they can be produced by many normal cell in vitro.The biological function of MMP-1 and MMP-3 is to express in period of time of tissue growth and reconstitution under the condition of physiology and pathology in vivo.All these show that MMP-1 and MMP-3 attend the reconstitution after gunshot injury.
CONCLUSION: Gunshot injury induce the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3, the regularity of its expression can be used to deduce the gunshot time.
引文
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[1] 杨勇. 论弹道直线段射击距离的近似计算[J]. 邵阳学院学报自然科学版,2004,1(2):24-25
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[19] Spence LD, Francis RB, Tinggi U. Comparison of the elemental composition of office document paper: evidence in a homicide case[J]. J Forensic Sci. 2002;47:648–651.
[20] Dufosse T, Touron P. Comparison of bullet alloys by chemical analysis: use of ICP-MS method[J]. Forensic Sci Int. 1998;91:197–206.
[21] Keto RO. Analysis and comparison of bullet leads by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry[J]. J Forensic Sci. 1999;44:1020 –1026.
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[1] 杨勇. 论弹道直线段射击距离的近似计算[J]. 邵阳学院学报自然科学版,2004,1(2):24-25
[2] 陈世贤,庄明洁,万立华等. 法医学[M]. 第 2 版,北京:法律出版社,2005:82-90.
[3] 李刚,对射击距离的界定[J]. 刑事技术,2002,1:11-13.
[4] 闵建雄,陈世贤. 法医弹道学-枪弹损伤的法医学鉴定[M]. 北京:警官教育出版社,1998:149-174.
[5] DiMaio VJM. Gunshot Wounds: Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics, and Forensic Techniques[M]. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1999.
[6] Zeichner A. Recent developments in methods of chemical analysis in investigations of firearm-related events[J]. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2003;376:1178–1191.
[7] Zeichner A, Glattstein B. Recent developments in the methods ofestimating shooting distance[J]. Sci World J. 2002;2:573–585.
[8] Berich DW, Yost RA, Fetterolf D. Analysis of explosives by liquid chromatography /thermospray/mass spectrometry[J]. J Forensic Sci 1988; 33:646-959.
[9] Dahl DB,Cayton JC,Lott PF. Gunshot residue analysisan applicability study[J]. Microchem J,1987,35:360-364.
[10] Munder A,Christensen RG,Wise SA. Microan alysis of explosives and propellants by on-line supercritical fluid extraction/ chromatograpy with triple detection[J]. J Microcolumn,1991,3:127-140.
[11] Barron AE, Blanch HW, Soane DS. A transment emanglement coupling mechanism for DNA separation by capollary electrophoresis in ultradilute polymer solutions[J]. Electrophoresis, 1994,15(5):597.
[12] Ulfelder KJ, Schwartz HE, Hall JM, et al. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of ERBB2 oncogene by capollary electrophoresis[J]. Anal Biochem, 1992, 200 (2):260.
[13] MacCrehan WA,Smith KD, Rowe WF. Sampling protocols for the detection of smokeless powder residues using capillary electroph oresis[J]. J Forensic Sci,1998, 43 (1):119-124.
[14] 邓晓庆. FAAS、GFAAS、ICP-AES 和 ICP-MS4 种分析仪器法的比较[J].云南环境科学,2006,25(4):56-57.
[15] Wessel JE,Jones RF,Kwan QY,Nesbitt RS,Rattin EJ. Equipment systems improvement program gunshot residue detection. The Aerospace Corporation,USA. 1974.
[16] Ulrich A, Moor C, Vonmont H, et al. ICP-MS trace-element analysis as a forensic tool[J]. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2004;378:1059 –1068.
[17] Roeterdink EM, Dadour IR, Watling RJ. Extraction of gunshot residues from the larvae of the forensically important blowfly Calliphora dubia (Macquart) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) [J]. Int J Legal Med. 2004;118:63–70.
[18] Montero S, Hobbs AL, French TA, et al. Elemental analysis of glassfragments by ICP-MS as evidence of association: analysis of a case[J]. J Forensic Sci. 2003;48:1101–1107.
[19] Spence LD, Francis RB, Tinggi U. Comparison of the elemental composition of office document paper: evidence in a homicide case[J]. J Forensic Sci. 2002;47:648–651.
[20] Dufosse T, Touron P. Comparison of bullet alloys by chemical analysis: use of ICP-MS method[J]. Forensic Sci Int. 1998;91:197–206.
[21] Keto RO. Analysis and comparison of bullet leads by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry[J]. J Forensic Sci. 1999;44:1020 –1026.
[22] Tanaka T, Hara K, Tanimoto A, et al. Determination of arsenic in blood and stomach contents by inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) [J]. Forensic Sci Int. 1996;81:43–50.
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[24] 赵鹏程,邹宁,郑吉龙. 射击残留物的检验方法[J]. 中国人民公安大学学报,2003,6:16-18.
[25] Berryman HE,Smith OC,Symes SA. Diameter of cranial gunshot wounds as a function of bullet caliber[J]. J Forensic Sci,1995,40(5):751-754.
[1] Brinckerhoff CE, Matresian LM. Matrix metalloproteinases: a tail of a frog that became a prince[J]. Nat Rev Mol CellBiol,2002,3(3):207-214.
[2] Woessner JF. Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in connective tissue remodeling[J]. FASER J,1991,5(8):2145-2154.
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